Binomial nomenclature: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Tellyaddict (talk | contribs) |
i change it |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
im from WINTHROP HIGHT SCHOOL 02152 MA MY NAME FEDERICO |
|||
In [[biology]], '''binomial nomenclature''' is the formal method of naming [[species]]. As the word "binomial" suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the combination of two terms: the [[genus]] name and the specific descriptor. Although the fine detail will differ, there are certain aspects which are universally adopted: |
|||
* Scientific names are usually printed in italics, such as ''Homo sapiens''. When handwritten they should be <u>underlined</u>. |
|||
* The first term (genus name / generic name) is ''always'' capitalized, while the specific descriptor (in [[zoology]], the "[[specific name]]", in [[botany]], the "[[specific epithet]]") ''never'' is, even when derived from a proper name. |
|||
:For example, ''[[Canis lupus]]'' or ''[[Anthus hodgsoni]]''. Note that this is a modern convention: [[Carolus Linnaeus]] always capitalized the specific descriptor, and up to the early [[20th century]] it was common to capitalize the specific descriptor if it was based on a proper name. Although not correct according to modern practices, a capitalized specific descriptor is sometimes still used in non-scientific literature based on older sources. |
|||
* In scholarly texts, the main entry for the binomial is followed by the abbreviated (botany) or full (zoology) surname of the scientist who first published the classification. If the species was assigned to a different genus in the description than it is today, the abbreviation or name of the describer and the description date is set in parentheses. |
|||
:For example: ''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] or ''[[Passer domesticus]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) - the latter was originally described as member of the genus ''Fringilla'', hence the parentheses. |
|||
* When used with a common name, the scientific name usually follows in parentheses. |
|||
:For example, "The house sparrow (''[[Passer domesticus]]'') is decreasing in Europe." |
|||
* The scientific name should generally be written in full when it is first used or when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report. It may then be abbreviated by just using an initial (and period) for the genus; for example ''Canis lupus'' becomes ''C. lupus''. In rare cases this abbreviation form has spread to more general use — for example the bacterium ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' is often referred to as just ''[[E. coli]]'', and ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' is perhaps even better known simply as ''T. rex''. |
|||
* The abbreviation "sp." (zoology) or "spec." (botany) is used when the actual specific name cannot or need not be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". |
|||
:For example: "''Canis'' sp.", meaning "one species of the genus ''[[Canis]]''". |
|||
* Easily confused with the former is the abbreviation "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany) indicates an unspecified [[subspecies]] (''see also'' [[trinomen]], [[ternary name]]). "sspp." or "subspp." indicates "a number of subspecies". |
|||
* The abbreviation "[[cf.]]" is used when the identification is not confirmed. |
|||
:For example ''Corvus'' cf. ''splendens'' indicates "a bird similar to the [[House Crow]] but not certainly identified as this species". |
|||
* [[Mycology]] uses the same system as in botany. |
|||
* Binomial nomenclature is also referred to as the 'Binomial Classification System'. |
|||
== History == |
|||
The adoption of a system of binomial nomenclature is due to [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[botanist]] and [[physician]] [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1707–1778) who attempted to describe the entire known natural world and gave '''every species''' ([[mineral]], [[plant|vegetable]] or [[animal]]) a two-part name. However, binomial nomenclature in various forms existed before Linnaeus, and was used by the [[Bauhin]]s, who lived nearly two hundred years before Linnaeus. Before Linnaeus, hardly anybody used binomial nomenclature. After Linnaeus, almost everybody did. |
|||
== Value of binomial nomenclature == |
|||
The value of the binomial nomenclature [[system]] derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors: |
|||
* Every species can be unambiguously identified with just two words. |
|||
* The same name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding difficulties of translation. |
|||
* Although such stability as exists is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial nomenclature tend to favor stability. For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the species descriptor is kept the same. Similarly if what were previously thought to be distinct species are demoted from species to a lower rank, former species names may be retained as infraspecific descriptors. |
|||
Despite the rules favoring stability and uniqueness, in practice a single species may have several scientific names in circulation, depending largely on taxonomic point of view (see [[synonymy]]). |
|||
A major source of instability is the resurrection of forgotten names, which can claim priority of publication. In this case, however, [[conservation (botany)|conservation]] according to the [[nomenclature Codes]] is possible. |
|||
== Codes of nomenclature == |
|||
From the mid nineteenth century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became [[Nomenclature Codes]] governing the naming of animals (''[[ICZN]]''), [[plant]]s (incl. [[Fungus|Fungi]], [[cyanobacteria]]) (''[[ICBN]]''), [[bacterium|bacteria]] (''[[ICNB]]'') and [[virus (biology)|viruses]]. These Codes differ. |
|||
* For example, the ''ICBN'', the plant ''Code'' does not allow [[tautonym]]s, whereas the ''ICZN'', the animal ''Code'' does. |
|||
* The starting points, the time from which these ''Codes'' are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In [[botany]] the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year [[Carolus Linnaeus]] first published [[Species Plantarum]]), in [[zoology]] in 1758. [[Bacteriology]] started anew, with a starting point in 1980{{Fact|date=February 2007}}). |
|||
A ''[[BioCode]]'' has been suggested to replace several codes, although implementation is not in sight. There also is debate concerning development of a ''[[PhyloCode]]'' to name [[clade]]s of [[phylogenetic tree]]s, rather than taxa. Proponents of the ''PhyloCode'' use the name "Linnaean Codes" for the joint existing ''Codes'' and "Linnaean taxonomy" for the scientific classification that uses these existing ''Codes''. |
|||
==Derivation of names== |
|||
The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source whatsoever. Often they are [[Latin]] words, but they may also come from [[Ancient Greek]], from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns. |
|||
However, names are always treated grammatically as if they were a [[Latin]] phrase. For this reason the name of a species is sometimes called its "Latin name," although this terminology is frowned upon by [[biologist]]s (and [[philologist]]s), who prefer the phrase '''scientific name'''. |
|||
There is a separate [[list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names]]. |
|||
The [[genus]] name must be unique inside each kingdom. [[Specific descriptors]] are commonly reused, and are usually an adjectival modifier to the genus name, which is a noun. [[Family (biology)|Family]] names are often derived from a common genus within the family. |
|||
== See also == |
|||
* [[Trinomial nomenclature]] |
|||
* [[Hybrid name]] |
|||
== External links == |
|||
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~misaak/taxonomy.html Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature] |
|||
* [http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html The Language of Horticulture] |
|||
[[Category:scientific nomenclature]] |
|||
[[ang:Twinemniendlic nama]] |
|||
[[ar:تسمية ثنائية]] |
|||
[[ast:Nome binomial]] |
|||
[[zh-min-nan:Ha̍k-miâ]] |
|||
[[ca:Nomenclatura binomial]] |
|||
[[cs:Binominální nomenklatura]] |
|||
[[de:Nomenklatur (Biologie)]] |
|||
[[es:Nomenclatura binominal]] |
|||
[[eo:Binoma nomenklaturo]] |
|||
[[fr:Nom binominal]] |
|||
[[id:Tatanama biologi]] |
|||
[[it:Nomenclatura binomiale]] |
|||
[[hu:A fajok tudományos neve]] |
|||
[[nl:Binominale nomenclatuur]] |
|||
[[ja:学名]] |
|||
[[no:Nomenklatur (biologi)]] |
|||
[[pt:Nomenclatura binominal]] |
|||
[[ru:Биноминальная номенклатура]] |
|||
[[sq:Nomenklatura (Biologji)]] |
|||
[[sl:Dvočlensko poimenovanje]] |
|||
[[sr:Биномијална номенклатура]] |
|||
[[fi:Kaksisanainen nimikkeistö]] |
|||
[[th:ระบบการเรียกชื่อสิ่งมีชีวิตแบบทวินาม]] |
|||
[[vi:Danh pháp hai phần]] |
|||
[[tr:Binominal nomenklatür]] |
|||
[[uk:Біноміальна номенклатура]] |
|||
[[wa:Sincieus latén]] |
|||
[[zh:双名法]] |
|||
Revision as of 16:02, 9 February 2007
im from WINTHROP HIGHT SCHOOL 02152 MA MY NAME FEDERICO