Eutheriodontia: Difference between revisions
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| image2 = Tritylodon BW.jpg |
| image2 = Tritylodon BW.jpg |
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| image2_caption = Life restoration of the cynodont ''[[Tritylodon]]'' |
| image2_caption = Life restoration of the cynodont ''[[Tritylodon]]'' |
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| authority = Hopson & Barghusen, |
| authority = Hopson & Barghusen, [[1986 in paleontology|1986]] |
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[[1986 in paleontology|1986]] |
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*{{extinct}}[[Therocephalia]] |
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*[[Cynodont]]ia (including [[mammal]]s) |
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'''Eutheriodontia''' is a [[clade]] of [[therapsid]]s which appear during the [[Middle Permian]] and which includes [[therocephalia]]ns and [[cynodont]]s, this latter group including [[mammal]]s and related forms. |
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With the [[dicynodont]]s, they form one of two lineages of therapsids that survived the [[Permian extinction]] and which diversified again during the [[Triassic]], before the majority of them disappeared before or during the [[Triassic–Jurassic extinction event|Triassic–Jurassic extinction]], except for [[Prozostrodontia|a lineage]] of cynodonts that would later give rise to mammals. |
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| ⚫ | The clade was named in 1986 by [[James Hopson|James Allen Hopson]] and [[Herbert Richard Barghusen]], the name meaning the "true Theriodontia". Within Hopson's system, the Eutheriodontia are the [[sister group]] of the [[Gorgonopsia]] within the [[Theriodontia]].<ref>Hopson J.A. and Barghusen H. 1986. "An analysis of therapsid relationships". pp. 83–106 in: Hotton N., MacLean P.D., Roth J.J., Roth E.C., eds. ''The Ecology and Biology of the Mammal-Like Reptiles''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press</ref> A close relationship between therocephalians and cynodonts had been recognized for many years. In 2001 the Eutheriodontia were defined as the least inclusive clade including [[Mammalia]] and ''[[Bauria]]''.<ref>James A. Hopson and James W. Kitching, 2001, "A Probainognathian Cynodont from South Africa and the Phylogeny of Nonmammalian Cynodonts" pp 5-35 in: PARISH A. JENKINS, JR., MICHAEL D. SHAPIRO, AND TOMASZ OWERKOWICZ, EDITORS, ''STUDIES IN ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN HONOR OF A. W. CROMPTON'' Bullettin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University '''156'''(1)</ref> |
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== Classification == |
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| ⚫ | The clade was named in 1986 by [[James Hopson|James Allen Hopson]] and [[Herbert Richard Barghusen]], the name meaning the "true Theriodontia". Within Hopson's system, the Eutheriodontia are the [[sister group]] of the [[Gorgonopsia]] within the [[Theriodontia]].<ref>Hopson J.A. and Barghusen H. 1986. "An analysis of therapsid relationships". pp. 83–106 in: Hotton N., MacLean P.D., Roth J.J., Roth E.C., eds. ''The Ecology and Biology of the Mammal-Like Reptiles''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press</ref> A close relationship between therocephalians and cynodonts had been recognized for many years. In 2001 the Eutheriodontia were defined as the least inclusive clade including [[Mammalia]] and ''[[Bauria]]''.<ref>James A. Hopson and James W. Kitching, 2001, "A Probainognathian Cynodont from South Africa and the Phylogeny of Nonmammalian Cynodonts" pp 5-35 in: PARISH A. JENKINS, JR., MICHAEL D. SHAPIRO, AND TOMASZ OWERKOWICZ, EDITORS, ''STUDIES IN ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN HONOR OF A. W. CROMPTON'' Bullettin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University '''156'''(1)</ref> Even today, the taxon has a strong recognition among paleontologists and is regularly cited in several studies concerning [[therapsid]]s<ref name="AngielczykKammerer2018">{{Cite book|last1=Angielczyk|first1=Kenneth D.|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110341553/10.1515/9783110341553-005.xml|title=Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics|last2=Kammerer|first2=Christian F.|date=2018-10-22|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-034155-3|editor-last1=Zachos|editor-first1=Frank|pages=117–198|chapter=Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree|doi=10.1515/9783110341553-005|editor-last2=Asher|editor-first2=Robert|s2cid=92370138}}</ref>. |
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== Evolutionary history and characteristics == |
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| ⚫ | The therocephalians and cynodonts are thought to have diverged in the [[Middle Permian]], and each group independently evolved mammal-like features, including a [[secondary palate]] and the loss of a [[postorbital bar]] (these features were retained in mammals, which are considered a [[Synapomorphy|derived]] group of cynodonts). Mammalian features that both groups inherited from a common ancestor include the loss of teeth on the [[palate]], the expansion of the epipterygoid bone at the base of the skull (an area called the [[alisphenoid]] in mammals), and the narrowing of the [[skull roof]] to a narrow [[sagittal crest]] running between large [[temporal fenestrae|temporal openings]].<ref name=RS01>{{cite journal |last=Rubidge |first=B.S. |author2=Sidor, C.A. |year=2001 |title=Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=32 |pages=449–480 |url=http://www11.cac.washington.edu/burkemuseum/collections/paleontology/sidor/Rubidge_Sidor2001.pdf |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321142923/http://www11.cac.washington.edu/burkemuseum/collections/paleontology/sidor/Rubidge_Sidor2001.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-21 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 14:15, 8 February 2022
| Eutheriodonts Temporal range: Middle Permian-Holocene,
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| Life restoration of the therocephalian Microgomphodon | |
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| Life restoration of the cynodont Tritylodon | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Synapsida |
| Clade: | Therapsida |
| Clade: | Theriodontia |
| Clade: | Eutheriodontia Hopson & Barghusen, 1986 |
| Subgroups | |
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Eutheriodontia is a clade of therapsids which appear during the Middle Permian and which includes therocephalians and cynodonts, this latter group including mammals and related forms.
With the dicynodonts, they form one of two lineages of therapsids that survived the Permian extinction and which diversified again during the Triassic, before the majority of them disappeared before or during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, except for a lineage of cynodonts that would later give rise to mammals.
Classification
The clade was named in 1986 by James Allen Hopson and Herbert Richard Barghusen, the name meaning the "true Theriodontia". Within Hopson's system, the Eutheriodontia are the sister group of the Gorgonopsia within the Theriodontia.[1] A close relationship between therocephalians and cynodonts had been recognized for many years. In 2001 the Eutheriodontia were defined as the least inclusive clade including Mammalia and Bauria.[2] Even today, the taxon has a strong recognition among paleontologists and is regularly cited in several studies concerning therapsids[3].
Evolutionary history and characteristics
The therocephalians and cynodonts are thought to have diverged in the Middle Permian, and each group independently evolved mammal-like features, including a secondary palate and the loss of a postorbital bar (these features were retained in mammals, which are considered a derived group of cynodonts). Mammalian features that both groups inherited from a common ancestor include the loss of teeth on the palate, the expansion of the epipterygoid bone at the base of the skull (an area called the alisphenoid in mammals), and the narrowing of the skull roof to a narrow sagittal crest running between large temporal openings.[4]
References
- ^ Hopson J.A. and Barghusen H. 1986. "An analysis of therapsid relationships". pp. 83–106 in: Hotton N., MacLean P.D., Roth J.J., Roth E.C., eds. The Ecology and Biology of the Mammal-Like Reptiles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
- ^ James A. Hopson and James W. Kitching, 2001, "A Probainognathian Cynodont from South Africa and the Phylogeny of Nonmammalian Cynodonts" pp 5-35 in: PARISH A. JENKINS, JR., MICHAEL D. SHAPIRO, AND TOMASZ OWERKOWICZ, EDITORS, STUDIES IN ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN HONOR OF A. W. CROMPTON Bullettin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University 156(1)
- ^ Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018-10-22). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (eds.). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics. De Gruyter. pp. 117–198. doi:10.1515/9783110341553-005. ISBN 978-3-11-034155-3. S2CID 92370138.
- ^ Rubidge, B.S.; Sidor, C.A. (2001). "Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 32: 449–480. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21.
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