Pauravas: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox former country |
{{Infobox former country |
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| conventional_long_name = Paurava |
| conventional_long_name = Paurava |
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| common_name = Paurava |
| common_name = Paurava |
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| capital = Possibly [[Jhelum City]] |
| capital = Possibly [[Jhelum City]] |
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| year_start = Unknown |
| year_start = Unknown |
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| year_end = 250-100 BCE |
| year_end = 250-100 BCE |
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| today |
| today = [[Pakistan]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Pauravas''' were an [[ancient India]] |
The '''Pauravas''' were an [[ancient India|ancient]] dynasty on the [[Indus River|Indus]] (present-day Pakistan) to which [[King Porus]] may have belonged. |
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==Porus and the Pauravas== |
==Porus and the Pauravas== |
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The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]], due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in |
The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]], due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in Indic literature are a much older kingdom, and in a different region geographically.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica / Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7991-067-2|editor=Nonica Datta|page=222|quote=Not known in Indian sources, the name Porus has been conjecturally interpreted as standing for Paurava, that is, the domain of the Purus, a clan known in that region from ancient Vedic times.}}</ref> At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Pauravas were apparently situated on or near the [[Jhelum River]], with territory extending to the [[Chenab]] River. This was not only the extant of Porus's kingdom, but also became the eastern limit of the Macedonian Empire.<ref name="Phillips2012" /> |
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The Indus River was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|incorporated]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, [[Darius the Great]] invaded |
The Indus River was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|incorporated]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, [[Darius the Great]] invaded [[Punjab]] and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the [[Hindush]] [[satrap]]y. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make Porus a king or chieftain of the recently independent Pauravas at the time of their confrontation with Alexander. The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by [[Strabo]] in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus: |
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<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. |
<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. |
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— The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9<ref>{{cite web|title=Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref></blockquote> |
— The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9<ref>{{cite web|title=Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref></blockquote> |
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| ⚫ | Alexander and Porus fought each other at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the [[Nanda Empire]] and their subordinate [[Gangaridai]]. According to the Greek historian [[Plutarch]], the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease. |
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According to historian [[Ishwari Prasad]], Porus might have been a [[Yaduvanshi]] [[Shurasena]]. He argued that Porus's vanguard soldiers carried a banner of [[Heracles]] whom [[Megasthenes]] — who travelled to India after Porus had been supplanted by [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] — explicitly identified with the [[Shurasena]]s of [[Mathura]]. This [[Megasthenes' Herakles]] has been identified by some scholars as [[Krishna]] and by others as his elder brother [[Balarama|Baladeva]], who were both the ancestors and patron deities of Shoorsainis.<ref>Proceedings, pp 72, Indian History Congress, published 1957</ref><ref>"According to Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo, Megasthenes described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi, who especially worshipped Herakles in their land, and this land had two cities, Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river, the Jobares. As was common in the ancient period, the Greeks sometimes described foreign gods in terms of their own divinities, and there is a little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the [[Yadu]] dynasty to which Krishna belonged; Herakles to Krishna, or Hari-Krishna: Mehtora to Mathura, where Krishna was born; Kleisobora to [[Krishnapura, India|Krishnapura]], meaning "the city of Krishna"; and the Jobares to the Yamuna, the famous river in the Krishna story. [[Quintus Curtius]] also mentions that when Alexander the Great confronted Porus, Porus's soldiers were carrying an image of Herakles in their vanguard." ''Krishna: a Sourcebook'', pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007</ref><ref>''Chandragupta Maurya: a Gem of Indian History'', pp 76, Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Edition: 2, illustrated, Published by D.K. Printworld, 1996</ref><ref>''A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas'', pp 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California</ref> Prashad, and others who followed his lead, found further support of this conclusion in the fact that a section of the Shurasenas were supposed to have migrated westwards to Punjab and modern [[Afghanistan]] from Mathura and [[Dvārakā]] and established new kingdoms there.<ref>"Actually, the legend reports a westward march of the Yadus (MBh. 1.13.49, 65) from Mathura, while the route from Mathura to Dvaraka southward through a desert. This part of the Krsna legend could be brought to earth by digging at Dvaraka, but also digging at Darwaz in Afghanistan, whose name means the same thing and which is the more probable destination of refugees from Mathura..." ''Introduction to the Study of Indian History'', pp 125, D D Kosambi, Publisher: [S.l.] : Popular Prakashan, 1999</ref><ref>{{citation |publisher=Lahore, "Civil and Military Gazette" Press |title=Gazetteer of the Dera Ghazi Khan District |quote="It seems, therefore, most reasonable to conclude that the name is simply the seat of Purrus or Porus, the name of a King or family of kings ... There are no authentic records of tribes seated about Peshawar before the time of Mahmud, beyond established fact of their being of Indian origin; it not an improbable conjecture that they descended from the race of Yadu who were either expelled or voluntarily emigrated from Gujrat, 1100 years before [[Christ]], and who afterwards found [[Kandhar]] and the hills of Cabul ([[Kabul]]) from whom, indeed, some would derive the [[Jaduns]] now residing in the hills of north of [[Yusafjai]]..." |page=52 |year=1898}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Alexander and Porus fought each other at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander was initially set on venturing |
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{{Quote|text=As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.|sign=[[Plutarch]]|source=[[Plutarch's Lives]], Plutarch, Alexander, 62|title=}} |
{{Quote|text=As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.|sign=[[Plutarch]]|source=[[Plutarch's Lives]], Plutarch, Alexander, 62|title=}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|India}} |
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*[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] |
*[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] |
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*[[Shurasena]] |
*[[Shurasena]] |
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Revision as of 19:39, 7 January 2022
Paurava | |
|---|---|
| Unknown–250-100 BCE | |
| Capital | Possibly Jhelum City |
| History | |
• Established | Unknown |
• Disestablished | 250-100 BCE |
| Today part of | Pakistan |
The Pauravas were an ancient dynasty on the Indus (present-day Pakistan) to which King Porus may have belonged.
Porus and the Pauravas
The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the Puru tribe, due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in Indic literature are a much older kingdom, and in a different region geographically.[1] At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Pauravas were apparently situated on or near the Jhelum River, with territory extending to the Chenab River. This was not only the extant of Porus's kingdom, but also became the eastern limit of the Macedonian Empire.[2]
The Indus River was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, Darius the Great invaded Punjab and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the Hindush satrapy. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make Porus a king or chieftain of the recently independent Pauravas at the time of their confrontation with Alexander. The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by Strabo in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:
The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. — The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9[3]
Alexander and Porus fought each other at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the Nanda Empire and their subordinate Gangaridai. According to the Greek historian Plutarch, the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease.
As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.
— Plutarch, Plutarch's Lives, Plutarch, Alexander, 62
Alexander died on his way back from India.[2] The instability that ensued after Alexander's death resulted in a power struggle and dramatic changes in governance. Porus was soon assassinated by the Macedonia general Eudemus. By 316 BCE, the Macedonian lands were conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, a young adventurer. After engaging in and winning the Seleucid–Mauryan war for supremacy over the Indus Valley, Chandragupta gained control of modern-day Punjab and Afghanistan. This was the foundation of the Maurya Empire, which would become the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent.[4]
Post-Mauryan Empire
It appears that the Pauravas were annexed by the militant Yaudheya Republic.[5] Following the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many regional entities emerged. The Taleshwar copper plates, found in Almora, stated that Brahmapura Kingdom rulers belonged to the royal lineage of the Pauravas.[5] The reinstated Paurava dynasty of Brahmapur was founded by Vishnuverman and flourished in the 7th century AD. It is stated that these kings were brahminical in habit and practices.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Nonica Datta, ed. (2003). Indian History: Ancient and medieval. Encyclopaedia Britannica / Popular Prakashan. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-7991-067-2.
Not known in Indian sources, the name Porus has been conjecturally interpreted as standing for Paurava, that is, the domain of the Purus, a clan known in that region from ancient Vedic times.
- ^ a b Graham Phillips (31 March 2012). Alexander The Great. Ebury Publishing. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-0-7535-3582-0.
- ^ "Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9". penelope.uchicago.edu.
- ^ Arthur A. MacDonell (28 March 2014). A History of Sanskrit Literature (Illustrated). Lulu.com. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-304-98862-1.
- ^ a b Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (1998). Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173870903.
- ^ A Comprehensive Study of UTTARAKHAND. 18 September 2019. ISBN 9781646506057.