Valonia (alga): Difference between revisions
Added more info in morphological description; and photos |
Provided information on the following subtopics: "Life History", "Distribution and Habitat", and "Economic Use/ Natural Products" |
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== Taxonomy and Nomenclature == |
== Taxonomy and Nomenclature == |
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The genus ''Valonia'' belongs to the Order Cladophorales, Class Valoiaceae. It comprises |
The genus ''Valonia'' belongs to the Order Cladophorales, Class Valoiaceae. It comprises of several taxonomically acceptable species based from available data and literatures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guiry, M.D., and Guiry G.M.|date=2008|title=Algaebase|url=https://www.algaebase.org|journal=Algaebase}}</ref> |
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Below is a list of common species of ''Valonia'' found throughout the tropics: |
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* ''Valonia fastigiata'' Harvey ex J. Agardh 1823 |
* ''Valonia fastigiata'' Harvey ex J. Agardh 1823 |
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* ''Valonia cespitula'' Zanardini ex Kützing |
* ''Valonia cespitula'' Zanardini ex Kützing |
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*''Valonia pachynema'' (G. Martens) Børgesen |
*''Valonia pachynema'' (G. Martens) Børgesen |
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*''Valonia barbadensis'' W.R.Taylor, 1969 |
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*''Valonia nutrix'' (Kraft & A.J.K.Millar) Kraft, 2007 |
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*''Valonia oblongata'' J.Agardh, 1887 |
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*''Valonia trabeculata'' Egerod, 1952 |
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== General Morphological Description == |
== General Morphological Description == |
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=== Thalli === |
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=== Vesicles and Rhizoid Systems === |
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| ⚫ | The vesicles can be subspherical, subclavate, elongate, or deformed. The branching of vesicles begins at the lenticular cells, which can be terminal and subdichotomous, or lateral and irregular. Seaweeds are attached to the substratum by short rhizoid system to basal rhizoidal cells. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Trono Jr.|first=Gavino C.|title=Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines|publisher=Bookmark, Inc.|year=1997|isbn=971-569-252-4|location=Makati City, Philippines|pages=26-28|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guiry, M.D., and Guiry, G.M.|date=2022|title=Algaebase|url=https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/?name=valonia|access-date=January 19, 2022|website=Algaebase}}</ref> |
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== Life History == |
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[[File:Valonia, seaweed.jpg|thumb|472x472px|'''Figure 1. Thallus habit of ''Valonia ventricosa'' attached to a rocky substrate.''']] |
[[File:Valonia, seaweed.jpg|thumb|472x472px|'''Figure 1. Thallus habit of ''Valonia ventricosa'' attached to a rocky substrate.''']] |
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The life history of the genus ''Valonia'' is indistinguishable with the other Siphonocladales family members, particularly genus ''Boergesenia.'' Similar in several seaweeds, they exhibit a diplohaplontic life cycle, meaning an alternation between haploid (gametophytic) and diploid (sporophytic) free-living forms completes the cycle. |
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Specifically in ''Valonia'', production of three-types of quadriflagellate zoospores (diploid) were observed and recorded in the species ''Valonia fastigiata'' and ''Valonia utricularis.'' These are mitozoospores (diploid) and meiozoospores (haploid) produced from the sporophytic phase, and mitozoospores (haploid) produced by the gametophytes. Eventually, meiozoospores will give rise to the gametophytes, while the mitozoospores produces the sporophytes thus completing the life cycle. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beutlich, A., Borstelmann, B., Redemmann, R., Speckenback, K., and Schnetter, R.|date=1990|title=Notes on the life histories of Boergesenia and Valonia (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00040267|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=204|pages=425-434}}</ref> |
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== Distribution and Habitat. == |
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[[File:Valonia, seaweed 2.jpg|thumb|510x510px|'''Figure 2. Thallus habit of ''Valonia aegagropila'' attached to a rocky rubble taken out of water.''' ]] |
[[File:Valonia, seaweed 2.jpg|thumb|510x510px|'''Figure 2. Thallus habit of ''Valonia aegagropila'' attached to a rocky rubble taken out of water.''' ]] |
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The genus ''Valonia'' is widely distributed throughout the tropical region, and some extends to the warm temperate areas. They are mainly found in coastal shallow waters from low intertidal to upper intertidal areas (~10m deep) inhabiting sheltered or wave exposed rocky substrates and pools. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Titlyanov, A.E., Titlyanova, V.T., Li, X., and Huang H.|title=Coral reef marine plants of Hainan island|publisher=Academic Press|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Coppejans, E., Prathep, A., Leliaert, F., Lewmanomont, K., and De Clerk, O.|title=Seaweeds of Mu Ko Tha Lae Tai (SE Thailand) Methodologies and field guide to the dominant species|publisher=Biodoversity Research and Training Program (BRT)|year=2010|location=Bangkok 10400, Thailand|language=English}}</ref> |
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== Economic Use/ Natural Products == |
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The genus ''Valonia,'' specifically ''Valonia aegagropila'' is utilized for human consumption as food. It contains numerous natural products/ secondary metabolites, such as, Pigments (carotene, chlorophyll ''a'', chlorophyll ''b'', lutein, siphonaxanthin, zeaxanthin, siphonein), Polysaccharide (starch), as well as Minerals (heavy metals). ''Valonia ventricosa'' which compose similar natural products is often studied for the crystalline-structure of its cellulose to promote applications on accurate physical measurements. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Trono Jr.|first=Gavino C.|title=Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines|publisher=Bookmark|year=1997|isbn=971-569-252-4|location=Makati City, Philippines|pages=26-28|language=English}}</ref> |
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The crystal-structure of ''Valonia'' '''cellulose Iβ''' were studied by Finkenstadt and Millane (1998). Using X-ray fiber diffraction analysis, it resolves the ambiguities in the cellulose structure that has been baffling for years. The crystalline structures were shown to be in parallel- up arrangements. The packing of the cellulose sheets of ''Valonia'' is similar to the '''ramie cellulose (ramie fiber)''' found in other macroalgae and higher plant taxa. Application in fabric production can be explored due to the fact that ramie fiber is specifically used in that industry. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finkenstadt, V.L., and Millane, R.P.|date=1998|title=Crystal Structure of Valonia Cellulose Iβ|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma9804895|journal=Macromolecules|volume=31|pages=7776-7783|via=ACS Publications}}</ref> |
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Together with the other Cladophorales, ''Chaetomorpha linum,'' '''levulinic acid production''' from ''Valonia aegagropila'' were also developed in recent years. Using an acid-catalyzed conversion, ''Valonia aegagropila'' were studied as a potential source for Levulinic acid. The results were promising, achieving 16 wt% from ''V. aegagropila'', calculated with respect to the initial dried biomass. This indicates a potential use of the macroalgae as a starting feedstock for renewable biofuels which can address resource and environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galleti, A.M.R., Antonetti, C., Licursi, D., Mussi, L., Balestri, E., and Lardicci, C.|date=2019|title=Levulinic Acid Production from the Green Macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila Harvested in the Orbetello Lagoon|journal=Chemical Engineering Transactions|volume=74|pages=103-108|via=The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering}}</ref> |
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Amino acids such as alanine, glutamine, methionine, proline, asparagine among others, as well as minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl), were also found in ''Valonia'', specifically ''Valonia fastigiata.'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Trono Jr.|first=Gavino C.|title=Field Guide & Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines|publisher=Bookmark|year=1997|isbn=971-569-252-4|location=Makati City, Philippines|pages=27|language=English}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 09:33, 22 January 2022
| Valonia | |
|---|---|
| |
| A Valonia species cultivated in an aquarium | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Clade: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Ulvophyceae |
| Order: | Cladophorales |
| Family: | Valoniaceae |
| Genus: | Valonia C.Agardh |
Valonia (C. Agardh, 1823) is a genus of green algae in the Valoniaceae family.[1] The genus Ventricaria is now regarded as a synonym of Valonia.[1]
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
The genus Valonia belongs to the Order Cladophorales, Class Valoiaceae. It comprises of several taxonomically acceptable species based from available data and literatures.[2]
Below is a list of common species of Valonia found throughout the tropics:
- Valonia fastigiata Harvey ex J. Agardh 1823
- Valonia ventricosa J.Agardh 1887 (Figure 1)
- Valonia utricularis (Roth) Agardh 1823
- Valonia aegagropila C. Agardh 1823 (Figure 2)
- Valonia macrophysa Kützing 1843
- Valonia ovalis C.Agardh 1822
- Valonia chlorocladus Hauck 1886
- Valonia cespitula Zanardini ex Kützing
- Valonia pachynema (G. Martens) Børgesen
- Valonia barbadensis W.R.Taylor, 1969
- Valonia nutrix (Kraft & A.J.K.Millar) Kraft, 2007
- Valonia oblongata J.Agardh, 1887
- Valonia trabeculata Egerod, 1952
General Morphological Description
Thalli
The succulent thallus of Valonia exhibits various shapes and form depending on species: vesicular or tubular cells forming either irregular cushions hemispherical domes of intermediate sizes. Thalli color can be green to dark green, olive-green, and brownish-green in some species.
Vesicles and Rhizoid Systems
The vesicles can be subspherical, subclavate, elongate, or deformed. The branching of vesicles begins at the lenticular cells, which can be terminal and subdichotomous, or lateral and irregular. Seaweeds are attached to the substratum by short rhizoid system to basal rhizoidal cells. [3][4]
Life History
The life history of the genus Valonia is indistinguishable with the other Siphonocladales family members, particularly genus Boergesenia. Similar in several seaweeds, they exhibit a diplohaplontic life cycle, meaning an alternation between haploid (gametophytic) and diploid (sporophytic) free-living forms completes the cycle.
Specifically in Valonia, production of three-types of quadriflagellate zoospores (diploid) were observed and recorded in the species Valonia fastigiata and Valonia utricularis. These are mitozoospores (diploid) and meiozoospores (haploid) produced from the sporophytic phase, and mitozoospores (haploid) produced by the gametophytes. Eventually, meiozoospores will give rise to the gametophytes, while the mitozoospores produces the sporophytes thus completing the life cycle. [5]
Distribution and Habitat.
The genus Valonia is widely distributed throughout the tropical region, and some extends to the warm temperate areas. They are mainly found in coastal shallow waters from low intertidal to upper intertidal areas (~10m deep) inhabiting sheltered or wave exposed rocky substrates and pools. [6][7]
Economic Use/ Natural Products
The genus Valonia, specifically Valonia aegagropila is utilized for human consumption as food. It contains numerous natural products/ secondary metabolites, such as, Pigments (carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, siphonaxanthin, zeaxanthin, siphonein), Polysaccharide (starch), as well as Minerals (heavy metals). Valonia ventricosa which compose similar natural products is often studied for the crystalline-structure of its cellulose to promote applications on accurate physical measurements. [8]
The crystal-structure of Valonia cellulose Iβ were studied by Finkenstadt and Millane (1998). Using X-ray fiber diffraction analysis, it resolves the ambiguities in the cellulose structure that has been baffling for years. The crystalline structures were shown to be in parallel- up arrangements. The packing of the cellulose sheets of Valonia is similar to the ramie cellulose (ramie fiber) found in other macroalgae and higher plant taxa. Application in fabric production can be explored due to the fact that ramie fiber is specifically used in that industry. [9]
Together with the other Cladophorales, Chaetomorpha linum, levulinic acid production from Valonia aegagropila were also developed in recent years. Using an acid-catalyzed conversion, Valonia aegagropila were studied as a potential source for Levulinic acid. The results were promising, achieving 16 wt% from V. aegagropila, calculated with respect to the initial dried biomass. This indicates a potential use of the macroalgae as a starting feedstock for renewable biofuels which can address resource and environmental issues.[10]
Amino acids such as alanine, glutamine, methionine, proline, asparagine among others, as well as minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl), were also found in Valonia, specifically Valonia fastigiata. [11]
References
- ^ a b "Algaebase". Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ Guiry, M.D., and Guiry G.M. (2008). "Algaebase". Algaebase.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark, Inc. pp. 26–28. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
- ^ Guiry, M.D., and Guiry, G.M. (2022). "Algaebase". Algaebase. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Beutlich, A., Borstelmann, B., Redemmann, R., Speckenback, K., and Schnetter, R. (1990). "Notes on the life histories of Boergesenia and Valonia (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)". Hydrobiologia. 204: 425–434.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Titlyanov, A.E., Titlyanova, V.T., Li, X., and Huang H. (2016). Coral reef marine plants of Hainan island. Academic Press.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Coppejans, E., Prathep, A., Leliaert, F., Lewmanomont, K., and De Clerk, O. (2010). Seaweeds of Mu Ko Tha Lae Tai (SE Thailand) Methodologies and field guide to the dominant species. Bangkok 10400, Thailand: Biodoversity Research and Training Program (BRT).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. pp. 26–28. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
- ^ Finkenstadt, V.L., and Millane, R.P. (1998). "Crystal Structure of Valonia Cellulose Iβ". Macromolecules. 31: 7776–7783 – via ACS Publications.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Galleti, A.M.R., Antonetti, C., Licursi, D., Mussi, L., Balestri, E., and Lardicci, C. (2019). "Levulinic Acid Production from the Green Macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum and Valonia aegagropila Harvested in the Orbetello Lagoon". Chemical Engineering Transactions. 74: 103–108 – via The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trono Jr., Gavino C. (1997). Field Guide & Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. p. 27. ISBN 971-569-252-4.
- See the NCBI webpage on Valonia. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
External links
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