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| colours = {{Color box|#CF181F|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] (official)<br />{{Color box|#8B0000|border=darkgray}} [[Maroon#Dark red|Maroon]] (customary)
| colours = {{Color box|#CF181F|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] (official)<br />{{Color box|#8B0000|border=darkgray}} [[Maroon#Dark red|Maroon]] (customary)
| colorcode = {{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}
| colorcode = {{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}
| leader = Collective leadership
| seats1_title = [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| seats1_title = [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|19|230|hex={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}}}
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|5|230|hex={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}}}
| seats2_title = [[European Parliament]]
| seats2_title = [[European Parliament]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|2|21|hex={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}}}
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|2|21|hex={{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}}}}

Revision as of 14:49, 4 February 2022

This article is about the political party in Portugal. For other uses, see Left Bloc (disambiguation).

Left Bloc
Bloco de Esquerda
AbbreviationBE
LeaderCollective leadership
Coordinator of the Political CommissionCatarina Martins[1]
Founded24 March 1999 (1999-03-24)
Merger of
HeadquartersRua da Palma, 268
1100-394 Lisbon
NewspaperEsquerda
Youth wingJovens do Bloco[2]
Membership (2009)6,830[3]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[10] to far-left[11]
European affiliation
European Parliament groupThe Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL[14]
Colours  Red (official)
  Maroon (customary)
Assembly of the Republic
5 / 230
European Parliament
2 / 21
Regional Parliaments
2 / 104
Local government
(Mayors)
0 / 308
Local government
(Parishes)
0 / 3,085
Party flag
Flag of the Left Bloc
Website
www.bloco.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Left Bloc (Template:Lang-pt, pronounced [ˈblɔku dɨ (ɨ)ʃˈkeɾdɐ]; abbr. BE,[15] colloquially shortened as O Bloco) is a left-wing populist, democratic socialist political party in Portugal founded in 1999. It is currently led by Catarina Martins.[16]

History

Formation and early history

Pro-Left Bloc graffiti on the façade of a vacant house in Rato, Lisbon

The Left Bloc was formed in March 1999 by the merger of the Marxist People's Democratic Union, Trotskyist Revolutionary Socialist Party, and the democratic socialist Politics XXI.[17] It has had full party status since its founding, yet the constituent groups have maintained their existence as individual political associations, retaining some levels of autonomy in a loose structure. In the 1999 legislative election the BE polled at 2%. In 2002 this rose to 3%.

First parliamentary representation

Marisa Matias, Left Bloc MEP (since 2009)

In the 1999 election BE received 2.4% of the votes leading them to enter the Assembly of the Republic for the first time with 2 MPs for the Lisbon constituency. These representatives were Francisco Louçã and Fernando Rosas. In the 2005 election BE received 6.5% of the votes winning them 8 MPs. In the 2006 presidential elections, the Left Bloc's candidate, Francisco Louçã, received 288,224 votes (5.31%).

In the 2009 European Parliament election they received 10.73% winning them 3 MEPs. They also surpassed the CDU for the first time in an election. At the subsequent 2009 national election, the party obtained 9.81% of votes and 16 members of parliament in the 230-seat Assembly of the Republic.

The financial crisis led socialist prime minister Sócrates to agree to a bailout memorandum with the Eurogroup. In the subsequent 2011 snap election, the country saw a massive shift to the right, with the Left Bloc losing nearly half of its previous popular support, obtaining only 5.17% of the vote and 8 members of parliament. This defeat is generally attributed to the partial support certain sections of the party appeared to offer the unpopular Socialist government while the latter pursued an austerity program in response to the financial crisis.[citation needed]

Renewal, split and recovery

Francisco Louçã, the founder of BE, at the 6th Nacional Convention of BE
Catarina Martins, current leader of BE

The historical merger of ideologies that gave rise to the Portuguese Left Bloc was a process that lasted sixteen years. Its main actors aged and times changed, which led to an awareness of the need for modernization and realism. Francisco Louçã is one of the founders who most insisted on restricting theory to the basic humanistic and ethical principles common to partisans and supporters in order to conquer a wider range of constituencies. The game would necessarily be played in the framework of democracy, active participation and defence of human rights. After thirteen years of intensive labor as a leader, Louçã quit the position of party chairman in 2012 arguing that "it is time for renewal" and delegating his functions to a man and a woman.[18] Catarina Martins, 39 years old, and João Semedo, a veteran, would be elected co-chairmen of the party on November 11, 2012. However, the renewal process would last for over one year.[19]

In early 2014, the Left Bloc suffered a split, when elected Left Bloc MEP Rui Tavares, who already in 2011 had become an independent, founded left-ecologist LIVRE party. Left-wing intellectuals who had come together to the Manifesto 3D collective challenged the Left Bloc to converge with LIVRE towards a joined list in the upcoming 2014 European election. Two official meetings in late 2014 and early 2015 however failed with the Left Bloc referring to programmatic differences with Tavares.[20] So while the severe austerity programs under prime minister Passos Coelho did backdrop on the Portuguese political right, the European election in May saw the Socialists and liberal Earth Party as relative winners, whereas the Left Bloc lost more than half of 2009's votes and two of its three mandates. LIVRE received 2.2% but failed to win any mandate.

On 10 November 2015, the Left Bloc signed an agreement with the Socialist Party that is aimed at identifying convergence issues, while also recognizing their differences.[21] The Bloc supported the minority Socialist Costa Government (2015–2019) with a confidence and supply agreement.

Ideology and position

The Left Bloc is often considered by foreign observers and conservative local commentators as a radical left-wing party.[22] It actually occupies a flexible and moderate position to the left of the Socialist Party (PS).[23] The Bloc proposed a number of important laws on civil rights and guarantees, including the protection of citizens from racist, xenophobic, and homophobic discrimination, support for same-sex marriage, laws for the protection of workers and anti-bullfighting legislation. These included Portugal's first law on domestic violence, which was then passed in parliament with the support of the Portuguese Communist Party and the Socialist Party. At present, together with the PS, Left Bloc aims at "building a stable, long-lasting and reliable majority at the Parliament, in order to support the formation and subsequent action of a government committed to the change demanded through the ballot box". This purpose foreshadows changes taking place not only in the Iberian Peninsula but as in all European territory.[24][25][26][27]

Electoral results

Assembly of the Republic

Vote share in the Portuguese legislative elections

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
1999 Francisco Louçã 132,333 2.4 (#5)
2 / 230
 Opposition
2002 153,877 2.7 (#5)
3 / 230
 Increase1 Opposition
2005 364,971 6.4 (#5)
8 / 230
 Increase5 Opposition
2009 557,306 9.8 (#4)
16 / 230
 Increase8 Opposition
2011 288,923 5.2 (#5)
8 / 230
 Decrease8 Opposition
2015 Catarina Martins 550,945 10.2 (#3)
19 / 230
 Increase11 Opposition (2015)
Confidence and supply
2019 498,549 9.5 (#3)
19 / 230
 Steady0 Opposition
2022 240,257 4.5 (#5)
5 / 230
 Decrease14 Opposition

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/-
1999 Miguel Portas 61,920 1.8 (#5)
0 / 25
2004 167,313 4.9 (#4)
1 / 24
 Increase1
2009 382,667 10.7 (#3)
3 / 22
 Increase2
2014 Marisa Matias 149,764 4.6 (#5)
1 / 21
 Decrease2
2019 325,450 9.8 (#3)
2 / 21
 Increase1

Regional Assemblies

Region Election Leader Votes % Seats +/- Government
Azores 2020 António Lima 3,962 3.8 (#5)
2 / 57
 Steady0 Opposition
Madeira 2019 Paulino Ascenção 2,489 1.7 (#6)
0 / 47
 Decrease2 No seats

List of coordinators

Name Start End
1st Francisco Louçã 24 March 1999 10 November 2012
2nd João Semedo 10 November 2012 30 November 2014
3rd Catarina Martins 10 November 2012 Incumbent

See also

References

  1. ^ "Portal do Bloco de Esquerda - Mesa Nacional elege Comissão Política e Comissão Permanente". Portal do Bloco de Esquerda. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  2. ^ "Bloco de Esquerda - Resultados da VII Conferência de Jovens do Bloco de Esquerda". www.bloco.org.
  3. ^ "Bloco de Esquerda comemora décimo aniversário", Público (newspaper), 28 February 2009, retrieved 21 August 2013
  4. ^ March, Luke (December 2011). Radical left parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 1801. ISBN 9781136578977.
  5. ^ a b "Where is Portugal's Radical Left? – Global Politics". 11 February 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  6. ^ "Populism Report Q3 2018" (PDF). Foundation for European Progressive Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope". Financial Times. 25 August 2019. The alliance between Mr Costa's Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015.
  8. ^ Wall, Derek (2010), The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement, Pluto Press, p. 97
  9. ^ "Country profile – Portugal - Euroviews 2014". www.euroviews.eu. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  10. ^
  11. ^
  12. ^ EL-Parties Archived 2016-06-29 at archive.today. Party of European Left (official website). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible". GUE/NGL. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos". www.parlamento.pt. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  16. ^ "Silva, E.C. & Lameiras, M.. Breve história do Bloco de Esquerda. Público / 100Folhas. ISBN 9789895451517". Repositório UM. 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  17. ^ "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)" (PDF). European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  18. ^ Francisco Louçã deixa liderança do Bloco ao fim de 13 anos - News TSF, 18 August 2012
  19. ^ Portugal: Left Bloc in struggle to regain unity after convention at Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal, December 13, 2014
  20. ^ Frederico Pinheiro (April 2014). "Out of the Trap". Luxemburg Online. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  21. ^ "Agreement signed between the Socialist Party and the Left Bloc". 6 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  22. ^ "Left Bloc (BE)". The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  23. ^ Conn Hallinan (5 November 2015). "Portugal's Democracy Crisis". Foreign Policy in Focus. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  24. ^ Spain’s election will be felt across the whole continent – article by Owen Jones at The Guardian, December 18, 2015
  25. ^ Governing Party in Spain Loses Majority in Parliamentary Election – article by Raphael Minder at The New York Times, December 20, 2015
  26. ^ Splintered Spanish vote heralds arduous coalition talks – news by Julien Toyer Archived 2015-12-28 at the Wayback Machine and Sonya Dowsett Archived 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine at Reuters, December 20, 2015
  27. ^ Parties in Spain Wrestle to Form a Government – article by Raphael Minder at The New York Times, December 21, 2015
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