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In the late 1970s, Gray noticed a trend of low hurricane activity in the [[Atlantic hurricane|North Atlantic basin]] during [[El Niño]] years. He was the first researcher to make a connection between such events and positive results led him to pursue further research. He found numerous factors across the globe influence tropical cyclone activity, such as connecting wet periods over the African [[Sahel]] to an increase in [[major hurricane]] [[landfall]]s along the [[United States East Coast]]. However, his findings also showed inconsistencies when only looking at a single factor as a primary influence.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/>
In the late 1970s, Gray noticed a trend of low hurricane activity in the [[Atlantic hurricane|North Atlantic basin]] during [[El Niño]] years. He was the first researcher to make a connection between such events and positive results led him to pursue further research. He found numerous factors across the globe influence tropical cyclone activity, such as connecting wet periods over the African [[Sahel]] to an increase in [[major hurricane]] [[landfall]]s along the [[United States East Coast]]. However, his findings also showed inconsistencies when only looking at a single factor as a primary influence.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/>


Utilizing his findings, Gray developed an objective, statistical forecast for seasonal hurricane activity; he predicted only the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes, foregoing specifics on tracks and potential landfalls due to the aforementioned inconsistencies.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/> Gray issued his first seasonal forecast ahead of the [[1984 Atlantic hurricane season|1984 season]], which used the statistical relationships between tropical cyclone activity, the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO), [[Quasi-biennial oscillation]] (QBO), and Caribbean basin sea-level pressures.<ref name="1984 forecast">{{cite web|author=William M Gray|publisher=Colorado State University|date=24 May 1984|access-date=17 April 2016|title=Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane For 1984|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/1984/june1984/jun1984.pdf}}</ref><ref>http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/camargoetal2007.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> The endeavor proved modestly successful.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/> He subsequently issued forecasts ahead of the start of the Atlantic hurricane season in May and before the peak of the season in August.<ref name="TMP"/> Students and colleagues joined his forecast team in the following years, including [[Christopher Landsea]], Paul W. Mielke Jr., and Kenneth J. Berry.<ref name="MooneyForecasting" />
Utilizing his findings, Gray developed an objective, statistical forecast for seasonal hurricane activity; he predicted only the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes, foregoing specifics on tracks and potential landfalls due to the aforementioned inconsistencies.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/> Gray issued his first seasonal forecast ahead of the [[1984 Atlantic hurricane season|1984 season]], which used the statistical relationships between tropical cyclone activity, the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO), [[Quasi-biennial oscillation]] (QBO), and Caribbean basin sea-level pressures.<ref name="1984 forecast">{{cite web|author=William M Gray|publisher=Colorado State University|date=24 May 1984|access-date=17 April 2016|title=Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane For 1984|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/1984/june1984/jun1984.pdf}}</ref><ref>http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/camargoetal2007.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2022}}</ref> The endeavor proved modestly successful.<ref name="HurricaneWatch"/> He subsequently issued forecasts ahead of the start of the Atlantic hurricane season in May and before the peak of the season in August.<ref name="TMP"/> Students and colleagues joined his forecast team in the following years, including [[Christopher Landsea]], Paul W. Mielke Jr., and Kenneth J. Berry.<ref name="MooneyForecasting" />


After the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]], Gray announced that he was stepping back from the primary authorship of CSU's tropical cyclone probability forecasts, passing the role to Philip J. Klotzbach. Gray indicated that he would be devoting more time to the issue of [[global warming]]. He did not attribute global warming to [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] causes, and was critical of those who did.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Storm-expert-s-forecast-on-the-button-3067584.php| title= Storm expert's forecast on the button| last= Davidson| first = Keay| author-link = Keay Davidson| date = 15 September 1999| work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]| publisher= [[Hearst Communications]] Inc| access-date = 2 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,353023,00.html Hurricane Expert: School Silencing Me Over Global-Warming Views]</ref>
After the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]], Gray announced that he was stepping back from the primary authorship of CSU's tropical cyclone probability forecasts, passing the role to Philip J. Klotzbach. Gray indicated that he would be devoting more time to the issue of [[global warming]]. He did not attribute global warming to [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] causes, and was critical of those who did.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Storm-expert-s-forecast-on-the-button-3067584.php| title= Storm expert's forecast on the button| last= Davidson| first = Keay| author-link = Keay Davidson| date = 15 September 1999| work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]| publisher= [[Hearst Communications]] Inc| access-date = 2 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,353023,00.html Hurricane Expert: School Silencing Me Over Global-Warming Views]</ref>

Revision as of 03:36, 24 January 2022

William M. Gray
Born
William Mason Gray

(1929-10-09)9 October 1929
Detroit, Michigan
Died16 April 2016(2016-04-16) (aged 86)
Fort Collins, Colorado
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forResearch into hurricanes, climate change skepticism
Spouse
Nancy Price
​
​
(m. 1954; died 2001)​
ChildrenFour
Scientific career
FieldsAtmospheric science
InstitutionsColorado State University
ThesisOn the scales of motion and internal stress characteristics of the hurricane (1964)

William "Bill" Mason Gray (9 October 1929 – 16 April 2016) was emeritus professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University (CSU), and the head of the Tropical Meteorology Project at CSU's Department of Atmospheric Sciences. He is widely regarded as a pioneer in the science of tropical cyclone forecasting[1] and one of the world's leading experts on tropical storms.[2] After retiring as a faculty member at CSU in 2005, Gray remained actively involved in both climate change and tropical cyclone research until his death.

Early life and career

Gray was born on 9 October 1929, in Detroit, Michigan, and was the eldest son of Ulysses S. Gray and Beatrice Mason Gray. His family moved to Washington, D.C. in 1939 where he graduated from Wilson High School.[3] In 1952, Gray received a B.S. degree in geography from George Washington University before joining the United States Air Force in 1953.[3][4] Over the next four years, he served as an overseas weather forecast officer, primarily stationed in the Azores and England.[3] Upon returning to the United States in 1957, he began work as a research assistant at the University of Chicago Department of Meteorology from 1957 to 1961.[4] During his time there, he earned a M.S. in meteorology 1959 and went on to earn a PhD in geophysical sciences in 1964 under the mentorship of Herbert Riehl.[4][5][6]

He joined Colorado State University (CSU) in 1961 as part of the Department of Atmospheric Science.[4] Gray remained active in the Air Force Reserves until 1974, at which time he retired as a Lieutenant colonel.[3] Following his retirement from the Reserves, he became a professor at CSU and went on to advise successful 20 PhD and 50 M.S. graduates.[3][4][5] Eight of his students received awards from the American Meteorological Society while under his mentorship.[4] Many of his students went on to become prominent members of the meteorological community, with several working at the National Hurricane Center.[7] His last student was Philip Klotzbach,[3] who later took over Gray's position as lead author of the CSU seasonal hurricane forecasts.[8]

Gray worked closely with the World Meteorological Organization throughout his career.[3] Starting in 1978, he traveled to numerous countries establish or improve connections with meteorologists across the globe, a groundbreaking action.[9] In 1985, he organized the first International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones in Bangkok, Thailand.[3]

Gray had many students and he offered them advice including his commandments. One of them was Remember Up-Moist, Down-Dry and Keep it Holy which was the reference to his conviction that one has to include moisture processes such as evaporation and rainfall to understand atmospheric energy balance. Thou Shalt Not Concern Thyself Unduly With Commandments and Regulations expressed his disdain for bureaucracy. Being an observational atmospheric scientist, he detested numerical models of the atmosphere - Thou Shalt Not Bow Before Computer Terminals Nor Involve Thyself With Numerical Models. He held very lively group meetings with his students and encouraged them to question everything - Remember Thy Project Meeting and Keep it Holy, Thou Shalt Not Wait'til the End of a Talk to Ask a Question When Thou Can Interrupt in the Middle.

Personal life

On 1 October 1954, Gray married Nancy Price and they had four children together: Sarah, Anne (deceased), Janet, and Robert. They remained married until Price's death in 2001.[3] Gray was an avid fan of baseball and followed the then Washington Senators (now known as the Texas Rangers).[10] He initially sought a career in baseball or basketball but a knee injury at age 21 prevented him from pursuing such.[3]

Research

Among Gray's most prominent achievements were the establishment of seasonal hurricane forecasts and finding that hurricane activity is cyclical.[11] He is widely regarded as a pioneer in hurricane research, particularly for the seasonal forecasts.[1] Throughout his career, Gray published more than 80 papers and 60 research reports.[5] Klotzbach referred to him as "one of the greatest minds in hurricane research".[10]

Seasonal hurricane forecasts

In the late 1970s, Gray noticed a trend of low hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin during El Niño years. He was the first researcher to make a connection between such events and positive results led him to pursue further research. He found numerous factors across the globe influence tropical cyclone activity, such as connecting wet periods over the African Sahel to an increase in major hurricane landfalls along the United States East Coast. However, his findings also showed inconsistencies when only looking at a single factor as a primary influence.[9]

Utilizing his findings, Gray developed an objective, statistical forecast for seasonal hurricane activity; he predicted only the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes, foregoing specifics on tracks and potential landfalls due to the aforementioned inconsistencies.[9] Gray issued his first seasonal forecast ahead of the 1984 season, which used the statistical relationships between tropical cyclone activity, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and Caribbean basin sea-level pressures.[12][13] The endeavor proved modestly successful.[9] He subsequently issued forecasts ahead of the start of the Atlantic hurricane season in May and before the peak of the season in August.[8] Students and colleagues joined his forecast team in the following years, including Christopher Landsea, Paul W. Mielke Jr., and Kenneth J. Berry.[1]

After the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Gray announced that he was stepping back from the primary authorship of CSU's tropical cyclone probability forecasts, passing the role to Philip J. Klotzbach. Gray indicated that he would be devoting more time to the issue of global warming. He did not attribute global warming to anthropogenic causes, and was critical of those who did.[14][15]

Climate change

Following Gray's retirement from CSU's faculty, he became a controversial figure in the discussion on climate change,[11] particularly his stance against anthropogenic global warming.[16] Gray was skeptical of current theories of human-induced global warming, which he said are supported by scientists afraid of losing grant funding[17] and promoted by government leaders and environmentalists seeking world government.[18] Although he agreed that global warming was taking place, he argued that humans were only responsible for a tiny portion and it was largely part of the Earth's natural cycle.[16][18] In June 2011, Gray wrote a paper directed at the American Meteorological Society, criticizing their advocation of anthropogenic global warming. He said that members were following a political agenda rather than a scientific one as well as working for special interests rather than the scientific community at large.[19]

Peter Webster, a Georgia Institute of Technology professor, was part of the anonymous peer review on several of Gray's National Science Foundation proposals. In every case he has turned down the global warming research component because he believed it was not up to standards, but recommended that Gray's hurricane research be funded. Webster, who has co-authored other scientific papers with Gray, is also critical of Gray for his personal attacks on the scientists with whom he disagreed.[20]

Awards and honors

Throughout his career, Gray received multiple awards for his pioneering research and mentorship:[4]

  • Fellow at the American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 1992 – Colorado State University "Jack E. Cermak Graduate School Award for Outstanding Adviser
  • 1993 – Co-recipient of the American Meteorological Society Banner I. Miller Award
  • 1993 – American Meteorological Society Jule G. Charney Award[19]
  • 1995 – Neil Frank Award of the National Hurricane Conference for "pioneering research into long-range hurricane forecasting and for developing a better understanding of how global climatological conditions shape the creation and intensity of tropical cyclones."[4]
  • 1995 – Honorary lifetime achievement award via invitation to the Eighth IMO Lecture to the 12th World Meteorological Organization Congress in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 1995 – ABC Television person of the week
  • 1995 – Man of Science Award from the Colorado Chapter of the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists
  • 2014 – first-ever recipient of the Robert and Joanne Simpson Award[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Mooney, Chris (2007). "Chapter 4: Lay that Matrix Down". Storm World. Harcourt. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-15-101287-9. ...1984...Gray also launched the endeavor that would make him most famous: a seasonal forecasting scheme for the Atlantic basin, which would predict the number of hurricanes and tropical storms months before their actual arrival. ... It's hard to overstate the breakthrough that Gray had achieved with his forecasting scheme.
  2. ^ "Denver - News - The Skeptic - westword.com". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Death of CSU Professor and Atmospheric Scientist Specializing in Hurricanes and Climate" (PDF). Colorado State University. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "VITAE: Professor William M. Gray" (PDF). Colorado State University. n.d. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "Professor William M. Gray" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  6. ^ Roberts, Sam (20 April 2016). "William M. Gray, Hurricane Predictor and Climate Change Skeptic, Dies at 86". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  7. ^ "[Announcement of Dr. William Gray's Death by the National Hurricane Center]". National Hurricane Center. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  8. ^ a b "The Tropical Meteorology Project". Colorado State University. n.d. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d Bob Sheets and Jack Williams (2001). Hurricane Watch: Forecasting the Deadliest Storms on Earth. ISBN 0-375-70390-X.
  10. ^ a b Philip Klotzbach (16 April 2016). "Dr. Bill Gray – A Eulogy" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  11. ^ a b Willie Drye (16 April 2016). "William Gray, 86, Pioneer of Hurricane Meteorology". National Geographic. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  12. ^ William M Gray (24 May 1984). "Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane For 1984" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  13. ^ http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/camargoetal2007.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  14. ^ Davidson, Keay (15 September 1999). "Storm expert's forecast on the button". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  15. ^ Hurricane Expert: School Silencing Me Over Global-Warming Views
  16. ^ a b Harsanyi, David (5 June 2006). "Chill out over global warming". The Denver Post. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  17. ^ Gray, William M. (16 November 2000). "Viewpoint: Get off warming bandwagon". BBC News. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
  18. ^ a b Achenbach, Joel (28 May 2006). "The Tempest". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  19. ^ a b William M. Gray (June 2011). "On The Hijacking of the American Meteorological Society (AMS)" (PDF). Meteo Lycée classique de Diekirch. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  20. ^ Prendergast, Alan (29 June 2006). "The Skeptic". Denver Westwood News.
  • Klotzbach, Philip J.; J. C. L. Chan; P. J. Fitzpatrick; W. M. Frank; C. W. Landsea; J. L. McBride (2017). "The Science of William M. Gray: His Contributions to the Knowledge of Tropical Meteorology and Tropical Cyclones". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 98 (11): 2311–36. Bibcode:2017BAMS...98.2311K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0116.1.
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