George I of Georgia: Difference between revisions
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|place of burial =[[Bagrati Cathedral]], [[Kutaisi]] |
|place of burial =[[Bagrati Cathedral]], [[Kutaisi]] |
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|religion =[[Georgian Orthodox Church]] |
|religion =[[Georgian Orthodox Church]] |
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==I dont care, bozo + ratio + maldEarly reign== |
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'''Giorgi I''' ({{lang-ka|გიორგი I}}) (998 or 1002 – 16 August 1027), of the House of [[Bagrationi]], was the [[List of the Kings of Georgia|king]] of [[kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] from 1014 until his death in 1027. He was 2nd king of United Georgia after his Father [[Bagrat III of Georgia| Bagrat III]]. He spent most of his thirteen-year-long reign waging a bloody and fruitless territorial war with the [[Byzantine Empire]]. |
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==Early reign== |
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Giorgi was born in 998 or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, 1002, to King [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]]. Upon his father's death on 7 May 1014, he inherited the kingdoms of [[Abkhazian Kingdom|Abkhazia]], [[Kartli]] and [[Kakheti]] united into a single state of Georgia. As his predecessor, Giorgi continued to be titled as King of the Abkhazians (''Ap'xaz'') and Georgians (''K'art'velians''). Contemporary sources, however, frequently omitted one of the two components of this title when abbreviating it. |
Giorgi was born in 998 or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, 1002, to King [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]]. Upon his father's death on 7 May 1014, he inherited the kingdoms of [[Abkhazian Kingdom|Abkhazia]], [[Kartli]] and [[Kakheti]] united into a single state of Georgia. As his predecessor, Giorgi continued to be titled as King of the Abkhazians (''Ap'xaz'') and Georgians (''K'art'velians''). Contemporary sources, however, frequently omitted one of the two components of this title when abbreviating it. |
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Revision as of 16:57, 11 February 2022
- There was also a Giorgi I, Catholicos of Kartli who ruled in 677–678.
George I გიორგი I | |
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King of Georgia | |
Reign | 7 May 1014 – 16 August 1027 |
Predecessor | Bagrat III |
Successor | Bagrat IV |
Born | 998 or 1002 |
Died | 16 August 1027 Mqinwarni or Itaroni |
Burial | |
Spouse | Mariam of Vaspurakan Alda of Alania |
Issue | Bagrat IV Guarandukht Martha Kata Demetrius |
Dynasty | Bagrationi |
Father | Bagrat III of Georgia |
Mother | Martha |
Religion | Georgian Orthodox Church |
I dont care, bozo + ratio + maldEarly reign
Giorgi was born in 998 or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, 1002, to King Bagrat III. Upon his father's death on 7 May 1014, he inherited the kingdoms of Abkhazia, Kartli and Kakheti united into a single state of Georgia. As his predecessor, Giorgi continued to be titled as King of the Abkhazians (Ap'xaz) and Georgians (K'art'velians). Contemporary sources, however, frequently omitted one of the two components of this title when abbreviating it.
The new sovereign's young age was immediately exploited by the great nobles, who had been suppressed under the heavy hand of Bagrat. Around the same year, the easternmost provinces of Kakheti and Hereti, not easily acquired by Bagrat, staged a revolt and reinstated their own government under Kvirike III (1010/1014–1029), who also incorporated a portion of the neighbouring Arran (Ran), allowing him to claim the title of King of the Kakhetians and Ranians. Giorgi was unable to prevent the move and sought an alliance with this kingdom, rather than attempting to reincorporate it into the Georgian state, thus leaving a long-standing claim to Kakheti and Hereti to his successors.
War and peace with Byzantium
The major political and military event during Giorgi's reign, a war against the Byzantine Empire, had its roots back to the 990s, when the Georgian prince David III Kuropalates, following his abortive rebellion against Emperor Basil II, had to agree to cede his extensive possessions in Tao and the neighbouring lands to the emperor on his death. All the efforts by David's stepson and Giorgi's father, Bagrat III, to prevent these territories from being annexed to the empire went in vain. Young and ambitious, Giorgi launched a campaign to restore the Kuropalates’ succession to Georgia and occupied Tao in 1015–1016. He also entered in an alliance with the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, Al-Hakim (996–1021), that put Basil in a difficult situation, forcing him to refrain from an acute response to Giorgi's offensive.
Beyond that, the Byzantines were at that time involved in a relentless war with the Bulgarian Empire, limiting their actions to the west. But as soon as Bulgaria was conquered, and Al-Hakim was no more alive, Basil led his army against Georgia (1021). An exhausting war lasted for two years, and ended in a decisive Byzantine victory, forcing Giorgi to agree to a peace treaty, in which he had not only to abandon his claims to Tao, but to surrender several of his southwestern possessions to Basil, and to give his three-year-old son, Bagrat, as hostage. Following the peace treaty, Constantinople was visited by Catholicos-Patriarch Melchizedek I of Georgia, who gained Byzantine financial aid for the construction of "Svetitskhoveli" (literally, the Living Pillar), a major Orthodox cathedral in the eastern Georgian town of Mtskheta.
Afterwards, Basil kept the peace with Georgia, permitting prince Bagrat to return home two years later (1025): but the new emperor, Constantine VIII, who succeeded upon the death of Basil, decided to bring Bagrat back to Constantinople. However, the imperial courier could not overtake the prince – he was already in the Georgian possessions. The Byzantine-Georgian relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after a conspiracy, organized by Nikephoros Komnenos, the katepano of Vaspurakan, and allegedly involving Giorgi I, was brought to light.
Giorgi was evidently preparing to take revenge for his defeat, but he died suddenly in Trialeti on 16 August 1027. He was buried in the Bagrati Cathedral in his capital Kutaisi. A recently discovered grave, presumably robbed in the 19th century, is proposed to have belonged to Giorgi I.
Family
Giorgi I was married twice – first to the Armenian princess Mariam of Vaspurakan with whom he had a son called Bagrat and daughters: Guarandukht, Marta, and Kata; and second to Alde of Alania, who gave birth to a son, Demetre.
In literature
The most important representation of Giorgi I in historical fiction is probably in Konstantine Gamsakhurdia's magnum opus, The Hand of the Great Master. The author has often noted that he has been deeply interested in George's character and historical figure for a long time, as well as his reign full of turmoil and turbulence. In the story, the king is portrayed as a philanderer who enjoys feasting in low-class taverns with his comrades disguised as random peasants. The author seems to be emphasizing on the king's human, fleshly wishes and desires, despite his position on the social ladder, such as lust, love, loathing and compassion.
Genealogy
Georgian monarchs family tree of Bagrationi dynasty of united Georgia[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
- ^ Bagrat III was the first king of a politically unified Georgia[2] designated "Sakartvelo".[3] The term "Sakartvelo" would literally mean "all-Georgian kingdom", "all Georgia" or "whole Georgia".[4] Sakartvelo is still used in modern times as the official name of the country.[5]
- ^
- ^ George IV, while relaxing in Kakheti, in the village of Velistsikhe, he spotted a pretty young woman, a freeman's daughter; he seduced her, and, although she was married, installed her at royal court. In 1215, she had a son with him (the future king David VII), whom the king gave to his sister Rusudan to bring up. This upset the Georgian Orthodox Church and deputation of bishops, the Catholicos and ministers came to remonstrate with the king: the woman was a commoner as well as another man’s wife. The king was forced to let nuns escort his mistress back to her husband. But he adamantly deemed the woman from Velistsikhe his wife and refused any marriage which his court might negotiate for him. The king would not beget a legitimate heir.[7]
References
Bibliography
- Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2016) The Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes, Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature, Sam Houston State University, USA, Routledge, ISBN 9781472425522
- Rayfield, D. (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, Reaktion Books, ISBN 9781780230702
References
- Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987), Georgia in the XI-XII centuries, Ganatleba, edited by George B. Hewitt. Also available online at [1]
- Rapp, SH (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5
- Suny, RG (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd Edition), Bloomington and Indianapolis, ISBN 0-253-35579-6