Cloakmaker: Difference between revisions
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{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020}} |
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A '''[[Cloak]] maker''' worked in the garment industry,<ref name=MillerBook>{{cite book |
A '''[[Cloak]] maker''' worked in the garment industry,<ref name=MillerBook>{{cite book |
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|author=Sally M. Miller |date=December 1978 |
|author=Sally M. Miller |date=December 1978 |
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| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
|page=190}}</ref> often in an enterprise whose workers were represented by a union.<ref name=Union.NYT21/> |
|page=190}}</ref> often in an enterprise whose workers were represented by a union.<ref name=Union.NYT21/> |
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In the 1920s, there were more than 50,000 people employed as ''cloakmakers''.<ref name=Union.NYT21>{{cite |
In the 1920s, there were more than 50,000 people employed as ''cloakmakers''.<ref name=Union.NYT21>{{cite news |
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|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/04/27/archives/cloak-makers-accept-plan-for-conference-representatives-of-50000.html |
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/04/27/archives/cloak-makers-accept-plan-for-conference-representatives-of-50000.html |
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|quote=It was understood that money collected from Italians ...}}</ref> |
|quote=It was understood that money collected from Italians ...}}</ref> |
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Cloakmakers were a part of those known as clothing-workers, including those who made cloaks, suits and skirts.<ref name=Union.NYT21/><ref>{{cite |
Cloakmakers were a part of those known as clothing-workers, including those who made cloaks, suits and skirts.<ref name=Union.NYT21/><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1883/07/22/archives/striking-dress-and-cloak-makers.html |
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1883/07/22/archives/striking-dress-and-cloak-makers.html |
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|title=Striking Dress and Cloak Makers |
|title=Striking Dress and Cloak Makers |
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==Unions== |
==Unions== |
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[[Suffragist]] [[Theresa Malkiel]] organized a union of cloakmakers in 1892.<ref name=MillerBook/>{{rp|p.191}} Other areas of the ''needle trade''<ref>'''not to be confused with''' ''this'' (usage): {{cite |
[[Suffragist]] [[Theresa Malkiel]] organized a union of cloakmakers in 1892.<ref name=MillerBook/>{{rp|p.191}} Other areas of the ''needle trade''<ref>'''not to be confused with''' ''this'' (usage): {{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/18/weekinreview/the-region-new-york-city-is-out-of-the-needle-trade.html |
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/18/weekinreview/the-region-new-york-city-is-out-of-the-needle-trade.html |
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|title=New York City Is Out of the Needle Trade |
|title=New York City Is Out of the Needle Trade |
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|author=Todd S. Purdum |date=February 18, 1990}}</ref> were not unionized [[Fannia Cohn#Emigration to America|until years later]],<ref>only "half of all women working in the garment industry between 1909 and 1919 belonged to unions." {{cite book |
|author=Todd S. Purdum |date=February 18, 1990}}</ref> were not unionized [[Fannia Cohn#Emigration to America|until years later]],<ref>only "half of all women working in the garment industry between 1909 and 1919 belonged to unions." {{cite book |
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|title=The Boundaries of Her Body: The Troubling History of Women's Rights |
|title=The Boundaries of Her Body: The Troubling History of Women's Rights |
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|author=Debran Rowland |year=2004}}</ref> of whom in 1912 over 80% were Jewish.<ref> |
|author=Debran Rowland |year=2004}}</ref> of whom in 1912 over 80% were Jewish.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |author=Adam Dickter |
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|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14806.html |
|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14806.html |
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|publisher=Keter Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem Israel|date=1972}}</ref> |
|publisher=Keter Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem Israel|date=1972}}</ref> |
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This occupation involved making or repairing garments that contained animal fur. The high end of this profession focused on [[fur coat]]s. A |
This occupation involved making or repairing garments that contained animal fur. The high end of this profession focused on [[fur coat]]s. A |
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1915 ''New York Times'' article about 75,000 garment workers said "''Cloakmakers take the lead''."<ref>{{cite |
1915 ''New York Times'' article about 75,000 garment workers said "''Cloakmakers take the lead''."<ref>{{cite news |
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|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/06/26/archives/garment-workers-prepare-demands-cloakmakers-take-the-lead-in-move.html |
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/06/26/archives/garment-workers-prepare-demands-cloakmakers-take-the-lead-in-move.html |
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|date=June 26, 1915}}</ref> |
|date=June 26, 1915}}</ref> |
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The garment industry's strikes were neither rare nor long-lasting.<ref>{{cite |
The garment industry's strikes were neither rare nor long-lasting.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/06/14/archives/urge-cloak-makers-to-return-to-work-manufacturers-warn-workers-that.html |
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/06/14/archives/urge-cloak-makers-to-return-to-work-manufacturers-warn-workers-that.html |
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|title=Persons to Fill Their Places Are to be Had ... Committee Appeals for Strike Funds. |
|title=Persons to Fill Their Places Are to be Had ... Committee Appeals for Strike Funds. |
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|date=June 14, 1916}}</ref><ref>{{cite |
|date=June 14, 1916}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/07/30/archives/cloakmakers-spare-time.html |
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/07/30/archives/cloakmakers-spare-time.html |
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|title=Cloakmakers' Spare Time |
|title=Cloakmakers' Spare Time |
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Revision as of 18:56, 23 February 2022
A Cloak maker worked in the garment industry,[1] often in an enterprise whose workers were represented by a union.[2]
In the 1920s, there were more than 50,000 people employed as cloakmakers.[2]
Much of this industry was centered in NYC.[3] While most of the cloakmakers were Jewish women,[1]: p.191 [4][5] the next largest group, although much smaller in number, were Italian women.[6][7]
Cloakmakers were a part of those known as clothing-workers, including those who made cloaks, suits and skirts.[2][8]
Other areas where this industry was strong included Chicago[9] and Cincinnati.[10]
Unions
Suffragist Theresa Malkiel organized a union of cloakmakers in 1892.[1]: p.191 Other areas of the needle trade[11] were not unionized until years later,[12] of whom in 1912 over 80% were Jewish.[13]
This occupation involved making or repairing garments that contained animal fur. The high end of this profession focused on fur coats. A 1915 New York Times article about 75,000 garment workers said "Cloakmakers take the lead."[15]
The garment industry's strikes were neither rare nor long-lasting.[16][17]
References
- ^ a b c Sally M. Miller (December 1978). From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader: Theresa Malkiel, A Case Study. p. 190.
- ^ a b c "Cloak Makers Accept Plan for Conference". The New York Times. April 27, 1921. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ 60,000 to 70,000 cloakmakers in New York City in 1910 Oscar Handlin; Charles Reznikoff. Introduction: Louis Marshall, Champion of Liberty. p. xxi.
- ^ Hadassa Kosak (2000). Cultures of Opposition: Jewish Immigrant Workers, New York. p. 202.
The preponderance of Jews among cloakmakers ... 1885
- ^ contrast two strikes: 20,000 "mostly female" vs. a different strike in the same 1909/1910/1911 period: 1,200 men in one strike and 2,000 men in another. "History of the ILGWU: Early Struggles".
- ^ S. Luconi (2010). "Italian-American Workers and the 1912 Strike" (Document).
{{cite document}}: Cite document requires|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|jstor=ignored (help) - ^ The Ladies' Garment Worker. 1918. p. 25.
It was understood that money collected from Italians ...
- ^ "Striking Dress and Cloak Makers". The New York Times. July 22, 1883.
- ^ "Clothing workers of Chicago, 1910-1922" (PDF).
- ^ "Amalgamated Clothing Workers (1919-1925)".
- ^ not to be confused with this (usage): Todd S. Purdum (February 18, 1990). "New York City Is Out of the Needle Trade". The New York Times.
- ^ only "half of all women working in the garment industry between 1909 and 1919 belonged to unions." Debran Rowland (2004). The Boundaries of Her Body: The Troubling History of Women's Rights.
- ^ Adam Dickter (1972). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem Israel: Keter Publishing House Ltd.
- ^ The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker: A Story of the Shirtwaist Makers' Strike in New York. New York. The Co-operative Press. 1910.
- ^ "Garment Workers prepare demands, Cloakmakers Take the Lead in Move Expected to Cause a Strike of 75,000". The New York Times. June 26, 1915.
- ^ "Persons to Fill Their Places Are to be Had ... Committee Appeals for Strike Funds". The New York Times. June 14, 1916.
- ^ "Cloakmakers' Spare Time". The New York Times. July 30, 1910.
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