Eritrean Liberation Front: Difference between revisions
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{{Politics of Eritrea}} |
{{Politics of Eritrea}} |
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The '''Eritrean Liberation Front''' '''(ELF)''' ({{Lang-ti|ተጋደሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራ}}; {{Lang-ar|جبهة التحرير الإريترية}}; {{Lang-it|Fronte di Liberazione Eritreo}}), informally known as '''Jebha''', was the main [[Eritrean War of Independence|independence movement]] in [[Eritrea Province|Eritrea]] which sought Eritrea's [[independence]] from [[Ethiopia]] during the 1960s and the early 1970s. |
The '''Eritrean Liberation Front''' '''(ELF)''' ({{Lang-ti|ተጋደሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራ}}; {{Lang-ar|جبهة التحرير الإريترية}}; {{Lang-it|Fronte di Liberazione Eritreo}}), informally known as '''Jebha''', was the main [[Eritrean War of Independence|independence movement]] in [[Eritrea Province|Eritrea]] which sought Eritrea's [[independence]] from [[Ethiopia]] during the 1960s and the early 1970s. |
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The ELF "used Islam as a tool of national mobilization”.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia and Eritrea: the quest for peace and normalizations |publisher=UiT Munin|url=https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/1605|page=35| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Origins=== |
===Origins=== |
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In the late 1950s, an unorganized political movement seeking independence was secretly active as small cells. And in July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. In 1961 [[Hamid Idris Awate]] formed the armed wing of the ELF and declared the armed struggle for independence. Led by Awate, the ELF came into violent conflict with the government on September 1, 1961, using [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war tactics]] to continue the struggle. Though the movement posed great problems for the Ethiopian government and army, it was also facing internal political conflicts in the very late 1960s. In the 1970s, a group of its members split the movement and formed the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], a more left-wing rebel movement. By the 1980s, the People's Liberation Front had replaced the original Eritrean Liberation Front as the main rebel group. Following the expulsion of the ELF from Eritrean land, the organization split into three groups: the [[Eritrean liberation front-Revolutionary Council]], led by Ahmed Nasser, the [[Eritrean liberation front-Central Leadership]], which eventually united in 1987 with the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], and the remaining faction led by [[Abdalla Idriss]] retained the original name. When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small rebel group in the nether reaches of Sudan. |
In the late 1950s, an unorganized political movement seeking independence was secretly active as small cells. And in July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. In 1961 [[Hamid Idris Awate]] formed the armed wing of the ELF and declared the armed struggle for independence. Led by Awate, the ELF came into violent conflict with the government on September 1, 1961, using [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war tactics]] to continue the struggle. Though the movement posed great problems for the Ethiopian government and army, it was also facing internal political conflicts in the very late 1960s. In the 1970s, a group of its members split the movement and formed the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], a more left-wing rebel movement. By the 1980s, the People's Liberation Front had replaced the original Eritrean Liberation Front as the main rebel group. Following the expulsion of the ELF from Eritrean land, the organization split into three groups: the [[Eritrean liberation front-Revolutionary Council]], led by Ahmed Nasser, the [[Eritrean liberation front-Central Leadership]], which eventually united in 1987 with the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], and the remaining faction led by [[Abdalla Idriss]] retained the original name. When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small rebel group in the nether reaches of Sudan. |
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===Historical Relations with Tigryan Political Movements=== |
===Historical Relations with Tigryan Political Movements=== |
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In its early years, ELF operated in various areas of the current day Tigray and Afar, such as eastern, central, and western Tigray bordering Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War.|publisher=Durham Research Online|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/397/1/|page=386-387| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055221|page=106| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://10.1017/s0022278x00055221|page=113| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
In its early years, ELF operated in various areas of the current day Tigray and Afar, such as eastern, central, and western Tigray bordering Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War.|publisher=Durham Research Online|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/397/1/|page=386-387| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055221|page=106| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://10.1017/s0022278x00055221|page=113| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
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The ELF sought to expand the borders of Eritrea beyond the Italian-defined colonial boundaries into the territory of Tigray.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War.|publisher=Durham Research Online|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/397/1/|page=386-387| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055221|page=106| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://10.1017/s0022278x00055221|page=113| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>, such as: |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text="The ELF's territorial interpretation of Eritrea went beyond the Italian-defined colonial boundaries to include parts of north-western Tigray, a concept that the TPLF could not accept."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055221|page=106| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
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|author=John Young |
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|title="The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism." |
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|source=''https://10.1017/s0022278x00055221'' (1996) |
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}} |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text="This is because, unlike the EPLF, the ELF's interpretation of Eritrea's boundaries went beyond the Italian-defined colonial borders and included parts of north-western Tigray, a conception the TPLF could not accept. A further source of tension was the ELF's relationships with other movements, notably the EDU which at the time was challenging the TPLF in western Tigray, and with the EPRP, against which it was competing in eastern Tigray."<ref>{{cite web|title=Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://10.1017/s0022278x00055221|page=113| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
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|author=John Young |
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|title="Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991" |
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|source=''https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598654'' (1997) |
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}} |
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{{Blockquote |
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|text="The ELF, 'without any historical or political grounds claimed that all the lowland Adiabo region was part of Eritrean territory . . . The TPLF . . . assessed [the problem] with tolerance and permitted the ELF to control the areas which had been previously administered by the ELF'."<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War.|publisher=Durham Research Online|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/397/1/|page=386-387| access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> |
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|author=Richard Reid |
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|title="Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War." |
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|source=''https://10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.369'' (2003) |
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}} |
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==Twenty-first century== |
==Twenty-first century== |
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Revision as of 18:22, 12 February 2022
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) |
| Eritrean Liberation Front | |
|---|---|
| Template:Lang-ti Template:Lang-ar Template:Lang-it | |
.svg) Flag of the ELF adopted from the flag of the Eritrean-Ethiopian federation | |
| Leaders | Idris Mohammed Adem (1961–1975) Ahmed Mohammed Nasser (1975–1982) Abdella Idris (1982–2011) Hussein Kelifah (2011–present) |
| Dates of operation | 1961–present |
| Headquarters | Khartoum, Sudan |
| Active regions | Ethiopia (1961–1991), Eritrea (1991–present) |
| Ideology | Eritrean nationalism Marxism-Leninism (1971–1982) Social conservatism (1982–present) |
| Allies | Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1970–1972, 1974–1980) Cuba (until 1975) Syria Iraq Saudi Arabia Sudan Somalia |
| Opponents | Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1972–1974, 1980–1994) Cuba (1975–1989) Derg Workers' Party of Ethiopia People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Tigrayan People's Liberation Front Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |
| Battles and wars | Ethiopian Civil War Eritrean War of Independence Eritrean Civil Wars |
.svg) |
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| Constitution (not enforced) |
| Elections |
 Eritrea portal |
The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (Template:Lang-ti; Template:Lang-ar; Template:Lang-it), informally known as Jebha, was the main independence movement in Eritrea which sought Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia during the 1960s and the early 1970s.
History
Origins
In the late 1950s, an unorganized political movement seeking independence was secretly active as small cells. And in July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. In 1961 Hamid Idris Awate formed the armed wing of the ELF and declared the armed struggle for independence. Led by Awate, the ELF came into violent conflict with the government on September 1, 1961, using guerrilla war tactics to continue the struggle. Though the movement posed great problems for the Ethiopian government and army, it was also facing internal political conflicts in the very late 1960s. In the 1970s, a group of its members split the movement and formed the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a more left-wing rebel movement. By the 1980s, the People's Liberation Front had replaced the original Eritrean Liberation Front as the main rebel group. Following the expulsion of the ELF from Eritrean land, the organization split into three groups: the Eritrean liberation front-Revolutionary Council, led by Ahmed Nasser, the Eritrean liberation front-Central Leadership, which eventually united in 1987 with the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, and the remaining faction led by Abdalla Idriss retained the original name. When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the People's Front for Democracy and Justice with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small rebel group in the nether reaches of Sudan.
Historical Relations with Tigryan Political Movements
In its early years, ELF operated in various areas of the current day Tigray and Afar, such as eastern, central, and western Tigray bordering Eritrea.[1][2][3]
The ELF sought to expand the borders of Eritrea beyond the Italian-defined colonial boundaries into the territory of Tigray.[4][5][6], such as:
Twenty-first century
As of 2006[update], the ELF is a member of the umbrella opposition alliance in Eritrea, the Eritrean National Alliance.[7] They were receiving military support from Ethiopia and from the interim government of Somalia based at Baidoa around 2006.[8]
Groups that are splinters of the ELF
The Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular liberation forces was organized around Osman Saleh Sabbe, Romedan Mohammed Nur and Isaias Afewerki. Another split affected within the organization with the emergence of Eritrean People's Liberation Front in 1970. The 1982 Rasai Incident led to a split between the Abdellah Idris faction and Ahmed Mohammed Nasser's Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionnary Council. Ahmed's group was then affected by another split with the creation of Eritrean Liberation Front-Central Leadership around Ibrahim Toteel and Zemheret Yohannes.
Organizations affiliated with the Eritrean Liberation Front
- General Union of Eritrean Students
- General Union of Eritrean Workers
- General Union of Eritrean Women
- General Union of Eritrean Peasants
- Eritrean Red Cross and Red Crescent Society
References
- ^ "Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War". Durham Research Online. p. 386-387. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism". Cambridge University Press. p. 106. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991". Cambridge University Press. p. 113. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War". Durham Research Online. p. 386-387. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a History of Tensions and Pragmatism". Cambridge University Press. p. 106. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991". Cambridge University Press. p. 113. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "An Interview With Dr. Yohannes Zeremariam". Awate. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
- ^ "Ethiopia troops head for Baidoa". BBC News. 20 August 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
External links
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