CFM International LEAP: Difference between revisions

LEAP
	Mockup of a LEAP-X, the early code name of the engine
Type	Turbofan
National origin	France, United States
Manufacturer	CFM International
First run	4 September 2013
Major applications	Airbus A320neo family ; Boeing 737 MAX ; Comac C919
Number built	2516+
Developed from	CFM International CFM56 ; General Electric GEnx
Developed into	General Electric Passport

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The CFM International LEAP ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion"^[6]) is a high-bypass turbofan produced by CFM International, a 50-50 joint venture between American GE Aviation and French Safran Aircraft Engines (formerly Snecma). It is the successor of the successful CFM56 and competes with the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G to power narrow-body aircraft.

Design

The LEAP's basic architecture includes a scaled-down version of Safran's low pressure turbine used on the GEnx engine. The fan has flexible blades manufactured by a resin transfer molding process, which are designed to untwist as the fan's rotational speed increases. While the LEAP is designed to operate at a higher pressure than the CFM56 (which is partly why it is more efficient), GE plans to set the operating pressure lower than the maximum to maximize the engine's service life and reliability.^[7] Currently proposed for the LEAP is a greater use of composite materials, a blisk fan in the compressor, a second-generation Twin Annular Pre-mixing Swirler (TAPS II) combustor, and a bypass ratio around 10-11:1.

GE is using ceramic matrix composites (CMC) to build the turbine shrouds.^[8] These technological advances are projected to produce 16% lower fuel consumption.^[9]^[10] Reliability is also supported by use of an eductor-based oil cooling system similar to that of the GEnx, featuring coolers mounted on the inner lining of the fan duct. According to Aviation Week's article, "The eductor device produces a venturi effect, which ensures a positive pressure to keep oil in the lower internal sump."^[7] The engine has some of the first FAA-approved 3D-printed components.^[11]

Development

The LEAP-1A was tested on GE's 747-400 flying test platform.^[12]

The LEAP ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion")^[13] incorporates technologies that CFM developed as part of the LEAP56 technology acquisition program, which CFM launched in 2005.^[14] The engine was officially launched as LEAP-X on 13 July 2008.^[9] It is intended to be a successor to the CFM56-5B and CFM56-7B.

In 2009, COMAC selected the LEAP engine for the C919.^[15] The aircraft was due to begin testing in 2016.^[16] In total, 28 test engines will be used by CFM to achieve engine certification, and 32 others will be used by Airbus, Boeing and COMAC for aircraft certification and test programs.^[1]^[17] The first engine entering the test program reached and sustained 33,000 lbf (150 kN) of thrust, required to satisfy the highest rating for the Airbus A321neo. The same engine ultimately reached 35,000 lbf (160 kN) of thrust in test runs.^[7]

General Electric carried out the first test flight, of a LEAP-1C, in Victorville, California, with the engine mounted on the company's Boeing 747 flying testbed aircraft, on October 6, 2014. The -1C version features a thrust reverser equipped with a one piece O-ring replacing a 2 piece door. The thrust reverser is deployed by the O-ring sliding aft, reducing the drag that was induced by the older design and improving efficiency.^[18] In April 2015, it was reported that the LEAP-1B was suffering up to a 5% shortfall on its promised reduction in fuel consumption.^[19] It obtained its 180-minute ETOPS approval from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and the European Aviation Safety Agency on June 19, 2017.^[20]

Orders

On July 20, 2011, American Airlines announced that it planned to purchase 100 Boeing 737 aircraft featuring the LEAP-1B engine.^[21] The project was approved by Boeing on August 30, 2011, as the Boeing 737 MAX.^[22]^[23] Southwest Airlines is the launch customer of the 737 MAX with a firm order of 150 aircraft.^[24]

The list price of a LEAP-1A is USD14.5 million,^[25] and USD14.5 million for a LEAP-1B.^[26]

CFM International offers its support for the engine, and signed a 15-year Rate per Flight Hour agreement with Loong Air for 20 LEAP-1A at U.S $333 million, or $3039 per engine per day, in contrast with U.S. $138 million for 17 CFM International CFM56 over 12 years or $1852 per engine per day.^[27] As a number of A320neo engine for ANA group of Japan was also ordered in 2014, there is a possibility to select the LEAP engine.^[28]

In 2016 CFM booked 1,801 orders, LEAP backlog is at more than 12,200 for more than $170 billion U.S. at list price.^[2] In early 2018, the backlog was at 14,500, with a 59% share of the A320neo market for decided customers as it has an 18 percentage point advantage in utilization rate over the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G.^[29]

By July 2018, the LEAP had an eight-year backlog with 16,300 sales. More LEAPs were produced in the five years to 2018 than CFM56s in 25 years.^[3] It is the second-most ordered jet engine behind the 44-year-old CFM56,^[30] which achieved 35,500 orders.^[3] In July 2018 its A320neo selected-engine market share was 58.6%, with one-third yet to select, the CFM56 have a 60% share of the A320ceo market.^[30]

In 2020, GE Aviation lost 1,900 orders worth $13.9 billion ($7.3M each), reducing the backlog value to $259 billion, while more than 1,000 Boeing 737 Max orders were cancelled among the Boeing 737 MAX groundings and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation. ^[31]

Production

In 2016, the engine was introduced in August on the Airbus A320neo with Pegasus Airlines and CFM delivered 77 LEAP.^[2] With the 737 MAX introduction, CFM delivered 257 LEAPs in the first three quarters of 2017, including 110 in the third: 49 to Airbus and 61 to Boeing, and targets 450 in the year.^[32] CFM was to produce 1,200 engines in 2018, 1,900 in 2019, and 2,100 in 2020.^[33] This is compared to the 1,700 CFM56 produced in 2016.^[34]

To cope with the demand, CFM is duplicating supply sources on 80% of parts and even subdivide assembly sites, already shared between GE and Safran. GE assembles its production in Lafayette, Indiana, US in addition to its previous Durham, North Carolina, US facility. As more than 75% of the engine comes from suppliers, critical parts suppliers pass “run-rate stress tests” lasting two to 12 weeks. Pratt & Whitney acknowledges a production ramp-up bottleneck on its rival PW1100G geared turbofan including a critical shortage of the unique aluminium-titanium fan blade, hitting the Airbus A320neo and the Bombardier CSeries deliveries.^[35] Safran assembles its production in Villaroche, France, Safran and GE each assemble half of the annual volume.^[36] Mecachrome plan to produce 120,000-130,000 LEAP turbine blades in 2018 up from 50,000 in 2017.^[37]

In mid-June 2018, deliveries remained four to five weeks behind schedule down from six, and should catch up in the fourth quarter as the quality variation of castings and forgings improves. The production has no single manufacturing choke point by selecting multiple suppliers for every critical part. From 460 in 2017, 1,100 LEAPs should be built in 2018, along 1,050 CFM56s as it encounter unexpected sales, to pass the record production of 1,900 engines in 2017. It will stay over 2,000 engines per year as 1,800 LEAPs should be produced in 2019 while CFM56 production will drop, then 2,000 in 2020.^[3] In 2018, 1,118 engines were delivered.^[4]

Over the first half of 2019, CFM revenues were up by 23% to €5.9 billion with 1,119 deliveries included a declining 258 CFM56s, more than offsetted by 861 LEAPs. Recurring operating income rose by 34% to €1.2 billion, but was reduced by €107 million ($118 million) due to the negative margins and initial costs of LEAP production, before a positive contribution expected in the second half. Revenues should grow by 15% in 2019 but free cash flow depends on the return to service of the grounded 737 MAX.^[5]

In 2019, Leap production rose to 1,736 engines, orders and commitments reached 1,968 amid the 737 MAX groundings, compared with 3,211 for 2018, for a stable backlog of 15,614 (compared to 15,620). CFM expects to produce 1,400 Leap engines in 2020, including an average of 10 weekly Leap-1Bs for the Boeing 737 Max.^[38]

Operations

The troubled introduction of the PW1100G on the A320neo has motivated customers to choose LEAP engines. LEAP market share rose from 55% to 60% in 2016, but orders for 1,523 aircraft (29%) had not specified which engine would be chosen.^[39] From January through early August 2017, 39 PW1100G engines versus 396 CFM LEAP engines were chosen. As an example of PW1100G reliability issues, 9% of LEAP-powered A320neos were out of service for at least one week in July 2017, compared with 46% of those using the PW1100G.^[39]

The Boeing 737 MAX LEAP-1B started revenue service in May 2017 with Malindo Air with 8 hours of daily operation, while the A320neo LEAP-1A surpassed 10 hours per day by July. Safran discovered a production quality defect on LEAP-1B low-pressure turbine disks during assembly for possibly 30 engines and CFM is working to minimize flight-test and customer-delivery disruptions.^[40]

In early October 2017, an exhaust gas temperature shift was noticed during a flight and a CMC shroud coating in the HP turbine was seen flaking off in a borescope inspection, creating a leaking gap: eight in-service engines are seeing their coating replaced.^[41] Safran provisioned €50 million ($58 million) to trouble-shoot in-service engines, including potentially LEAP-1Bs.^[32] Forty LEAP-1A were replaced and the part should be replaced in over 500 in-service engines, while shipments are four weeks behind schedule.^[42] Deliveries with the permanent CMC environmental-barrier coating fix began in June.^[43]

On March 26, 2019, during the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, Southwest Airlines flight 8701 (737 MAX 8) took off from Orlando International Airport for a ferry flight without passengers, but soon after problems with one of the engines caused an emergency landing at the same airport. Southwest then inspected 12 LEAP engines and two other airlines also inspected their engines.^[44] CFM recommended replacing the fuel nozzles more often due to coking, a carbon buildup.^[45]

By December 2021, CFM claimed a 72% share of the narrowbody market.^[46]

Applications

CFM International LEAP Engine^[47]
Model	Application	Thrust range	Introduction
-1A	Airbus A320neo family	24,500–35,000 lbf (109–156 kN)	2 Aug 2016^[48]
-1B	Boeing 737 MAX	23,000–28,000 lbf (100–120 kN)	22 May 2017^[49]
-1C	COMAC C919	27,980–30,000 lbf (124.5–133.4 kN)	2021^[50]

The LEAP-1A installed on the Airbus A320neo family.
The LEAP-1B installed on the Boeing 737 MAX.
The LEAP-1C is the exclusive engine option for the Chinese Comac C919.

Specifications

The LEAP Family
Model	LEAP-1A^[51]	LEAP-1B^[52]	LEAP-1C^[51]
Configuration	Twin-spool, high bypass turbofan
Compressor	1 fan, 3-stage LP, 10-stage HP^[53]
Combustor	Second generation Twin-Annular, Pre-Mixing Swirler Combustor (TAPS II)^[47]
Turbine	2-stage HP, 7-stage (-1B: 5-stage) LP^[54]
OPR	40:1^[53] (50:1, Top-of-Climb)
Cruise TSFC	0.51 lb/lbf/h (14.4 g/kN/s)^[55]	0.53 lb/lbf/h (15.0 g/kN/s)^[55]	0.51 lb/lbf/h (14.4 g/kN/s)^[56]
Fan diameter^[53]	78 in (198 cm)	69.4 in (176 cm)	77 in (196 cm)^[57]
Bypass ratio^[53]	11:1	9:1	11:1
Length	3.328 m (131.0 in) ^[b]	3.147 m (123.9 in)	4.505 m (177.4 in) ^[c]
Max. Width	2.533–2.543 m (99.7–100.1 in)	2.421 m (95.3 in)	2.659 m (104.7 in)
Max. Height	2.368–2.362 m (93.2–93.0 in)	2.256 m (88.8 in)	2.714 m (106.9 in)
Weight	2,990–3,153 kg (6,592–6,951 lb) (Wet)	2,780 kg (6,130 lb) (Dry)	3,929–3,935 kg (8,662–8,675 lb) (Wet)
Max. Take-Off thrust	143.05 kN (32,160 lb_f)	130.41 kN (29,320 lb_f)	137.14 kN (30,830 lb_f)
Max. Continuous	140.96 kN (31,690 lb_f)	127.62 kN (28,690 lb_f)	133.22 kN (29,950 lb_f)
Max. rpm	LP : 3894, HP : 19391	LP : 4586, HP : 20171	LP : 3894, HP : 19391

Thrust ratings^[51]^[52]
Variant	Take-Off Thrust	Max. Continuous
-1A23	106.80 kN (24,010 lb_f)	104.58 kN (23,510 lb_f)
-1A24	106.80 kN (24,010 lb_f)	106.76 kN (24,000 lb_f)
-1B25	119.15 kN (26,790 lb_f)	115.47 kN (25,960 lb_f)
-1A26	120.64 kN (27,120 lb_f)	118.68 kN (26,680 lb_f)
-1B27	124.71 kN (28,040 lb_f)	121.31 kN (27,270 lb_f)
-1B28	130.41 kN (29,320 lb_f)	127.62 kN (28,690 lb_f)
-1C28	129.98 kN (29,220 lb_f)	127.93 kN (28,760 lb_f)
-1C30	137.14 kN (30,830 lb_f)	133.22 kN (29,950 lb_f)
-1A30, 32, 33, 35A	143.05 kN (32,160 lb_f)	140.96 kN (31,690 lb_f)

^ 77 delivered in 2016,^[2] 460 in 2017,^[3] 1,118 in 2018,^[4] 861 in H1 2019.^[5]
^ fan case forward flange to turbine rear frame aft flange
^ fan cowl hinge beam front to centre vent tube end

References

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External links

[6] 77 delivered in 2016,^[2] 460 in 2017,^[3] 1,118 in 2018,^[4] 861 in H1 2019.^[5]

[59] se forward flange to turbine rear frame aft flange

[60] wl hinge beam front to centre vent tube end

[-1A_begins_ground_test-1] "CFM launches a new era as first LEAP engine begins ground testing". CFM International. 2013-09-06. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Retrieved 2013-09-07.

[170214PR-2] "2016 CFM orders surpass 2,600 engines" (Press release). CFM International. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2017.

[AIN4jul2018-3] Chris Kjelgaard (July 4, 2018). "CFM Confident Leap Production Can Catch Up Soon". AIN online. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[Flight1feb2019-4] Jon Hemmerdinger (1 Feb 2019). "MID SUPPLY CHAIN RECOVERY CFM's Leap deliveries doubled in 2018 amid supply chain recovery". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.

[Flight5sep2019-5] David Kaminski-Morrow (5 Sep 2019). "Leap production edges towards positive contribution". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

[7] "Aircraft engines". Safran. Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-08-02.

[Norris-8] Guy Norris (Oct 28, 2013). "Smooth Start To Fast-Paced Leap-1A Test Program". Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018. "Pressure testing". Aviation Week & Space Technology. p. 43. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[9] Guy Norris (Apr 13, 2015). "Pratt Targets Hot, Rotating Blade Use Of CMCs". Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018. "Hot blades" (PDF). Aviation Week & Space Technology. April 27, 2015. p. 55. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.

[LEAP-X_unveil-10] "CFM Unveils New LEAP-X Engine" (Press release). CFM International. 2008-07-13. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[11] "New engines: flurry of activity despite downturn". Flightglobal. 2009-10-06. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

[ge2015-3d-12] Tomas Kellner (Apr 14, 2015). "The FAA Cleared the First 3D Printed Part to Fly in a Commercial Jet Engine from GE". GE. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2015.

[13] Guy Norris (Nov 20, 2015). "CFM Lifts Veil On Leap Engine Test Details". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

[14] "LEAP Turbofan Engine, History". Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2012-08-16.

[15] CFM Laying the Technology Foundation for the Future Archived 2011-06-23 at WebCite. CFM International

[16] "CFM International to provide engines for COMAC's C919". flightglobal. 21 Dec 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.

[17] "CFM to finish Leap core testing by mid-May". flightglobal. 28 Apr 2010. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2018.

[18] vid kaminski morrow (22 Apr 2015). "First Leap-powered A320neo moved to flight-test team". flightglobal. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

[19] Guy Norris (October 13, 2014). "CFM Marks 40th Anniversary With Leap-1 Flight Test". Aviation Week & Space Technology. p. 40. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

[20] "Engine problems aren't Propulsion South Carolina's problem". Archived from the original on 2015-04-24. Retrieved 2015-04-20.

[21] "LEAP engines awarded 180-minute ETOPS certification" (Press release). CFM International. Jun 21, 2017. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2017.

[22] "Boeing and American Airlines Agree on Order for up to 300 Airplanes - Jul 20, 2011". Boeing.mediaroom.com. July 20, 2011. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2013.

[23] Boeing Confirms Duopoly With Airbus Announcing Re-Engining Of 737 Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Forbes

[24] Boeing rendering illustrates major changes to 737NE Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine. flightglobal.com

[25] "Southwest Airlines Will Become Launch Customer for the New Boeing 737 Max Aircraft - Southwest Airlines Newsroom". Swamedia.com. December 13, 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved May 31, 2013.

[26] Alan Dron (Mar 30, 2018). "Lion Group completes $5.5 billion LEAP-1A purchase". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.

[27] "ALC finalizes $348 million CFM LEAP-1B engine order" (Press release). CFM. Aug 8, 2017. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
  |national origin= France, United States
  |manufacturer= [[CFM International]]
- |first run= 4 September 2013<ref name="-1A begins ground test">{{cite news|url=http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/cfm-launches-a-new-era-as-first-leap-engine-begins-ground-testing/713 |title=CFM launches a new era as first LEAP engine begins ground testing |publisher=[[CFM International]] |date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2013-09-07}}</ref>
+ |first run= 4 September 2013<ref name="-1A begins ground test">{{cite news |url=http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/cfm-launches-a-new-era-as-first-leap-engine-begins-ground-testing/713 |title=CFM launches a new era as first LEAP engine begins ground testing |publisher=[[CFM International]] |date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2013-09-07 |archive-date=2015-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181720/http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/cfm-launches-a-new-era-as-first-leap-engine-begins-ground-testing/713 |url-status=live }}</ref>
  |major applications= [[Airbus A320neo family]] <br>[[Boeing 737 MAX]] <br>[[Comac C919]]
  |number built = {{#expr:77+460+1118+861}}+{{efn|77 delivered in 2016,<ref name=170214PR/> 460 in 2017,<ref name=AIN4jul2018/> 1,118 in 2018,<ref name=Flight1feb2019/> 861 in H1 2019.<ref name=Flight5sep2019/>}}
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |}
-The '''CFM International LEAP''' ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.safran-group.com/aviation/aircraft-engines-and-nacelles/aircraft-engines |title= Aircraft engines |publisher= Safran}}</ref>) is a [[high-bypass turbofan]] produced by [[CFM International]], a 50-50 [[joint venture]] between American [[GE Aviation]] and French [[Safran Aircraft Engines]] (formerly Snecma).  It is the successor of the successful [[CFM56]] and competes with the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]] to power [[narrow-body aircraft]].
+The '''CFM International LEAP''' ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.safran-group.com/aviation/aircraft-engines-and-nacelles/aircraft-engines |title= Aircraft engines |publisher= Safran |access-date= 2019-08-02 |archive-date= 2019-08-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190806221413/https://www.safran-group.com/aviation/aircraft-engines-and-nacelles/aircraft-engines |url-status= live }}</ref>) is a [[high-bypass turbofan]] produced by [[CFM International]], a 50-50 [[joint venture]] between American [[GE Aviation]] and French [[Safran Aircraft Engines]] (formerly Snecma).  It is the successor of the successful [[CFM56]] and competes with the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]] to power [[narrow-body aircraft]].
 ==Design==
 The LEAP's basic architecture includes a scaled-down version of [[Safran]]'s low pressure turbine used on the [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx]] engine. The fan has flexible blades manufactured by a [[Out of autoclave composite manufacturing|resin transfer molding]] process, which are designed to untwist as the fan's rotational speed increases. While the LEAP is designed to operate at a higher pressure than the CFM56 (which is partly why it is more efficient), GE plans to set the operating pressure lower than the maximum to maximize the engine's service life and reliability.<ref name="Norris"/> Currently proposed for the LEAP is a greater use of composite materials, a [[blisk]] fan in the compressor, a second-generation Twin Annular Pre-mixing Swirler (TAPS II) combustor, and a bypass ratio around 10-11:1.<!-- doesn't appear to be supported by aviation week Apr 2015 neither Oct 2013 : no "blisk", "TAPS" neither bypass ratio in the articles, and the Apr 2015 one is about Pratt's use of CMCs-->
-GE is using [[ceramic matrix composite]]s (CMC) to build the turbine shrouds.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/pratt-targets-hot-rotating-blade-use-cmcs |title= Pratt Targets Hot, Rotating Blade Use Of CMCs |date= Apr 13, 2015 |author= Guy Norris |url-access=subscription}} {{cite magazine |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |title= Hot blades |date= April 27, 2015 |page= 55 |url= http://assets.penton.com/digitaleditions/AW/AWST_150427.pdf <!--alt: https://archive.org/stream/Aviation_Week_Space_Technology_April_27_2015 but may be copyrighted-->}}</ref>
+GE is using [[ceramic matrix composite]]s (CMC) to build the turbine shrouds.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/pratt-targets-hot-rotating-blade-use-cmcs |title= Pratt Targets Hot, Rotating Blade Use Of CMCs |date= Apr 13, 2015 |author= Guy Norris |url-access= subscription |access-date= July 5, 2018 |archive-date= September 28, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180928084001/http://aviationweek.com/technology/pratt-targets-hot-rotating-blade-use-cmcs |url-status= live }} {{cite magazine |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |title= Hot blades |date= April 27, 2015 |page= 55 |url= http://assets.penton.com/digitaleditions/AW/AWST_150427.pdf <!--alt: https://archive.org/stream/Aviation_Week_Space_Technology_April_27_2015 but may be copyrighted--> |access-date= July 5, 2018 |archive-date= July 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150720/http://assets.penton.com/digitaleditions/AW/AWST_150427.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>
-These technological advances are projected to produce 16% lower fuel consumption.<ref name="LEAP-X unveil" /><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-engines-flurry-of-activity-despite-downturn-332998 |title= New engines: flurry of activity despite downturn |date= 2009-10-06 |work= Flightglobal}}</ref> Reliability is also supported by use of an [[Aspirator (pump)|eductor]]-based oil cooling system similar to that of the GEnx, featuring coolers mounted on the inner lining of the fan duct.  According to Aviation Week's article, "The eductor device produces a [[venturi effect]], which ensures a positive pressure to keep oil in the lower internal sump."<ref name="Norris">{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/smooth-start-fast-paced-leap-1a-test-program |title= Smooth Start To Fast-Paced Leap-1A Test Program |date= Oct 28, 2013 |author= Guy Norris }} {{cite magazine |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |title= Pressure testing |page= 43 |url= http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/20131029#!&pid=42 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The engine has some of the first FAA-approved [[3D-printed]] components.<ref name=ge2015-3d>{{cite news |url= http://www.gereports.com/post/116402870270/the-faa-cleared-the-first-3d-printed-part-to-fly |title= The FAA Cleared the First 3D Printed Part to Fly in a Commercial Jet Engine from GE |date= Apr 14, 2015 |author= Tomas Kellner |publisher= GE |access-date= April 22, 2015 |archive-date= June 29, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213122/http://www.gereports.com/post/116402870270/the-faa-cleared-the-first-3d-printed-part-to-fly/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
+These technological advances are projected to produce 16% lower fuel consumption.<ref name="LEAP-X unveil" /><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-engines-flurry-of-activity-despite-downturn-332998 |title= New engines: flurry of activity despite downturn |date= 2009-10-06 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-date= 2018-05-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180509150904/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-engines-flurry-of-activity-despite-downturn-332998/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Reliability is also supported by use of an [[Aspirator (pump)|eductor]]-based oil cooling system similar to that of the GEnx, featuring coolers mounted on the inner lining of the fan duct.  According to Aviation Week's article, "The eductor device produces a [[venturi effect]], which ensures a positive pressure to keep oil in the lower internal sump."<ref name="Norris">{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/smooth-start-fast-paced-leap-1a-test-program |title= Smooth Start To Fast-Paced Leap-1A Test Program |date= Oct 28, 2013 |author= Guy Norris |access-date= July 5, 2018 |archive-date= September 28, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180928100536/http://aviationweek.com/awin/smooth-start-fast-paced-leap-1a-test-program |url-status= live }} {{cite magazine |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |title= Pressure testing |page= 43 |url= http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/20131029#!&pid=42 |url-access= subscription |access-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150840/http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/20131029#!&pid=42 |url-status= live }}</ref> The engine has some of the first FAA-approved [[3D-printed]] components.<ref name=ge2015-3d>{{cite news |url= http://www.gereports.com/post/116402870270/the-faa-cleared-the-first-3d-printed-part-to-fly |title= The FAA Cleared the First 3D Printed Part to Fly in a Commercial Jet Engine from GE |date= Apr 14, 2015 |author= Tomas Kellner |publisher= GE |access-date= April 22, 2015 |archive-date= June 29, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213122/http://www.gereports.com/post/116402870270/the-faa-cleared-the-first-3d-printed-part-to-fly/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
 ==Development==
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
  | direction = vertical
  | image2 = GE 747-400 N747GF.jpg
- | caption2 = The LEAP-1A was tested on GE's [[747-400]] flying test platform.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/cfm-lifts-veil-leap-engine-test-details |title= CFM Lifts Veil On Leap Engine Test Details |date= Nov 20, 2015 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>
+ | caption2 = The LEAP-1A was tested on GE's [[747-400]] flying test platform.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/cfm-lifts-veil-leap-engine-test-details |title= CFM Lifts Veil On Leap Engine Test Details |date= Nov 20, 2015 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |access-date= December 12, 2018 |archive-date= February 11, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190211185247/http://aviationweek.com/technology/cfm-lifts-veil-leap-engine-test-details |url-status= live }}</ref>
 }}
-The LEAP ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion")<ref>[http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap#history LEAP Turbofan Engine, History]</ref> incorporates technologies that CFM developed as part of the LEAP56 technology acquisition program, which CFM launched in 2005.<ref>[http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm+laying+the+technology+foundation+for+the+future/131? CFM Laying the Technology Foundation for the Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zfPtiqcA?url=http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm%20laying%20the%20technology%20foundation%20for%20the%20future/131# |date=2011-06-23 }}. CFM International</ref> The engine was officially launched as ''LEAP-X'' on 13 July 2008.<ref name="LEAP-X unveil">{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/cfm-unveils-new-leap-x-engine/ |title= CFM Unveils New LEAP-X Engine |publisher=[[CFM International]] |date= 2008-07-13 }}</ref> It is intended to be a successor to the [[CFM International CFM56|CFM56-5B]] and CFM56-7B.
+The LEAP ("Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion")<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap#history |title=LEAP Turbofan Engine, History |access-date=2012-08-16 |archive-date=2018-09-23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/72eYFri1o?url=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap/#history |url-status=live }}</ref> incorporates technologies that CFM developed as part of the LEAP56 technology acquisition program, which CFM launched in 2005.<ref>[http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm+laying+the+technology+foundation+for+the+future/131? CFM Laying the Technology Foundation for the Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zfPtiqcA?url=http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm%20laying%20the%20technology%20foundation%20for%20the%20future/131# |date=2011-06-23 }}. CFM International</ref> The engine was officially launched as ''LEAP-X'' on 13 July 2008.<ref name="LEAP-X unveil">{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/cfm-unveils-new-leap-x-engine/ |title= CFM Unveils New LEAP-X Engine |publisher= [[CFM International]] |date= 2008-07-13 |access-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150739/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/cfm-unveils-new-leap-x-engine/ |url-status= live }}</ref> It is intended to be a successor to the [[CFM International CFM56|CFM56-5B]] and CFM56-7B.
-In 2009, [[Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China|COMAC]] selected the LEAP engine for the [[C919]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-international-to-provide-engines-for-comacs-c919-336414 |title= CFM International to provide engines for COMAC's C919 |date= 21 Dec 2009 |work= flightglobal}}</ref> The aircraft was due to begin testing in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-to-finish-leap-core-testing-by-mid-may-341200 |title= CFM to finish Leap core testing by mid-May |date= 28 Apr 2010 |work= flightglobal}}</ref>
+In 2009, [[Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China|COMAC]] selected the LEAP engine for the [[C919]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-international-to-provide-engines-for-comacs-c919-336414 |title= CFM International to provide engines for COMAC's C919 |date= 21 Dec 2009 |work= flightglobal |access-date= 15 July 2018 |archive-date= 15 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191115172045/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-international-to-provide-engines-for-comacs-c919-336414/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The aircraft was due to begin testing in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-to-finish-leap-core-testing-by-mid-may-341200 |title= CFM to finish Leap core testing by mid-May |date= 28 Apr 2010 |work= flightglobal |access-date= 15 July 2018 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903153235/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-to-finish-leap-core-testing-by-mid-may-341200/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-In total, 28 test engines will be used by CFM to achieve engine certification, and 32 others will be used by [[Airbus]], [[Boeing]] and [[COMAC]] for aircraft certification and test programs.<ref name="-1A begins ground test"/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/first-leap-powered-a320neo-moved-to-flight-test-team-411466/ |title= First Leap-powered A320neo moved to flight-test team |date= 22 Apr 2015 |author= david kaminski morrow |work= flightglobal}}</ref> The first engine entering the test program reached and sustained {{convert|33000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust, required to satisfy the highest rating for the [[Airbus A321neo]]. The same engine ultimately reached {{convert|35000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust in test runs.<ref name="Norris"/>
+In total, 28 test engines will be used by CFM to achieve engine certification, and 32 others will be used by [[Airbus]], [[Boeing]] and [[COMAC]] for aircraft certification and test programs.<ref name="-1A begins ground test"/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/first-leap-powered-a320neo-moved-to-flight-test-team-411466/ |title= First Leap-powered A320neo moved to flight-test team |date= 22 Apr 2015 |author= david kaminski morrow |work= flightglobal |access-date= 22 April 2015 |archive-date= 25 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150425045935/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/first-leap-powered-a320neo-moved-to-flight-test-team-411466/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The first engine entering the test program reached and sustained {{convert|33000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust, required to satisfy the highest rating for the [[Airbus A321neo]]. The same engine ultimately reached {{convert|35000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust in test runs.<ref name="Norris"/>
-General Electric carried out the first test flight, of a LEAP-1C, in [[Victorville, California]], with the engine mounted on the company's [[Boeing 747]] flying [[testbed aircraft]], on October 6, 2014.  The -1C version features a thrust reverser equipped with a one piece O-ring replacing a 2 piece door. The thrust reverser is deployed by the O-ring sliding aft, reducing the drag that was induced by the older design and improving efficiency.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/cfm-marks-40th-anniversary-leap-1-flight-test |title= CFM Marks 40th Anniversary With Leap-1 Flight Test |author= Guy Norris |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |date= October 13, 2014 |page= 40}}</ref> In April 2015, it was reported that the LEAP-1B was suffering up to a 5% shortfall on its promised reduction in fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150419/PC05/150419367/1177/engine-problems-aren-x2019-t-propulsion-south-carolina-x2019-s-problem|title=Engine problems aren't Propulsion South Carolina's problem}}</ref>
+General Electric carried out the first test flight, of a LEAP-1C, in [[Victorville, California]], with the engine mounted on the company's [[Boeing 747]] flying [[testbed aircraft]], on October 6, 2014.  The -1C version features a thrust reverser equipped with a one piece O-ring replacing a 2 piece door. The thrust reverser is deployed by the O-ring sliding aft, reducing the drag that was induced by the older design and improving efficiency.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/cfm-marks-40th-anniversary-leap-1-flight-test |title= CFM Marks 40th Anniversary With Leap-1 Flight Test |author= Guy Norris |magazine= Aviation Week & Space Technology |date= October 13, 2014 |page= 40 |access-date= December 12, 2018 |archive-date= November 30, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141130060330/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/cfm-marks-40th-anniversary-leap-1-flight-test |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2015, it was reported that the LEAP-1B was suffering up to a 5% shortfall on its promised reduction in fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150419/PC05/150419367/1177/engine-problems-aren-x2019-t-propulsion-south-carolina-x2019-s-problem|title=Engine problems aren't Propulsion South Carolina's problem|access-date=2015-04-20|archive-date=2015-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424155842/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150419/PC05/150419367/1177/engine-problems-aren-x2019-t-propulsion-south-carolina-x2019-s-problem|url-status=live}}</ref>
-It obtained its 180-minute [[ETOPS]] approval from the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and the [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] on June 19, 2017.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/leap-engines-awarded-180-minute-etops-certification/ |title= LEAP engines awarded 180-minute ETOPS certification |date= Jun 21, 2017 |publisher= CFM International}}</ref>
+It obtained its 180-minute [[ETOPS]] approval from the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and the [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] on June 19, 2017.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/leap-engines-awarded-180-minute-etops-certification/ |title= LEAP engines awarded 180-minute ETOPS certification |date= Jun 21, 2017 |publisher= CFM International |access-date= June 21, 2017 |archive-date= May 22, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180522180908/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/leap-engines-awarded-180-minute-etops-certification/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 ===Orders===
-On July 20, 2011, [[American Airlines]] announced that it planned to purchase 100 Boeing 737 aircraft featuring the LEAP-1B engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1845 |title=Boeing and American Airlines Agree on Order for up to 300 Airplanes - Jul 20, 2011 |publisher=Boeing.mediaroom.com |date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> The project was approved by Boeing on August 30, 2011, as the [[Boeing 737 MAX]].<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/08/30/boeing-confirms-duopoly-with-airbus-by-announcing-re-engining-of-737/ Boeing Confirms Duopoly With Airbus Announcing Re-Engining Of 737]. Forbes</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/flightblogger/2011/08/boeing_rendering_illustrates_m/ Boeing rendering illustrates major changes to 737NE]. flightglobal.com</ref> [[Southwest Airlines]] is the launch customer of the 737 MAX with a firm order of 150 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swamedia.com/releases/7b1c6522-daf8-40be-98d4-ce354aa974d3?search=737+max |title=Southwest Airlines Will Become Launch Customer for the New Boeing 737 Max Aircraft - Southwest Airlines Newsroom |publisher=Swamedia.com |date=December 13, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015052936/http://swamedia.com/releases/7b1c6522-daf8-40be-98d4-ce354aa974d3?search=737+max# |archive-date=2014-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+On July 20, 2011, [[American Airlines]] announced that it planned to purchase 100 Boeing 737 aircraft featuring the LEAP-1B engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1845 |title=Boeing and American Airlines Agree on Order for up to 300 Airplanes - Jul 20, 2011 |publisher=Boeing.mediaroom.com |date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-date=September 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909130429/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1845 |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was approved by Boeing on August 30, 2011, as the [[Boeing 737 MAX]].<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/08/30/boeing-confirms-duopoly-with-airbus-by-announcing-re-engining-of-737/ Boeing Confirms Duopoly With Airbus Announcing Re-Engining Of 737] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041318/http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/08/30/boeing-confirms-duopoly-with-airbus-by-announcing-re-engining-of-737/ |date=2016-03-05 }}. Forbes</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/flightblogger/2011/08/boeing_rendering_illustrates_m/ Boeing rendering illustrates major changes to 737NE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016003641/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/flightblogger/2011/08/boeing_rendering_illustrates_m/ |date=2014-10-16 }}. flightglobal.com</ref> [[Southwest Airlines]] is the launch customer of the 737 MAX with a firm order of 150 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swamedia.com/releases/7b1c6522-daf8-40be-98d4-ce354aa974d3?search=737+max |title=Southwest Airlines Will Become Launch Customer for the New Boeing 737 Max Aircraft - Southwest Airlines Newsroom |publisher=Swamedia.com |date=December 13, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015052936/http://swamedia.com/releases/7b1c6522-daf8-40be-98d4-ce354aa974d3?search=737+max# |archive-date=2014-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-The list price of a LEAP-1A is USD{{#expr:5500/380round1}} million,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/engines/lion-group-completes-55-billion-leap-1a-purchase |title= Lion Group completes $5.5 billion LEAP-1A purchase |date= Mar 30, 2018 |author= Alan Dron |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref> and  USD{{#expr:348/24round1}} million for a LEAP-1B.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/alc-finalizes-348-million-cfm-leap-1b-engine-order/ |title= ALC finalizes $348 million CFM LEAP-1B engine order |publisher= CFM |date= Aug 8, 2017}}</ref>
+The list price of a LEAP-1A is USD{{#expr:5500/380round1}} million,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://atwonline.com/engines/lion-group-completes-55-billion-leap-1a-purchase |title= Lion Group completes $5.5 billion LEAP-1A purchase |date= Mar 30, 2018 |author= Alan Dron |work= Aviation Week Network |access-date= March 31, 2018 |archive-date= March 31, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180331175105/http://atwonline.com/engines/lion-group-completes-55-billion-leap-1a-purchase |url-status= live }}</ref> and  USD{{#expr:348/24round1}} million for a LEAP-1B.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/alc-finalizes-348-million-cfm-leap-1b-engine-order/ |title= ALC finalizes $348 million CFM LEAP-1B engine order |publisher= CFM |date= Aug 8, 2017 |access-date= September 15, 2017 |archive-date= September 16, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010719/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/alc-finalizes-348-million-cfm-leap-1b-engine-order/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-CFM International offers its support for the engine, and signed a 15-year Rate per Flight Hour agreement with [[Loong Air]] for 20 LEAP-1A at  U.S $333 million, or ${{#expr:333000000/20/15/365.25round0}} per engine per day, in contrast with U.S. $138 million for 17 [[CFM International CFM56]] over 12 years or ${{#expr:138000000/17/12/365.25round0}} per engine per day.<ref>{{cite web |title= Zhejiang Loong Air signs RPFH agreement for CFM56-5B engines |date= 15 June 2015 |publisher= Aviation News Ltd |url= http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-rpfh-agreement-for-cfm56-5b-engines/}}</ref> As a number of A320neo engine for [[All Nippon Airways|ANA]] group of [[Japan]] was also ordered in 2014, there is a possibility to select the LEAP engine.<ref>{{cite web |title= Zhejiang Loong Air signs Service agreement for CFM LEAP-1A engines |date= 15 June 2015 |publisher= Aviation News Ltd |url= http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-service-agreement-for-cfm-leap-1a-engines/}}</ref>
+CFM International offers its support for the engine, and signed a 15-year Rate per Flight Hour agreement with [[Loong Air]] for 20 LEAP-1A at  U.S $333 million, or ${{#expr:333000000/20/15/365.25round0}} per engine per day, in contrast with U.S. $138 million for 17 [[CFM International CFM56]] over 12 years or ${{#expr:138000000/17/12/365.25round0}} per engine per day.<ref>{{cite web |title= Zhejiang Loong Air signs RPFH agreement for CFM56-5B engines |date= 15 June 2015 |publisher= Aviation News Ltd |url= http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-rpfh-agreement-for-cfm56-5b-engines/ |access-date= 16 June 2015 |archive-date= 23 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180802/http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-rpfh-agreement-for-cfm56-5b-engines/ |url-status= live }}</ref> As a number of A320neo engine for [[All Nippon Airways|ANA]] group of [[Japan]] was also ordered in 2014, there is a possibility to select the LEAP engine.<ref>{{cite web |title= Zhejiang Loong Air signs Service agreement for CFM LEAP-1A engines |date= 15 June 2015 |publisher= Aviation News Ltd |url= http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-service-agreement-for-cfm-leap-1a-engines/ |access-date= 16 June 2015 |archive-date= 23 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180809/http://www.aviationnews-online.com/technology/zhejiang-loong-air-signs-service-agreement-for-cfm-leap-1a-engines/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-In 2016 CFM booked 1,801 orders, LEAP backlog is at more than 12,200 for more than $170 billion U.S. at list price.<ref name=170214PR>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/2016-cfm-orders-surpass-2600-engines/ |title= 2016 CFM orders surpass 2,600 engines |date= 14 February 2017 |publisher= CFM International}}</ref>
+In 2016 CFM booked 1,801 orders, LEAP backlog is at more than 12,200 for more than $170 billion U.S. at list price.<ref name=170214PR>{{cite press release |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/2016-cfm-orders-surpass-2600-engines/ |title= 2016 CFM orders surpass 2,600 engines |date= 14 February 2017 |publisher= CFM International |access-date= 15 February 2017 |archive-date= 10 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192152/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press-articles/2016-cfm-orders-surpass-2600-engines/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-In early 2018, the backlog was at 14,500, with a 59% share of the A320neo market for decided customers as it has an 18 percentage point advantage in utilization rate over the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/03/22/ge-cfm-in-lockstep-with-boeing-on-nma/ |title= GE/CFM in "lockstep" with Boeing on NMA |date= March 22, 2018 |work= Leeham News}}</ref>
+In early 2018, the backlog was at 14,500, with a 59% share of the A320neo market for decided customers as it has an 18 percentage point advantage in utilization rate over the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/03/22/ge-cfm-in-lockstep-with-boeing-on-nma/ |title= GE/CFM in "lockstep" with Boeing on NMA |date= March 22, 2018 |work= Leeham News |access-date= March 22, 2018 |archive-date= December 10, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192243/https://leehamnews.com/2018/03/22/ge-cfm-in-lockstep-with-boeing-on-nma/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-By July 2018, the LEAP had an eight-year backlog with 16,300 sales. More LEAPs were produced in the five years to 2018 than CFM56s in 25 years.<ref name=AIN4jul2018>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2018-07-04/cfm-confident-leap-production-can-catch-soon |title= CFM Confident Leap Production Can Catch Up Soon |author= Chris Kjelgaard |date= July 4, 2018 |work= AIN online}}</ref>
+By July 2018, the LEAP had an eight-year backlog with 16,300 sales. More LEAPs were produced in the five years to 2018 than CFM56s in 25 years.<ref name=AIN4jul2018>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2018-07-04/cfm-confident-leap-production-can-catch-soon |title= CFM Confident Leap Production Can Catch Up Soon |author= Chris Kjelgaard |date= July 4, 2018 |work= AIN online |access-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-date= 2018-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150601/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2018-07-04/cfm-confident-leap-production-can-catch-soon |url-status= live }}</ref>
 It is the second-most ordered jet engine behind the 44-year-old CFM56,<ref name=Flight15jul2018/> which achieved 35,500 orders.<ref name=AIN4jul2018/>
-In July 2018 its A320neo selected-engine market share was 58.6%, with one-third yet to select, the CFM56 have a 60% share of the [[A320ceo]] market.<ref name=Flight15jul2018>{{cite news |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-cfm-looks-to-another-leap-forward-at-fa-450029/ |title= CFM looks to another Leap forward at Farnborough |date= 15 July 2018  |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+In July 2018 its A320neo selected-engine market share was 58.6%, with one-third yet to select, the CFM56 have a 60% share of the [[A320ceo]] market.<ref name=Flight15jul2018>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-cfm-looks-to-another-leap-forward-at-fa-450029/ |title= CFM looks to another Leap forward at Farnborough |date= 15 July 2018 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 15 July 2018 |archive-date= 15 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123154/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-cfm-looks-to-another-leap-forward-at-fa-450029/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 In 2020, GE Aviation lost 1,900 orders worth $13.9 billion (${{#expr:13900/1900round1}}M each), reducing the backlog value to $259 billion, while more than 1,000 [[Boeing 737 Max]] orders were cancelled among the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings]] and the [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation]].
-<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/ge-aviation-lost-1900-leap-orders-in-12-months/143476.article |title= GE Aviation lost 1,900 Leap orders in 12 months |author= Jon Hemmerdinger |date= 27 April 2021 |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/ge-aviation-lost-1900-leap-orders-in-12-months/143476.article |title= GE Aviation lost 1,900 Leap orders in 12 months |author= Jon Hemmerdinger |date= 27 April 2021 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 28 April 2021 |archive-date= 28 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210428053146/https://www.flightglobal.com/ge-aviation-lost-1900-leap-orders-in-12-months/143476.article |url-status= live }}</ref>
 ===Production===
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 In 2016, the engine was introduced in August on the [[Airbus A320neo]] with [[Pegasus Airlines]] and CFM delivered 77 LEAP.<ref name=170214PR/>
 With the [[737 MAX]] introduction, CFM delivered 257 LEAPs in the first three quarters of 2017, including 110 in the third: 49 to Airbus and 61 to Boeing, and targets 450 in the year.<ref name=AvWeek31oct2017/>
-CFM was to produce 1,200 engines in 2018, 1,900 in 2019, and 2,100 in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-ge-ups-production-target-to-meet-boeing-and-a-438362/ |title= GE ups production target to meet Boeing and Airbus demand |date= June 19, 2017 |work= Flight Global |author= Stephen Trimble}}</ref>
+CFM was to produce 1,200 engines in 2018, 1,900 in 2019, and 2,100 in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-ge-ups-production-target-to-meet-boeing-and-a-438362/ |title= GE ups production target to meet Boeing and Airbus demand |date= June 19, 2017 |work= Flight Global |author= Stephen Trimble |access-date= June 19, 2017 |archive-date= June 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170619101616/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-ge-ups-production-target-to-meet-boeing-and-a-438362/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-This is compared to the 1,700 [[CFM56]] produced in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-quietly-confident-on-leap-production-ramp-up-431474/ |title= CFM quietly confident on Leap production ramp-up |date= November 15, 2016 |author= Max Kingsley-Jones |work= Flight Global}}</ref>
+This is compared to the 1,700 [[CFM56]] produced in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-quietly-confident-on-leap-production-ramp-up-431474/ |title= CFM quietly confident on Leap production ramp-up |date= November 15, 2016 |author= Max Kingsley-Jones |work= Flight Global |access-date= November 15, 2016 |archive-date= November 15, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161115193644/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-quietly-confident-on-leap-production-ramp-up-431474/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-To cope with the demand, CFM is duplicating supply sources on 80% of parts and even subdivide assembly sites, already shared between GE and Safran.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> GE assembles its production in [[Lafayette, Indiana]], US in addition to its previous [[Durham, North Carolina]], US facility.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> As more than 75% of the engine comes from suppliers, critical parts suppliers pass “run-rate stress tests” lasting two to 12 weeks.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> [[Pratt & Whitney]] acknowledges a production ramp-up bottleneck on its rival [[PW1100G]] geared turbofan including a critical shortage of the unique aluminium-titanium [[fan blade]], hitting the [[Airbus A320neo]] and the [[Bombardier CSeries]] deliveries.<ref name=Flight16Nov2016>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-ge-plant-highlights-cfm-ramp-up-strategy-on-leap-431552/ |work= Flight Global |title= New GE plant highlights CFM ramp-up strategy on Leap |date= 16 November 2016}}</ref>
+To cope with the demand, CFM is duplicating supply sources on 80% of parts and even subdivide assembly sites, already shared between GE and Safran.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> GE assembles its production in [[Lafayette, Indiana]], US in addition to its previous [[Durham, North Carolina]], US facility.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> As more than 75% of the engine comes from suppliers, critical parts suppliers pass “run-rate stress tests” lasting two to 12 weeks.<!--<ref name=Flight16Nov2016/>--> [[Pratt & Whitney]] acknowledges a production ramp-up bottleneck on its rival [[PW1100G]] geared turbofan including a critical shortage of the unique aluminium-titanium [[fan blade]], hitting the [[Airbus A320neo]] and the [[Bombardier CSeries]] deliveries.<ref name=Flight16Nov2016>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-ge-plant-highlights-cfm-ramp-up-strategy-on-leap-431552/ |work= Flight Global |title= New GE plant highlights CFM ramp-up strategy on Leap |date= 16 November 2016 |access-date= 17 November 2016 |archive-date= 17 November 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211611/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-ge-plant-highlights-cfm-ramp-up-strategy-on-leap-431552/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-Safran assembles its production in [[Melun Villaroche Aerodrome|Villaroche, France]], Safran and GE each assemble half of the annual volume.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mro-network.com/manufacturing-distribution/cfm-confirms-initial-leap-1a-and-leap-1b-assembly-allocation|title=CFM confirms initial LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B assembly allocation|date=2016-12-15|work=MRO Network|access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref>
+Safran assembles its production in [[Melun Villaroche Aerodrome|Villaroche, France]], Safran and GE each assemble half of the annual volume.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mro-network.com/manufacturing-distribution/cfm-confirms-initial-leap-1a-and-leap-1b-assembly-allocation|title=CFM confirms initial LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B assembly allocation|date=2016-12-15|work=MRO Network|access-date=2017-12-24|archive-date=2017-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034755/http://www.mro-network.com/manufacturing-distribution/cfm-confirms-initial-leap-1a-and-leap-1b-assembly-allocation|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Mecachrome]] plan to produce 120,000-130,000 LEAP [[turbine blade]]s in 2018 up from 50,000 in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/leap-engine-deliveries-airbus-still-challenging |title= Leap Engine Deliveries To Airbus Still Challenging |date= Mar 15, 2018 |author= Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>
+[[Mecachrome]] plan to produce 120,000-130,000 LEAP [[turbine blade]]s in 2018 up from 50,000 in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/leap-engine-deliveries-airbus-still-challenging |title= Leap Engine Deliveries To Airbus Still Challenging |date= Mar 15, 2018 |author= Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology |access-date= March 23, 2018 |archive-date= March 23, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180323175535/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/leap-engine-deliveries-airbus-still-challenging |url-status= live }}</ref>
 In mid-June 2018, deliveries remained four to five weeks behind schedule down from six, and should catch up in the fourth quarter as the [[Quality management|quality]] variation of [[casting]]s and [[forging]]s improves.<!--<ref name=AIN4jul2018>-->
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 From 460 in 2017, 1,100 LEAPs should be built in 2018, along 1,050 CFM56s as it encounter unexpected sales, to pass the record production of 1,900 engines in 2017.<!--<ref name=AIN4jul2018>-->
 It will stay over 2,000 engines per year as 1,800 LEAPs should be produced in 2019 while CFM56 production will drop, then 2,000 in 2020.<ref name=AIN4jul2018/>
-In 2018, 1,118 engines were delivered.<ref name=Flight1feb2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfms-leap-deliveries-doubled-in-2018-amid-supply-ch-455481/ |title= MID SUPPLY CHAIN RECOVERY CFM's Leap deliveries doubled in 2018 amid supply chain recovery |date= 1 Feb 2019 |author= Jon Hemmerdinger |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+In 2018, 1,118 engines were delivered.<ref name=Flight1feb2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfms-leap-deliveries-doubled-in-2018-amid-supply-ch-455481/ |title= MID SUPPLY CHAIN RECOVERY CFM's Leap deliveries doubled in 2018 amid supply chain recovery |date= 1 Feb 2019 |author= Jon Hemmerdinger |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 26 October 2019 |archive-date= 26 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191026074104/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfms-leap-deliveries-doubled-in-2018-amid-supply-ch-455481/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 Over the first half of 2019, CFM revenues were up by 23% to €5.9 billion with 1,119 deliveries included a declining 258 CFM56s, more than offsetted by 861 LEAPs.<!--ref name=Flight5sep2019-->
 Recurring [[operating income]] rose by 34% to €1.2 billion, but was reduced by €107 million ($118 million) due to the negative margins and initial costs of LEAP production, before a positive contribution expected in the second half.<!--ref name=Flight5sep2019-->
-Revenues should grow by 15% in 2019 but [[free cash flow]] depends on the return to service of the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|grounded 737 MAX]].<ref name=Flight5sep2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/leap-production-edges-towards-positive-contribution-460681/ |title= Leap production edges towards positive contribution |date= 5 Sep 2019 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+Revenues should grow by 15% in 2019 but [[free cash flow]] depends on the return to service of the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|grounded 737 MAX]].<ref name=Flight5sep2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/leap-production-edges-towards-positive-contribution-460681/ |title= Leap production edges towards positive contribution |date= 5 Sep 2019 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 5 September 2019 |archive-date= 5 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190905125039/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/leap-production-edges-towards-positive-contribution-460681/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 In 2019, Leap production rose to 1,736 engines, orders and commitments reached 1,968 amid the 737 MAX groundings, compared with 3,211 for 2018, for a stable backlog of 15,614 (compared to 15,620).<!--ref name=Flight27feb2020-->
-CFM expects to produce 1,400 Leap engines in 2020, including an average of 10 weekly Leap-1Bs for the Boeing 737 Max.<ref name=Flight27feb2020>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/cfm-to-build-10-737-max-engines-weekly-for-2020/136959.article |title= CFM to build 10 737 Max engines weekly for 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |date= 27 February 2020 |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+CFM expects to produce 1,400 Leap engines in 2020, including an average of 10 weekly Leap-1Bs for the Boeing 737 Max.<ref name=Flight27feb2020>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/cfm-to-build-10-737-max-engines-weekly-for-2020/136959.article |title= CFM to build 10 737 Max engines weekly for 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |date= 27 February 2020 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 27 February 2020 |archive-date= 26 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220126161442/https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/cfm-to-build-10-737-max-engines-weekly-for-2020/136959.article |url-status= live }}</ref>
 === Operations ===
-The troubled introduction of the [[PW1100G]] on the A320neo has motivated customers to choose LEAP engines. LEAP market share rose from 55% to 60% in 2016, but orders for 1,523 aircraft ({{#expr:1523/(2179+1463+1523)*100round0}}%) had not specified which engine would be chosen.<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017/> From January through early August 2017, 39 PW1100G engines versus 396 CFM LEAP engines were chosen.<!--<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017>--> As an example of PW1100G reliability issues, 9% of LEAP-powered A320neos were out of service for at least one week in July 2017, compared with 46% of those using the PW1100G.<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-22/pratt-s-10-billion-jet-engine-lags-ge-by-10-to-1-on-new-orders |title= Pratt's $10 Billion Jet Engine Lags GE by 10-to-1 on New Orders |author= Rick Clough |date= 22 Aug 2017 |work= Bloomberg}}</ref>
+The troubled introduction of the [[PW1100G]] on the A320neo has motivated customers to choose LEAP engines. LEAP market share rose from 55% to 60% in 2016, but orders for 1,523 aircraft ({{#expr:1523/(2179+1463+1523)*100round0}}%) had not specified which engine would be chosen.<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017/> From January through early August 2017, 39 PW1100G engines versus 396 CFM LEAP engines were chosen.<!--<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017>--> As an example of PW1100G reliability issues, 9% of LEAP-powered A320neos were out of service for at least one week in July 2017, compared with 46% of those using the PW1100G.<ref name=Bloomberg22aug2017>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-22/pratt-s-10-billion-jet-engine-lags-ge-by-10-to-1-on-new-orders |title= Pratt's $10 Billion Jet Engine Lags GE by 10-to-1 on New Orders |author= Rick Clough |date= 22 Aug 2017 |work= Bloomberg |access-date= 2017-08-23 |archive-date= 2017-08-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162923/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-22/pratt-s-10-billion-jet-engine-lags-ge-by-10-to-1-on-new-orders |url-status= live }}</ref>
-The Boeing 737 MAX LEAP-1B started revenue service in May 2017 with [[Malindo Air]] with 8 hours of daily operation, while the A320neo LEAP-1A surpassed 10 hours per day by July. Safran discovered a production [[Nonconformity (quality)|quality defect]] on LEAP-1B low-pressure turbine disks during assembly for possibly 30 engines and CFM is working to minimize flight-test and customer-delivery disruptions.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/engines-engine-systems/issues-newest-engines-provide-early-mro-proving-opportunities |title= Issues With Newest Engines Provide Early MRO-Proving Opportunities |author= Sean Broderick |date= Aug 31, 2017 |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref>
+The Boeing 737 MAX LEAP-1B started revenue service in May 2017 with [[Malindo Air]] with 8 hours of daily operation, while the A320neo LEAP-1A surpassed 10 hours per day by July. Safran discovered a production [[Nonconformity (quality)|quality defect]] on LEAP-1B low-pressure turbine disks during assembly for possibly 30 engines and CFM is working to minimize flight-test and customer-delivery disruptions.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/engines-engine-systems/issues-newest-engines-provide-early-mro-proving-opportunities |title= Issues With Newest Engines Provide Early MRO-Proving Opportunities |author= Sean Broderick |date= Aug 31, 2017 |work= Aviation Week Network |access-date= September 20, 2017 |archive-date= September 20, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142247/http://www.mro-network.com/engines-engine-systems/issues-newest-engines-provide-early-mro-proving-opportunities |url-status= live }}</ref>
-In early October 2017, an [[exhaust gas temperature]] shift was noticed during a flight and a [[ceramic matrix composite|CMC]] shroud coating in the {{abbr|HP|high-pressure}} turbine was seen flaking off in a [[borescope]] inspection, creating a leaking gap: eight in-service engines are seeing their coating replaced.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-reviews-fleet-after-finding-leap-1a-durability-i-442669/ |title= CFM reviews fleet after finding Leap-1A durability issue |date= 30 Oct 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+In early October 2017, an [[exhaust gas temperature]] shift was noticed during a flight and a [[ceramic matrix composite|CMC]] shroud coating in the {{abbr|HP|high-pressure}} turbine was seen flaking off in a [[borescope]] inspection, creating a leaking gap: eight in-service engines are seeing their coating replaced.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-reviews-fleet-after-finding-leap-1a-durability-i-442669/ |title= CFM reviews fleet after finding Leap-1A durability issue |date= 30 Oct 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 30 October 2017 |archive-date= 30 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171030233359/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm-reviews-fleet-after-finding-leap-1a-durability-i-442669/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
-Safran [[provision (accounting)|provision]]ed €50 million ($58 million) to trouble-shoot in-service engines, including potentially LEAP-1Bs.<ref name=AvWeek31oct2017>{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/safran-reveals-leap-turbine-shroud-coating-issue |title= Safran Reveals Leap Turbine Shroud Coating Issue Issue |author= Sean Broderick |date= Oct 31, 2017 |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref>
+Safran [[provision (accounting)|provision]]ed €50 million ($58 million) to trouble-shoot in-service engines, including potentially LEAP-1Bs.<ref name=AvWeek31oct2017>{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/safran-reveals-leap-turbine-shroud-coating-issue |title= Safran Reveals Leap Turbine Shroud Coating Issue Issue |author= Sean Broderick |date= Oct 31, 2017 |work= Aviation Week Network |access-date= October 31, 2017 |archive-date= October 31, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171031170022/http://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/safran-reveals-leap-turbine-shroud-coating-issue |url-status= live }}</ref>
-Forty LEAP-1A were replaced and the part should be replaced in over 500 in-service engines, while shipments are four weeks behind schedule.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-05/ge-sees-durability-fix-for-new-jet-engine-in-second-quarter |title= Fix for New Boeing, Airbus Planes |author= Rick Clough and Julie Johnsson |date= 5 March 2018 |agency= Bloomberg}}</ref>
+Forty LEAP-1A were replaced and the part should be replaced in over 500 in-service engines, while shipments are four weeks behind schedule.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-05/ge-sees-durability-fix-for-new-jet-engine-in-second-quarter |title= Fix for New Boeing, Airbus Planes |author= Rick Clough and Julie Johnsson |date= 5 March 2018 |agency= Bloomberg |access-date= 2018-03-06 |archive-date= 2018-03-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202553/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-05/ge-sees-durability-fix-for-new-jet-engine-in-second-quarter |url-status= live }}</ref>
-Deliveries with the permanent CMC environmental-barrier coating fix began in June.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-07-17/cfm-fixes-leap-turbine-shroud-coatings |title= CFM Fixes Leap Turbine Shroud Coatings |author= Chris Kjelgaard |date= July 17, 2018 |work= AIN online}}</ref>
+Deliveries with the permanent CMC environmental-barrier coating fix began in June.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-07-17/cfm-fixes-leap-turbine-shroud-coatings |title= CFM Fixes Leap Turbine Shroud Coatings |author= Chris Kjelgaard |date= July 17, 2018 |work= AIN online |access-date= 2018-07-17 |archive-date= 2018-07-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183936/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2018-07-17/cfm-fixes-leap-turbine-shroud-coatings |url-status= live }}</ref>
-{{anchor|SWA 8701}}On March 26, 2019, during the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings]], [[Southwest Airlines]] flight 8701 ([[737 MAX 8]]) took off from [[Orlando International Airport]] for a [[ferry flight]] without passengers, but soon after problems with one of the engines caused an emergency landing at the same airport. Southwest then inspected 12 LEAP engines and two other airlines also inspected their engines.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-18/airlines-said-to-conduct-engine-checks-on-grounded-boeing-max |title= Airlines to Conduct Engine Checks on Grounded Boeing Max |date= April 17, 2019 |first1= Mary |last1= Schlangenstein |first2= Rick |last2= Clough |first3= Alan |last3= Levin |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> CFM recommended replacing the fuel nozzles more often due to [[coking]], a carbon buildup.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/cfm-monitoring-leap-fleet-issue-linked-southwest-engine-failure |title= CFM Monitoring Leap Fleet For Issue Linked To Southwest Engine Failure |first= Sean|last= Broderick |date= Apr 18, 2019 |work= [[Aviation Week]] Network}}</ref>
+{{anchor|SWA 8701}}On March 26, 2019, during the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings]], [[Southwest Airlines]] flight 8701 ([[737 MAX 8]]) took off from [[Orlando International Airport]] for a [[ferry flight]] without passengers, but soon after problems with one of the engines caused an emergency landing at the same airport. Southwest then inspected 12 LEAP engines and two other airlines also inspected their engines.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-18/airlines-said-to-conduct-engine-checks-on-grounded-boeing-max |title= Airlines to Conduct Engine Checks on Grounded Boeing Max |date= April 17, 2019 |first1= Mary |last1= Schlangenstein |first2= Rick |last2= Clough |first3= Alan |last3= Levin |agency= [[Bloomberg News]] |access-date= 2019-05-04 |archive-date= 2019-04-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190418211840/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-18/airlines-said-to-conduct-engine-checks-on-grounded-boeing-max |url-status= live }}</ref> CFM recommended replacing the fuel nozzles more often due to [[coking]], a carbon buildup.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/cfm-monitoring-leap-fleet-issue-linked-southwest-engine-failure |title= CFM Monitoring Leap Fleet For Issue Linked To Southwest Engine Failure |first= Sean |last= Broderick |date= Apr 18, 2019 |work= [[Aviation Week]] Network |access-date= May 5, 2019 |archive-date= May 5, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190505060847/https://www.mro-network.com/maintenance-repair-overhaul/cfm-monitoring-leap-fleet-issue-linked-southwest-engine-failure |url-status= live }}</ref>
-By December 2021, CFM claimed a 72% share of the [[narrowbody]] market.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/safran-waiting-for-airframers-before-any-new-engine-launch-says-chief-andries/146700.article |title= Safran waiting for airframers before any new engine launch, says chief Andries |author= Dominic Perry |date= 2 December 2021 |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>
+By December 2021, CFM claimed a 72% share of the [[narrowbody]] market.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/safran-waiting-for-airframers-before-any-new-engine-launch-says-chief-andries/146700.article |title= Safran waiting for airframers before any new engine launch, says chief Andries |author= Dominic Perry |date= 2 December 2021 |work= Flightglobal |access-date= 3 December 2021 |archive-date= 4 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211204010433/https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/safran-waiting-for-airframers-before-any-new-engine-launch-says-chief-andries/146700.article |url-status= live }}</ref>
 ==Applications==
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+ CFM International LEAP Engine<ref name=leap>{{cite web |url= http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap |title=The Leap Engine |publisher= CFM International |access-date= 14 November 2016}}</ref>
+|+ CFM International LEAP Engine<ref name=leap>{{cite web |url= http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap |title= The Leap Engine |publisher= CFM International |access-date= 14 November 2016 |archive-date= 23 September 2018 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/72eYFri1o?url=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 ! Model
 ! Application
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 ! Introduction
 |-
-| -1A || [[Airbus A320neo family]] || {{convert|24500|-|35,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 2 Aug 2016<ref name=FG160802>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pegasus-starts-flying-leap-1a-powered-a320neo-428117/ |title=Pegasus starts flying Leap-1A-powered A320neo |work= Flight Global |date=August 2, 2016 |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref>
+| -1A || [[Airbus A320neo family]] || {{convert|24500|-|35,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 2 Aug 2016<ref name=FG160802>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pegasus-starts-flying-leap-1a-powered-a320neo-428117/ |title= Pegasus starts flying Leap-1A-powered A320neo |work= Flight Global |date= August 2, 2016 |access-date= August 3, 2016 |archive-date= September 23, 2018 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/72eUZJbv2?url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pegasus-starts-flying-leap-1a-powered-a320neo-428117/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 |-
-| -1B || [[Boeing 737 MAX]] || {{convert|23000|-|28000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 22 May 2017<ref name=FG220517>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/malindo-operates-worlds-first-737-max-flight-437454/ |title=Malindo operates world's first 737 Max flight |work= Flight Global |date=May 22, 2017}}</ref>
+| -1B || [[Boeing 737 MAX]] || {{convert|23000|-|28000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 22 May 2017<ref name=FG220517>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/malindo-operates-worlds-first-737-max-flight-437454/ |title= Malindo operates world's first 737 Max flight |work= Flight Global |date= May 22, 2017 |access-date= May 22, 2017 |archive-date= September 23, 2018 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/72eUY9Dnf?url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/malindo-operates-worlds-first-737-max-flight-437454/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
 |-
-| -1C || [[COMAC C919]] || {{convert|27980|-|30000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 2021<ref>{{cite news |author= Brenda Goh |date= 5 February 2018 |title= China's COMAC says first delivery of C919 jet planned for 2021 |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-airshow-comac/chinas-comac-says-first-delivery-of-c919-jet-planned-for-2021-idUSKBN1FQ09T |work= [[Reuters]]}}</ref>
+| -1C || [[COMAC C919]] || {{convert|27980|-|30000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} || 2021<ref>{{cite news |author= Brenda Goh |date= 5 February 2018 |title= China's COMAC says first delivery of C919 jet planned for 2021 |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-airshow-comac/chinas-comac-says-first-delivery-of-c919-jet-planned-for-2021-idUSKBN1FQ09T |work= [[Reuters]] |access-date= 31 March 2018 |archive-date= 6 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206043441/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-airshow-comac/chinas-comac-says-first-delivery-of-c919-jet-planned-for-2021-idUSKBN1FQ09T |url-status= live }}</ref>
 |}
 <gallery mode="packed">
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 |-
 |[[Turbine]]
-| colspan=3 | 2-stage HP, 7-stage (-1B: 5-stage) LP<ref name=airinsight>{{cite web |url= http://airinsight.com/2011/11/09/comparing-the-new-technology-narrow-body-engines-gtf-vs-leap-maintenance-costs |title= Comparing the new technology Narrow-body engines: GTF vs LEAP maintenance costs |work= Airinsight |date=November 9, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
+| colspan=3 | 2-stage HP, 7-stage (-1B: 5-stage) LP<ref name=airinsight>{{cite web |url= http://airinsight.com/2011/11/09/comparing-the-new-technology-narrow-body-engines-gtf-vs-leap-maintenance-costs |title= Comparing the new technology Narrow-body engines: GTF vs LEAP maintenance costs |work= Airinsight |date= November 9, 2011 |access-date= May 31, 2013 |archive-date= April 18, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150418191419/http://airinsight.com/2011/11/09/comparing-the-new-technology-narrow-body-engines-gtf-vs-leap-maintenance-costs/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
 |-
 | [[Overall pressure ratio|OPR]]
-| colspan=3 | 40:1<ref name="LEAP Brochure">{{cite web |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Brochure_LEAPfiches_2017.pdf |title= LEAP overview |publisher= CFM International |date= June 2017}}</ref> (50:1, Top-of-Climb)
+| colspan=3 | 40:1<ref name="LEAP Brochure">{{cite web |url= https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Brochure_LEAPfiches_2017.pdf |title= LEAP overview |publisher= CFM International |date= June 2017 |access-date= 2018-04-04 |archive-date= 2018-04-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201904/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Brochure_LEAPfiches_2017.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> (50:1, Top-of-Climb)
 |-
 | Cruise [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|TSFC]]
-| {{cvt|0.51|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}}<ref name=AIN19aug2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-08-19/aviadvigatel-mulls-higher-thrust-pd-14s-replace-ps-90a |title= Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date=  August 19, 2019 |work= AIN Online}}</ref>
+| {{cvt|0.51|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}}<ref name=AIN19aug2019>{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-08-19/aviadvigatel-mulls-higher-thrust-pd-14s-replace-ps-90a |title= Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A |author= Vladimir Karnozov |date= August 19, 2019 |work= AIN Online |access-date= 2021-05-16 |archive-date= 2021-05-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210516205336/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2019-08-19/aviadvigatel-mulls-higher-thrust-pd-14s-replace-ps-90a |url-status= live }}</ref>
 | {{cvt|0.53|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}}<ref name=AIN19aug2019/>
-| {{cvt|0.51|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}}<ref name="TO201112">{{cite magazine |url=https://issuu.com/aviationlive/docs/to22/22 |magazine=Take-off |pages=20–21 |publication-date=December 2011 |title=PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21 |given=Andrey |surname=Fomin}}</ref>
+| {{cvt|0.51|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/s|1}}<ref name="TO201112">{{cite magazine |url=https://issuu.com/aviationlive/docs/to22/22 |magazine=Take-off |pages=20–21 |publication-date=December 2011 |title=PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21 |given=Andrey |surname=Fomin |access-date=2019-08-07 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126161435/https://issuu.com/aviationlive/docs/to22/22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 |Fan diameter<ref name="LEAP Brochure"/>
-| {{convert|78|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|69.4|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|77|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.safran-aircraft-engines.com/commercial-engines/single-aisle-commercial-jets/leap/leap-1c |title= LEAP-1C: integrated propulsion system for the Comac C919 |publisher= Safran Aircraft Engines|date= June 2015 }}</ref>
+| {{convert|78|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|69.4|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|77|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.safran-aircraft-engines.com/commercial-engines/single-aisle-commercial-jets/leap/leap-1c |title= LEAP-1C: integrated propulsion system for the Comac C919 |publisher= Safran Aircraft Engines |date= June 2015 |access-date= 2018-04-04 |archive-date= 2017-04-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421003527/https://www.safran-aircraft-engines.com/commercial-engines/single-aisle-commercial-jets/leap/leap-1c |url-status= live }}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Bypass ratio]]<ref name="LEAP Brochure"/>