Douglas DC-4E

DC-4E
The Douglas DC-4E in flight
Role	Experimental airliner
Manufacturer	Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight	June 7, 1938
Primary users	United Airlines Imperial Japanese Airways
Number built	1
Developed into	Douglas DC-4 Nakajima G5N

The Douglas DC-4E was an American experimental airliner that was developed before World War II. The DC-4E never entered production due to being superseded by an entirely new design, the Douglas DC-4/C-54, which proved very successful.

Many of the innovative design features of the DC-4E found their way into the Japanese Nakajima G5N bomber, although the latter featured a conventional double-fin tail.

Design and development

The design originated in 1935 from a requirement by United Air Lines. The goal was to develop a much larger and more sophisticated replacement for the DC-3 before the first DC-3 had even flown.

Such was the initial interest from other airlines, that American Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, Pan American Airways and Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA) joined United, providing $100,000 each toward the cost of developing the new aircraft. As cost and complexity rose, Pan American and TWA withdrew their funds in favor of the Boeing 307, which was anticipated to be less costly.

The giant new DC-4E at the United Air Lines base at Oakland Airport

With a planned day capacity of 42 passengers (13 rows of two or more seats and a central aisle) or 30 as a sleeper transport (like the DST), the DC-4 (as it was then known) would seat twice as many people as the DC-3 and would be the first large aircraft with a nosewheel. Other innovations included auxiliary power units, power-boosted flight controls, alternating current electrical system and air conditioning. Cabin pressurization was also planned for production aircraft. The novel tail with three low vertical stabilizers enabled use of existing hangars and provided sufficient vertical fin area to allow the aircraft to take off with only two engines on one side operating. The wing planform was similar to the DC-3, with a swept leading edge and almost straight trailing edge. The four 1,450 hp (1,080 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet 14-cylinder radials were all mounted with noticeable toe-out, particularly the outer pair.

Operational history

The prototype (NX18100, s/n 1601) first flew, without incident, on June 7, 1938 from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California, piloted by Carl Cover. Testing issues, however, delayed the Approved Type Certificate until May 5, 1939. It was used by United Air Lines for in-service evaluation during 1939. On June 9, 1939, when the DC-4 was in Dayton, Ohio, along with Carl Cover, Orville Wright was a passenger on a flight over the city. Although the aircraft was relatively trouble-free, the complex systems proved to be expensive to maintain and performance was below expectations, especially with an increase in seating to 52 and gross weight to 65,000 lb (29,484 kg).

The design was abandoned in favor of a marginally smaller, less-complex four-engined design, with a single vertical fin and 21 feet (6.4 meters) shorter wingspan. This newer design was also designated DC-4, leading the earlier design to be redesignated DC-4E (E for "experimental"). In late 1939, the DC-4E was sold to Imperial Japanese Airways, which was buying American aircraft for evaluation and technology transfer during this period; it was reverse-engineered and became the basis for the unsuccessful Nakajima G5N bomber. The Japanese press reported shortly after purchase that the aircraft had crashed in Tokyo Bay, but it was being secretly studied by military and corporate interests at Nakajima.

Operators

Japan

• Imperial Japanese Airways

United States

• United Airlines

Specifications (Douglas DC-4E)

Data from McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, Vol. 1

General characteristics

• Crew: three
• Capacity: 42 passengers
• Length: 97 ft 7 in (29.74 m)
• Wingspan: 138 ft 3 in (42.14 m)
• Height: 24 ft 6 in (7.48 m)
• Wing area: 2,155.01 sq ft (200.207 m²)
• Empty weight: 42,564 lb (19,307 kg)
• Gross weight: 61,500 lb (27,896 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 66,500 lb (30,164 kg)
• Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-2180-S1A1-G Twin Hornet 14-cyl. two-row air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,450 hp (1,080 kW) each
• Propellers: 3-bladed metal variable-pitch propellers

Performance

• Maximum speed: 245 mph (394 km/h, 213 kn) at 7,000 ft (2,134 m)
• Cruise speed: 200 mph (322 km/h, 174 kn)
• Range: 2,200 mi (3,500 km, 1,900 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 22,900 ft (7,000 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,175 ft/min (5.97 m/s)
• Wing loading: 28.5 lb/sq ft (139 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.0943 hp/lb (4.8kW/kg)

See also

Related development

• Douglas DC-4
• Nakajima G5N

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Boeing 307

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft

References

Bibliography

• Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, Volume 1. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., Second revised edition, 1988, 1979. ISBN 0-85177-827-5
• Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1 - DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
• Westell, Freeman. "Big Iron, big engines & bigger headaches: Building the first experimental strategic bombers." Airpower, Volume 29, No. 6, November 1999.
• Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.

Further reading

• Grey, C.G. and Leonard Bridgman. Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1938. Newton Abbott, UK: David & Charles, Reprint 1972, First edition 1938. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4.

External links

• Photo of DC-4E being craned onto a ship for Japan from Flying magazine, December 1939