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{{IPA key|H:IPA-UK}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] represents [[Ukrainian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-uk}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Ukrainian contrasts [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] "soft" and unpalatalized "hard" consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript {{angbr IPA|j}}, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the [[hard palate]], like in the {{IPA|[j]}} sound in ''yes''.

See [[Ukrainian phonology]] for more details on the sounds of Ukrainian.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan="4" | Hard
! colspan="4" | [[palatalization (phonetics)|Soft]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan="2" | Examples !! English approximations !! IPA !! colspan="2" | Examples !! English approximations
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''б'''ог}}<ref name="voiced">Voiceless [[obstruent]]s {{IPA|/p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/}} are voiced {{IPA|[b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ]}} before other voiced obstruents. {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[v]}} only ever occur in this case.</ref>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-Бог.ogg|[bɔɦ]}}
| '''b'''oot
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''д'''им}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дим.ogg|[dɪm]}}
| '''d'''o
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|dʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''д'''ім}}, {{lang|uk|мі'''дь'''}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дім.ogg|[d⁽ʲ⁾im]}}, {{IPA|[midʲ]}}
|'''d'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''дз'''е́ркало}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дзеркало.ogg|[ˈdzɛrkɐlo]}}
| pa'''ds'''
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|dzʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|ґе'''дзь'''}}, {{lang|uk|'''дзь'''об}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ґедзь.ogg|[ɡɛdzʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дзьоб.ogg|[dzʲɔb]}}
| pa'''d's''' yours
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''дж'''міль}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-джміль.ogg|[dʒmilʲ]}}
|'''j'''ump, ri'''dg'''e
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ф'''а́рба}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-фарба.ogg|[ˈfɑrbɐ]}}
| '''f'''ool
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ґ'''а́нок}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ґанок.ogg|[ˈɡɑnok]}}
| '''g'''ood
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|чахо'''х'''бі́лі}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{IPA|[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]}}
| ''between'' '''g'''ood ''and'' '''h'''ood
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''г'''азе́та}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-газета.ogg|[ɦɐˈzɛtɐ]}}
| be'''h'''ind
|-
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''й'''ти}}, {{lang|uk|га'''й'''}}, {{lang|uk|'''ї'''да́льня}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-йти.ogg|[jtɪ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гай.ogg|[ɦɑj]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-їдальня.ogg|[jiˈdɑlʲnʲɐ]}}
|'''y'''es
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''к'''люч}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ключ.ogg|[klʲutʃ]}}
| s'''c'''ar
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɫ|l}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''л'''ось}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лось.ogg|[lɔsʲ]}}
| be'''ll'''
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|lʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''л'''ід}}, {{lang|uk|сі'''ль'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лід.ogg|[l⁽ʲ⁾id]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-сіль.ogg|[s⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]}}
| '''l'''east
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''м'''ир}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-мир.ogg|[mɪr]}}
| '''m'''oot
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|n̪|n}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''н'''е́бо}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-небо.ogg|[ˈnɛbo]}}
| '''n'''oon
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|nʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''н'''і́жний}}, {{lang|uk|де'''нь'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ніжний.ogg|[ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒnɪj]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-день.ogg|[dɛnʲ]}}
| '''n'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''п'''ил}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-пил.ogg|[pɪl]}}
| s'''p'''are
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|лі́ка'''р'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лікар.ogg|[ˈl⁽ʲ⁾ikɐr]}}
| ''[[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' '''r'''iesgo
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|rʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''р'''і́чка}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-річка.ogg|[ˈr⁽ʲ⁾itʃkɐ]}}
| ''trilled r, like in Spanish'' '''r'''iesgo
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''с'''уп}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-суп.ogg|[sup]}}
| '''s'''oup
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|sʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''с'''і́но}}, {{lang|uk|ві'''сь'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-сіно.ogg|[ˈs⁽ʲ⁾ino]}}, {{IPA|[wisʲ]}}
| '''s'''uit
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ш'''пари́на}}, {{lang|uk|ви́'''щ'''е}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-шпарина.ogg|[ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вище.ogg|[ˈwɪʃtʃe]}}
| '''sh'''op
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''т'''ин}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-тин.ogg|[tɪn]}}
| s'''t'''ar
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|tʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''т'''інь}}, {{lang|uk|ми'''ть'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-тінь.ogg|[t⁽ʲ⁾inʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-мить.ogg|[mɪtʲ]}}
| s'''t'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ц'''ибу́ля}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-цибуля.ogg|[tsɪˈbulʲɐ]}}
| ca'''ts'''
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|tsʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ц'''іна́}}, {{lang|uk|віне́'''ць'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ціна.ogg|[ts⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вінець.ogg|[wiˈnɛtsʲ]}}
| ca'''t's''' young
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|о'''ч'''ере́т}}, {{lang|uk|ви'''щ'''е}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-очерет.ogg|[otʃeˈrɛt]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вище.ogg|[ˈwɪʃtʃe]}}
| '''ch'''oose
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|w|u̯}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''в'''чи́тель}}, {{lang|uk|ста'''в'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-вчитель.ogg|[ˈu̯tʃɪtelʲ]}}, {{IPA|[stɑu̯]}}
| to'''w'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|А'''ф'''ганіста́н}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{IPA|[ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn]}}
| '''v'''ine
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʋ|w}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''в'''іл}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-віл.ogg|[wil]}}
| ''between'' '''w'''ine ''and'' '''v'''ine
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''х'''овра́'''х'''}}
| {{IPA|[xou̯ˈrɑx]}}
| Ba'''ch''', lo'''ch'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''з'''уб}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-зуб.ogg|[zub]}}
| '''z'''oo
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|zʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''з'''і́ллю}}, {{lang|uk|рі́'''зь'''блення}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{IPA|[ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːʊ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-різьблення.ogg|[ˈr⁽ʲ⁾izʲblenʲːɐ]}}
| pre'''s'''ume
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''ж'''и́то}}<ref name="voiced"/>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-жито.ogg|[ˈʒɪto]}}
| mea'''s'''ure, gara'''ge'''
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="8" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="4" | Stressed
! colspan="4" | Unstressed
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! colspan="2" | Examples
! English approximation
! IPA
! colspan="2" | Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɑ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|г'''а'''й}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гай.ogg|[ɦɑj]}}
| f'''a'''ther
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|г'''а'''рма́т'''а'''}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-гармата.ogg|[ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ]}}
| h'''u'''g
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|д'''е'''нь}}, {{lang|uk|'''є'''сть}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-день.ogg|[dɛnʲ]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|Uk-єсть.ogg|[jɛsʲtʲ]}}
| m'''e'''t
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''е'''фі́рний}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ефірний.ogg|[eˈfirnɪj]}}
| r'''a'''te
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|к'''і'''т}}, {{lang|uk|'''і́'''кла}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-кіт.ogg|[kit]}}, {{IPA|[ˈiklɐ]}}
| m'''ee'''t
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|б'''і'''ле́т}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-білет.ogg|[biˈlɛt]}}
| m'''ee'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|м'''и́'''ша}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-миша.ogg|[ˈmɪʃɐ]}}
| b'''i'''t
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|кра́сн'''и'''й}}<ref>May also be realized as {{IPAblink|e}}.</ref>
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-красний.ogg|[ˈkrɑsnɪj]}}
| b'''i'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|п'''о́'''ле}}, {{lang|uk|ль'''о'''н}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-поле.ogg|[ˈpɔle]}}, {{IPA|[lʲɔn]}}
| '''o'''ff
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|o}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|'''о'''ру́дний}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-орудний.ogg|[oˈrudnɪj]}}
| c'''o'''ld
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|д'''у'''х}}, {{lang|uk|л'''ю'''ть}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-дух.ogg|[dux]}}, {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-лють.ogg|[lʲutʲ]}}
| f'''oo'''l
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|uk|т'''у'''ди́}}
| {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-туди.ogg|[tʊˈdɪ]}}
| p'''u'''t
|-
! colspan="8" | Other symbols
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan="5" | Explanation
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ|<big>ˈ</big>◌}}
| colspan="5" | [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable)
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˌ|<big>ˌ</big>◌}}
| colspan="5" | [[secondary stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable)
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ː|◌<big>ː</big>}}
| colspan="5" | [[gemination]] (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)<ref>In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: {{lang|uk|бага́ття}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-багаття.ogg|[bɐˈɦɑtʲːɐ]}} 'bonfire', {{lang|uk|подру́жжя}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-подружжя.ogg|[poˈdruʒːɐ]}} 'married couple', {{lang|uk|обли́ччя}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-обличчя.ogg|[oˈblɪtʃːɐ]}} 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: {{lang|uk|лля́ний}} {{IPA|[ˈlʲːɑnɪj]}} 'flaxen', forms of the verb {{lang|uk|ли́ти}} 'to pour' ({{lang|uk|ллючи́}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ллючи.ogg|[lʲːʊˈtʃɪ]}}, {{lang|uk|ллю}} {{IPA|[lʲːu]}}, {{lang|uk|ллєш}} {{IPA|[lʲːɛʃ]}} etc.), {{lang|uk|сса́ти}} {{audio-IPA|help=no|uk-ссати.ogg|[ˈsːɑtɪ]}} 'to suck' and derivatives.{{fact}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|◌<big>⁽ʲ⁾</big>}}
| colspan="5" | optional nature of consonant palatalization before {{IPA|/i/}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Danyenko
| first1=Andrii
| last2=Vakulenko
| first2=Serhii
| year=1995
| title=Ukrainian
| publisher=Lincom Europa
| isbn=978-3-929075-08-3
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| last1=Жовтобрюх
| first1=М.А.
| last2=Кулик
| first2=Б.М.
| year=1965
| script-title=uk:Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I.
| publisher=Радянська школа
| place=Kiev
| language=uk
}}
{{refend}}

{{IPA keys}}

Revision as of 21:14, 3 March 2022

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Ukrainian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-uk}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Ukrainian contrasts palatalized "soft" and unpalatalized "hard" consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript ⟨j⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like in the [j] sound in yes.

See Ukrainian phonology for more details on the sounds of Ukrainian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximations IPA Examples English approximations
b бог[1] [bɔɦ]ⓘ boot —
d дим[1] [dɪm]ⓘ do dʲ дім, мідь[1] [d⁽ʲ⁾im]ⓘ, [midʲ] dew
dz дзе́ркало[1] [ˈdzɛrkɐlo]ⓘ pads dzʲ ґедзь, дзьоб[1] [ɡɛdzʲ]ⓘ, [dzʲɔb]ⓘ pad's yours
dʒ джміль[1] [dʒmilʲ]ⓘ jump, ridge —
f фа́рба [ˈfɑrbɐ]ⓘ fool
ɡ ґа́нок[1] [ˈɡɑnok]ⓘ good
ɣ чахохбі́лі[1] [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] between good and hood
ɦ газе́та [ɦɐˈzɛtɐ]ⓘ behind
— j йти, гай, їда́льня [jtɪ]ⓘ, [ɦɑj]ⓘ, [jiˈdɑlʲnʲɐ]ⓘ yes
k ключ [klʲutʃ]ⓘ scar —
l лось [lɔsʲ]ⓘ bell lʲ лід, сіль [l⁽ʲ⁾id]ⓘ, [s⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]ⓘ least
m мир [mɪr]ⓘ moot —
n не́бо [ˈnɛbo]ⓘ noon nʲ ні́жний, день [ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒnɪj]ⓘ, [dɛnʲ]ⓘ new
p пил [pɪl]ⓘ spare —
r лі́кар [ˈl⁽ʲ⁾ikɐr]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo rʲ рі́чка [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾itʃkɐ]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo
s суп [sup]ⓘ soup sʲ сі́но, вісь [ˈs⁽ʲ⁾ino]ⓘ, [wisʲ] suit
ʃ шпари́на, ви́ще [ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ shop —
t тин [tɪn]ⓘ star tʲ тінь, мить [t⁽ʲ⁾inʲ]ⓘ, [mɪtʲ]ⓘ stew
ts цибу́ля [tsɪˈbulʲɐ]ⓘ cats tsʲ ціна́, віне́ць [ts⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑ]ⓘ, [wiˈnɛtsʲ]ⓘ cat's young
tʃ очере́т, вище [otʃeˈrɛt]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ choose —
u̯ вчи́тель, став [ˈu̯tʃɪtelʲ]ⓘ, [stɑu̯] tow
v Афганіста́н[1] [ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn] vine
w віл [wil]ⓘ between wine and vine
x ховра́х [xou̯ˈrɑx] Bach, loch
z зуб[1] [zub]ⓘ zoo zʲ зі́ллю, рі́зьблення[1] [ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːʊ], [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾izʲblenʲːɐ]ⓘ presume
ʒ жи́то[1] [ˈʒɪto]ⓘ measure, garage —
Vowels
Stressed Unstressed
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ɑ гай [ɦɑj]ⓘ father ɐ гарма́та [ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ]ⓘ hug
ɛ день, єсть [dɛnʲ]ⓘ, [jɛsʲtʲ]ⓘ met e ефі́рний [eˈfirnɪj]ⓘ rate
i кіт, і́кла [kit]ⓘ, [ˈiklɐ] meet i біле́т [biˈlɛt]ⓘ meet
ɪ ми́ша [ˈmɪʃɐ]ⓘ bit ɪ кра́сний[2] [ˈkrɑsnɪj]ⓘ bit
ɔ по́ле, льон [ˈpɔle]ⓘ, [lʲɔn] off o ору́дний [oˈrudnɪj]ⓘ cold
u дух, лють [dux]ⓘ, [lʲutʲ]ⓘ fool ʊ туди́ [tʊˈdɪ]ⓘ put
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ◌ stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ◌ secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
◌ː gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[3]
◌⁽ʲ⁾ optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/ are voiced [b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
  2. ^ May also be realized as [e].
  3. ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття [bɐˈɦɑtʲːɐ]ⓘ 'bonfire', подру́жжя [poˈdruʒːɐ]ⓘ 'married couple', обли́ччя [oˈblɪtʃːɐ]ⓘ 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈlʲːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ [lʲːʊˈtʃɪ]ⓘ, ллю [lʲːu], ллєш [lʲːɛʃ] etc.), сса́ти [ˈsːɑtɪ]ⓘ 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed]

Bibliography

  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3.
  • Жовтобрюх, М.А.; Кулик, Б.М. (1965). Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Радянська школа.
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