Jump to content

Pain scale: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→top: restore illustration deleted as "Wrong language for the image"; a foreign-language example is still useful
m Cleaned up using AutoEd
Line 3: Line 3:
A '''pain scale''' measures a [[patient]]'s [[pain]] intensity or other features. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. Pain scales are a necessity to assist with better assessment of pain and patient screening. Pain measurements help determine the severity, type, and duration of the pain, and are used to make an accurate diagnosis, determine a treatment plan, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Accurately measuring pain is a necessity in medical settings, especially if the pain measurement is going to be used as a screening tool, either for potential diseases or medical problems, or as a type of triage to determine urgency of one patient over another.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-scale|title=Pain Scale: What It Is and How to Use It|date=2017-12-11|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Pain scales are based on trust, cartoons (behavioral), or imaginary data, and are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th [[Vital signs|Vital Sign]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npcnow.org/system/files/research/download/Pain-Current-Understanding-of-Assessment-Management-and-Treatments.pdf |title=Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments|date=December 2001 |publisher=Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc.|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>
A '''pain scale''' measures a [[patient]]'s [[pain]] intensity or other features. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. Pain scales are a necessity to assist with better assessment of pain and patient screening. Pain measurements help determine the severity, type, and duration of the pain, and are used to make an accurate diagnosis, determine a treatment plan, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Accurately measuring pain is a necessity in medical settings, especially if the pain measurement is going to be used as a screening tool, either for potential diseases or medical problems, or as a type of triage to determine urgency of one patient over another.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-scale|title=Pain Scale: What It Is and How to Use It|date=2017-12-11|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Pain scales are based on trust, cartoons (behavioral), or imaginary data, and are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th [[Vital signs|Vital Sign]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npcnow.org/system/files/research/download/Pain-Current-Understanding-of-Assessment-Management-and-Treatments.pdf |title=Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments|date=December 2001 |publisher=Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc.|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>


It is important to understand what features of pain scales are most useful, least useful, and which aid in understanding. In fact, a patient’s self-reported pain is so critical in the pain assessment method that it has been described as the “most valid measure” of pain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paincommunitycentre.org/article/pain-assessment-tools/|title=Pain Assessment Tools|website=paincommunitycentre.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Adams P | title = Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | chapter = Supporting the Self-Management of Chronic Pain Conditions with Tailored Momentary Self-Assessments | journal = Proceedings of the Sigchi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Chi Conference | publisher = Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | date=May 2017 | volume = 2017 | pages = 1065–1077 | doi = 10.1145/3025453.3025832 | pmid = 30310887| pmc = 6176683 | isbn = 9781450346559 }}</ref> The focus on patient report of pain is an essential aspect of any pain scale, but there are additional features that should be included in a pain scale. In addition to focusing on the patient’s perspective, a pain scale should also be free of bias, accurate and reliable, able to differentiate between pain and other undesired emotions, absolute not relative, and able to act as a predictor or screening tool.<ref name=":0" />
It is important to understand what features of pain scales are most useful, least useful, and which aid in understanding. In fact, a patient’s self-reported pain is so critical in the pain assessment method that it has been described as the “most valid measure” of pain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paincommunitycentre.org/article/pain-assessment-tools/|title=Pain Assessment Tools|website=paincommunitycentre.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Adams P | title = Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | chapter = Supporting the Self-Management of Chronic Pain Conditions with Tailored Momentary Self-Assessments | journal = Proceedings of the Sigchi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Chi Conference | publisher = Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | date=May 2017 | volume = 2017 | pages = 1065–1077 | doi = 10.1145/3025453.3025832 | pmid = 30310887| pmc = 6176683 | isbn = 9781450346559 }}</ref> The focus on patient report of pain is an essential aspect of any pain scale, but there are additional features that should be included in a pain scale. In addition to focusing on the patient’s perspective, a pain scale should also be free of bias, accurate and reliable, able to differentiate between pain and other undesired emotions, absolute not relative, and able to act as a predictor or screening tool.<ref name=":0" />


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
Line 31: Line 31:
== Partial list of pain measurement scales ==
== Partial list of pain measurement scales ==
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

* Alder Hey Triage Pain Score<ref name="pmid15210492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J |title=Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=625–630 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15210492 |pmc=1720010 |doi= 10.1136/adc.2003.032599}}</ref>
* Alder Hey Triage Pain Score<ref name="pmid15210492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J |title=Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=625–630 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15210492 |pmc=1720010 |doi= 10.1136/adc.2003.032599}}</ref>
* Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Payen | first = JF |author2=Bru O |author3=Bosson JL | title = Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume =29 | issue = 12 | pages = 2258–2263 | year = 2001 | doi=10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004| pmid = 11801819 | s2cid = 7656090 }}</ref>
* Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Payen | first = JF |author2=Bru O |author3=Bosson JL | title = Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume =29 | issue = 12 | pages = 2258–2263 | year = 2001 | doi=10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004| pmid = 11801819 | s2cid = 7656090 }}</ref>
* [[Brief Pain Inventory]] (BPI)<ref name="pmid8080219">{{cite journal
* [[Brief Pain Inventory]] (BPI)<ref name="pmid8080219">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Cleeland CS, Ryan KM |title=Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8080219
|vauthors=Cleeland CS, Ryan KM |title=Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8080219
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Feldt | first = KS | title = The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) | journal = Pain Management Nursing| volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 2000| pages = 13–21 | doi = 10.1053/jpmn.2000.5831 | pmid = 11706452 | s2cid = 23917628 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5a29effe64081eb6b9f22ab22678882114cf042a }}</ref>
* Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Feldt | first = KS | title = The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) | journal = Pain Management Nursing| volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 2000| pages = 13–21 | doi = 10.1053/jpmn.2000.5831 | pmid = 11706452 | s2cid = 23917628 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5a29effe64081eb6b9f22ab22678882114cf042a }}</ref>
* [[Clinical Global Impression]] (CGI)<ref name="BourdelAlves2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bourdel|first1=N.|last2=Alves|first2=J.|last3=Pickering|first3=G.|last4=Ramilo|first4=I.|last5=Roman|first5=H.|last6=Canis|first6=M.|title=Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=21|issue=1|year=2014|pages=136–152|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu046|pmid=25180023|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Clinical Global Impression]] (CGI)<ref name="BourdelAlves2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bourdel|first1=N.|last2=Alves|first2=J.|last3=Pickering|first3=G.|last4=Ramilo|first4=I.|last5=Roman|first5=H.|last6=Canis|first6=M.|title=Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=21|issue=1|year=2014|pages=136–152|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu046|pmid=25180023|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*COMFORT scale<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ambuel|first=B|author2=Hamlett KW|author3=Marx CM|author4=Blumer JL|year=1992|title=Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale|journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=95–109|doi=10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95|pmid=1545324}}</ref>
* COMFORT scale<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ambuel|first=B|author2=Hamlett KW|author3=Marx CM|author4=Blumer JL|year=1992|title=Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale|journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=95–109|doi=10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95|pmid=1545324}}</ref>
*Color Scale for Pain <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/12205-use-color-coded-scale-to-assess-children-s-pain|title=Use color-coded scale to assess children's pain|website=www.reliasmedia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Color Scale for Pain <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/12205-use-color-coded-scale-to-assess-children-s-pain|title=Use color-coded scale to assess children's pain|website=www.reliasmedia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gélinas | first = C |author2=Fillion L |author3=Puntillo KA |author4=Viens C |author5=Fortier M | title = Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients | journal = American Journal of Critical Care | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 420–427 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.420 | pmid = 16823021 }}</ref>
* Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gélinas | first = C |author2=Fillion L |author3=Puntillo KA |author4=Viens C |author5=Fortier M | title = Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients | journal = American Journal of Critical Care | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 420–427 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.420 | pmid = 16823021 }}</ref>
* Dallas Pain Questionnaire<ref>{{cite web | title=Dallas Pain Questionnaire | publisher=Workforce Safety |url=https://www.workforcesafety.com/sites/default/files/providers/Dallas_0.pdf | access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="pmid12195072">{{cite journal
* Dallas Pain Questionnaire<ref>{{cite web | title=Dallas Pain Questionnaire | publisher=Workforce Safety |url=https://www.workforcesafety.com/sites/default/files/providers/Dallas_0.pdf | access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="pmid12195072">{{cite journal
Line 52: Line 51:
* Descriptor differential scale (DDS)<ref name="pmid3226757">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM |title=The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment |journal=Pain |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |date=December 1988 |pmid=3226757 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8|s2cid=9801177 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1258467
* Descriptor differential scale (DDS)<ref name="pmid3226757">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM |title=The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment |journal=Pain |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |date=December 1988 |pmid=3226757 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8|s2cid=9801177 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1258467
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Dolorimeter]] Pain Index (DPI)<ref name=Hardy1952>{{cite book
* [[Dolorimeter]] Pain Index (DPI)<ref name=Hardy1952>{{cite book
| author = Hardy, J.D. | author2= Wolff, H.G. | author3= Goodell, H. | year = 1952 | title = Pain Sensations and Reactions | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co | location = Baltimore |asin=B0006ASZ92
| author = Hardy, J.D. | author2= Wolff, H.G. | author3= Goodell, H. | year = 1952 | title = Pain Sensations and Reactions | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co | location = Baltimore |asin=B0006ASZ92
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Edmonton Symptom Assessment System<ref name="ESAS">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K |title=The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients |journal=J Palliat Care |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=6–9 |year=1991 |pmid=1714502 |doi= 10.1177/082585979100700202|s2cid=26165154 }}</ref><ref name="ESAS_review_2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C |title=The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006) |journal=Palliat Med |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=111–22 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18372376 |doi=10.1177/0269216307087659 |s2cid=41926711 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8aa8f62123d8cfbe020d69352e10202485d89283}}</ref><ref name="ESAS_review_2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Richardson LA, Jones GW |title=A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System |journal=Curr Oncol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=55 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19229371 |pmc=2644623 |doi= 10.3747/co.v16i1.261}}</ref>
* Edmonton Symptom Assessment System<ref name="ESAS">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K |title=The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients |journal=J Palliat Care |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=6–9 |year=1991 |pmid=1714502 |doi= 10.1177/082585979100700202|s2cid=26165154 }}</ref><ref name="ESAS_review_2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C |title=The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006) |journal=Palliat Med |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=111–22 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18372376 |doi=10.1177/0269216307087659 |s2cid=41926711 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8aa8f62123d8cfbe020d69352e10202485d89283}}</ref><ref name="ESAS_review_2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Richardson LA, Jones GW |title=A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System |journal=Curr Oncol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=55 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19229371 |pmc=2644623 |doi= 10.3747/co.v16i1.261}}</ref>
*[[FLACC scale|Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale]]
* [[FLACC scale|Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale]]
*Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R)<ref name="pmid11427329">{{cite journal
* Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R)<ref name="pmid11427329">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B |title=The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement |journal=Pain |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=173–83 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11427329 |doi= 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1|s2cid=31086827 }}[http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html Instructions in many languages and images]</ref>
|vauthors=Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B |title=The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement |journal=Pain |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=173–83 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11427329 |doi= 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1|s2cid=31086827 }}[http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html Instructions in many languages and images]</ref>
*Global Pain Scale<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paindoctor.com/global-pain-scale/|title=Global Pain Scale|last=Doctor|first=Pain|website=Pain Doctor|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Global Pain Scale<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paindoctor.com/global-pain-scale/|title=Global Pain Scale|last=Doctor|first=Pain|website=Pain Doctor|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Lequesne algofunctional index: a composite measure of pain and disability, with separate self-report questionnaires for hip and knee OA (osteoarthritis):<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
* Lequesne algofunctional index: a composite measure of pain and disability, with separate self-report questionnaires for hip and knee OA (osteoarthritis):<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
**Original index (1987)<ref name="Lequesne1987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lequesne M, Mery C, etal |title=Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee|journal=Scand J Rheumatol|volume=65|issue=Supplement 65 |pages=85–89 |year=1987|doi=10.3109/03009748709102182|pmid=3479839|s2cid=13138269|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81dced88f2bfbbe53efbab93664437eb4b6f9970}}</ref>
** Original index (1987)<ref name="Lequesne1987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lequesne M, Mery C, etal |title=Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee|journal=Scand J Rheumatol|volume=65|issue=Supplement 65 |pages=85–89 |year=1987|doi=10.3109/03009748709102182|pmid=3479839|s2cid=13138269|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81dced88f2bfbbe53efbab93664437eb4b6f9970}}</ref>
**1991 revision<ref name="Lequesne1991">{{cite journal |author=Lequesne M |title=Indices of severity and disease activity for osteoarthritis|journal=Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=20 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=48–54 |year=1991 |doi=10.1016/0049-0172(91)90027-w|pmid=1866630}}</ref>
** 1991 revision<ref name="Lequesne1991">{{cite journal |author=Lequesne M |title=Indices of severity and disease activity for osteoarthritis|journal=Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism|volume=20 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=48–54 |year=1991 |doi=10.1016/0049-0172(91)90027-w|pmid=1866630}}</ref>
**1997 revision<ref name="Lequesne1997">{{cite journal |author=Lequesne MG |title=The algofunctional indices for hip and knee osteoarthritis|journal=J Rheumatol|volume=24 |pages=779–781 |year=1997|issue=4|pmid=9101517}}</ref>
** 1997 revision<ref name="Lequesne1997">{{cite journal |author=Lequesne MG |title=The algofunctional indices for hip and knee osteoarthritis|journal=J Rheumatol|volume=24 |pages=779–781 |year=1997|issue=4|pmid=9101517}}</ref>
* Mankoski Pain Scale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.upnaway.com/~poliowa/Pain%20Scale.html|title=Pain Scale|website=members.upnaway.com|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Mankoski Pain Scale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.upnaway.com/~poliowa/Pain%20Scale.html|title=Pain Scale|website=members.upnaway.com|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
*[[McGill Pain Questionnaire]] (MPQ)<ref name="pmid1235985">{{cite journal |author=Melzack R |title=The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods |journal=Pain |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=277–99 |date=September 1975 |pmid=1235985 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5|s2cid=20562841 }}</ref>
* [[McGill Pain Questionnaire]] (MPQ)<ref name="pmid1235985">{{cite journal |author=Melzack R |title=The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods |journal=Pain |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=277–99 |date=September 1975 |pmid=1235985 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5|s2cid=20562841 }}</ref>
*Multiple Pain Rating Scales<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.painscale.com/|title=Multiple Pain Rating Scales - back, leg, neck, migraine|access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>
* Multiple Pain Rating Scales<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.painscale.com/|title=Multiple Pain Rating Scales - back, leg, neck, migraine|access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>
* Neck Pain and Disability Scale –NPAD<ref name="OARSI pain indexes">{{cite web |title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes |publisher=[[OARSI]] |url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain |access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref>
* Neck Pain and Disability Scale –NPAD<ref name="OARSI pain indexes">{{cite web |title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes |publisher=[[OARSI]] |url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain |access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref>
* Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)<ref name="pmid2520397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS |title=The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2520397 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-198906000-00005|s2cid=31102020
* Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)<ref name="pmid2520397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS |title=The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2520397 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-198906000-00005|s2cid=31102020
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)<ref name="pmid17166126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S |title=The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? |journal=Pain Pract |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–6 |date=December 2003 |pmid=17166126 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x
* Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)<ref name="pmid17166126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S |title=The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? |journal=Pain Pract |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–6 |date=December 2003 |pmid=17166126 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x
|s2cid=40284276 }}</ref>
|s2cid=40284276 }}</ref>
* [[Oswestry Disability Index]]
* [[Oswestry Disability Index]]
Line 79: Line 78:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS)<ref name=Higginson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Higginson IJ, McCarthy M |title=Validity of the support team assessment schedule: do staffs' ratings reflect those made by patients or their families? |journal=Palliat Med |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=219–28 |year=1993 |pmid=7505183 |doi= 10.1177/026921639300700309|s2cid=23476645 }}</ref>
* Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS)<ref name=Higginson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Higginson IJ, McCarthy M |title=Validity of the support team assessment schedule: do staffs' ratings reflect those made by patients or their families? |journal=Palliat Med |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=219–28 |year=1993 |pmid=7505183 |doi= 10.1177/026921639300700309|s2cid=23476645 }}</ref>
*Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale (WIPS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whartonips.com/|title=Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale|website=Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale information site|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>
* Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale (WIPS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whartonips.com/|title=Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale|website=Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale information site|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>
*[[Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wongbakerfaces.org |title =Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation |access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref>
* [[Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wongbakerfaces.org |title =Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation |access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref>
* [[Visual analog scale]] (VAS)<ref name="pmid6184474">{{cite journal |author=Huskisson EC |title=Measurement of pain |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=768–9 |year=1982 |pmid=6184474 }}</ref>
* [[Visual analog scale]] (VAS)<ref name="pmid6184474">{{cite journal |author=Huskisson EC |title=Measurement of pain |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=768–9 |year=1982 |pmid=6184474 }}</ref>


===Specialized tests===
===Specialized tests===
* Abbey pain scale for people with end-stage dementia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abbey|first=Jennifer|date=January 2004|title=The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia.|journal=International Journal of Palliative Nursing|volume=10|issue=1|pages=6–13|pmid=14966439|doi=10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.1.12013}}</ref>
* Abbey pain scale for people with end-stage dementia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abbey|first=Jennifer|date=January 2004|title=The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia.|journal=International Journal of Palliative Nursing|volume=10|issue=1|pages=6–13|pmid=14966439|doi=10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.1.12013}}</ref>
*AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes.<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
* AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes.<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
*Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)<ref name="pmid12488689">{{cite journal|author=Salmore R|year=2002|title=Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures|journal=Gastroenterol Nurs|volume=25|issue=6|pages=257–62|doi=10.1097/00001610-200211000-00007|pmid=12488689|s2cid=22569187}}</ref>
* Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)<ref name="pmid12488689">{{cite journal|author=Salmore R|year=2002|title=Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures|journal=Gastroenterol Nurs|volume=25|issue=6|pages=257–62|doi=10.1097/00001610-200211000-00007|pmid=12488689|s2cid=22569187}}</ref>
*CPOT For those who can’t self report<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdcalc.com/critical-care-pain-observation-tool-cpot|title=Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)|website=MDCalc|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* CPOT For those who can’t self report<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mdcalc.com/critical-care-pain-observation-tool-cpot|title=Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)|website=MDCalc|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
*Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OARSI-OMERACT) Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
* Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OARSI-OMERACT) Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
*Oucher Scale for Pediatrics<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oucher.org/the_scales.html|title=How to use the Oucher|website=www.oucher.org|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Oucher Scale for Pediatrics<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oucher.org/the_scales.html|title=How to use the Oucher|website=www.oucher.org|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
*[[Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)]]
* [[Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)]]
*Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)<ref name="pmid3822493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V |title=The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Pain |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3822493 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6|s2cid=246622 }}</ref> for measuring pain in children
* Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)<ref name="pmid3822493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V |title=The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Pain |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3822493 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6|s2cid=246622 }}</ref> for measuring pain in children
* Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)<ref name="pmid10617258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A |title=Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10617258 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006}}</ref> for measuring pain in [[Premature birth|premature infants]]
* Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)<ref name="pmid10617258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A |title=Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10617258 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006}}</ref> for measuring pain in [[Premature birth|premature infants]]
* [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]<ref name=Schmidt1990>{{cite book |author1=Schmidt, Justin O. |author2=Evans, David |title=Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; ''chapter in'' Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= 387–419 |isbn=0-88706-896-0 }}</ref> and [[Starr sting pain scale]]<ref name=Starr1985>{{cite journal | author = Starr, C.K. | year = 1985 | title = A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings | journal = Journal of Entomological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–231| doi = 10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.225 }}</ref> both for insect stings
* [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]<ref name=Schmidt1990>{{cite book |author1=Schmidt, Justin O. |author2=Evans, David |title=Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; ''chapter in'' Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= 387–419 |isbn=0-88706-896-0 }}</ref> and [[Starr sting pain scale]]<ref name=Starr1985>{{cite journal | author = Starr, C.K. | year = 1985 | title = A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings | journal = Journal of Entomological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–231| doi = 10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.225 }}</ref> both for insect stings
*WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />
* WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.<ref name="OARSI pain indexes" />


==Numeric rating scale==
==Numeric rating scale==
The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11-point scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is based solely on the ability to perform [[Activities of daily living|activities of daily living]] (ADLs) and can be used for adults and children 10 years old or older.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://painconsortium.nih.gov/pain_scales/NumericRatingScale.pdf |title= Pain Intensity Instruments |publisher= National Institutes of Health – Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center |date= July 2003 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6Ag75MDIq?url=http://painconsortium.nih.gov/pain_scales/NumericRatingScale.pdf |archive-date= 2012-09-14}}</ref>
The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11-point scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is based solely on the ability to perform [[activities of daily living]] (ADLs) and can be used for adults and children 10 years old or older.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://painconsortium.nih.gov/pain_scales/NumericRatingScale.pdf |title= Pain Intensity Instruments |publisher= National Institutes of Health – Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center |date= July 2003 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6Ag75MDIq?url=http://painconsortium.nih.gov/pain_scales/NumericRatingScale.pdf |archive-date= 2012-09-14}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"

Revision as of 14:13, 4 March 2022

A Chinese pain scale diagram, rating pain on a scale of 1 to 10

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. Pain scales are a necessity to assist with better assessment of pain and patient screening. Pain measurements help determine the severity, type, and duration of the pain, and are used to make an accurate diagnosis, determine a treatment plan, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Accurately measuring pain is a necessity in medical settings, especially if the pain measurement is going to be used as a screening tool, either for potential diseases or medical problems, or as a type of triage to determine urgency of one patient over another.[1] Pain scales are based on trust, cartoons (behavioral), or imaginary data, and are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th Vital Sign".[2]

It is important to understand what features of pain scales are most useful, least useful, and which aid in understanding. In fact, a patient’s self-reported pain is so critical in the pain assessment method that it has been described as the “most valid measure” of pain.[3][4] The focus on patient report of pain is an essential aspect of any pain scale, but there are additional features that should be included in a pain scale. In addition to focusing on the patient’s perspective, a pain scale should also be free of bias, accurate and reliable, able to differentiate between pain and other undesired emotions, absolute not relative, and able to act as a predictor or screening tool.[3]

Examples of pain scales
Self-report Observational Physiological
Infant — Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale —
Child Faces Pain Scale – Revised;[5] Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale[6] FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale)[7] Comfort; Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale
Adult Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS); Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS); Brief Pain Inventory Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale

Partial list of pain measurement scales

Specialized tests

  • Abbey pain scale for people with end-stage dementia[41]
  • AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes.[25]
  • Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)[42]
  • CPOT For those who can’t self report[43]
  • Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OARSI-OMERACT) Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain[25]
  • Oucher Scale for Pediatrics[44]
  • Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)
  • Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)[45] for measuring pain in children
  • Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)[46] for measuring pain in premature infants
  • Schmidt Sting Pain Index[47] and Starr sting pain scale[48] both for insect stings
  • WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.[25]

Numeric rating scale

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11-point scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is based solely on the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and can be used for adults and children 10 years old or older.[49]

Rating Pain Level
0 No Pain
1–3 Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with ADLs)
4–6 Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs)
7–10 Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)

Pain interferes with a person's ability to perform ADLs. Pain also interferes with a person's ability to concentrate, and to think. A sufficiently strong pain can be disabling on a person's concentration and coherent thought, even though it is not strong enough to prevent that person's performance of ADLs. However, there is no system available for measuring concentration and thought.

In endometriosis

The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS). A review came to the conclusion that VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, the review suggested use of VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale.[12]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Pain Scale: What It Is and How to Use It". Healthline. 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  2. ^ "Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments" (PDF). Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc. December 2001. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  3. ^ a b "Pain Assessment Tools". paincommunitycentre.org.
  4. ^ Adams P (May 2017). "Supporting the Self-Management of Chronic Pain Conditions with Tailored Momentary Self-Assessments". Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vol. 2017. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 1065–1077. doi:10.1145/3025453.3025832. ISBN 9781450346559. PMC 6176683. PMID 30310887. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007.
  6. ^ Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (November 2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain. 125 (1–2): 143–57. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.006. PMID 16777328. S2CID 406102.
  7. ^ von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain. 127 (1–2): 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.014. PMID 16996689. S2CID 207307157.
  8. ^ Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J (July 2004). "Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (7): 625–630. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.032599. PMC 1720010. PMID 15210492.
  9. ^ Payen, JF; Bru O; Bosson JL (2001). "Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale". Critical Care Medicine. 29 (12): 2258–2263. doi:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004. PMID 11801819. S2CID 7656090.
  10. ^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219.
  11. ^ Feldt, KS (2000). "The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)". Pain Management Nursing. 1 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1053/jpmn.2000.5831. PMID 11706452. S2CID 23917628.
  12. ^ a b Bourdel, N.; Alves, J.; Pickering, G.; Ramilo, I.; Roman, H.; Canis, M. (2014). "Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (1): 136–152. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu046. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 25180023.
  13. ^ Ambuel, B; Hamlett KW; Marx CM; Blumer JL (1992). "Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 17 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95. PMID 1545324.
  14. ^ "Use color-coded scale to assess children's pain". www.reliasmedia.com. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  15. ^ Gélinas, C; Fillion L; Puntillo KA; Viens C; Fortier M (2006). "Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients". American Journal of Critical Care. 15 (4): 420–427. doi:10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.420. PMID 16823021.
  16. ^ "Dallas Pain Questionnaire" (PDF). Workforce Safety. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  17. ^ Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F (2002). "Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population". Spine. 27 (16): 1783–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-200208150-00018. PMID 12195072. S2CID 24544669.
  18. ^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain. 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757. S2CID 9801177.
  19. ^ Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92.
  20. ^ Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K (1991). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients". J Palliat Care. 7 (2): 6–9. doi:10.1177/082585979100700202. PMID 1714502. S2CID 26165154.
  21. ^ Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C (March 2008). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006)". Palliat Med. 22 (2): 111–22. doi:10.1177/0269216307087659. PMID 18372376. S2CID 41926711.
  22. ^ Richardson LA, Jones GW (January 2009). "A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System". Curr Oncol. 16 (1): 55. doi:10.3747/co.v16i1.261. PMC 2644623. PMID 19229371.
  23. ^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain. 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. S2CID 31086827.Instructions in many languages and images
  24. ^ Doctor, Pain. "Global Pain Scale". Pain Doctor. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  25. ^ a b c d e "OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes". OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  26. ^ Lequesne M, Mery C, et al. (1987). "Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee". Scand J Rheumatol. 65 (Supplement 65): 85–89. doi:10.3109/03009748709102182. PMID 3479839. S2CID 13138269.
  27. ^ Lequesne M (1991). "Indices of severity and disease activity for osteoarthritis". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 20 (Supplement 2): 48–54. doi:10.1016/0049-0172(91)90027-w. PMID 1866630.
  28. ^ Lequesne MG (1997). "The algofunctional indices for hip and knee osteoarthritis". J Rheumatol. 24 (4): 779–781. PMID 9101517.
  29. ^ "Pain Scale". members.upnaway.com. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  30. ^ Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain. 1 (3): 277–99. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5. PMID 1235985. S2CID 20562841.
  31. ^ "Multiple Pain Rating Scales - back, leg, neck, migraine". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  32. ^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (June 1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain. 5 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1097/00002508-198906000-00005. PMID 2520397. S2CID 31102020.
  33. ^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (December 2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract. 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126. S2CID 40284276.
  34. ^ Hearn J, Higginson IJ (December 1999). "Development and validation of a core outcome measure for palliative care: the palliative care outcome scale. Palliative Care Core Audit Project Advisory Group". Qual Health Care. 8 (4): 219–27. doi:10.1136/qshc.8.4.219. PMC 2483665. PMID 10847883.
  35. ^ Paul W Stratford; Jill M Binkley; Daniel L Riddle; Gordon H Guyatt (1998). "Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1". Phys Ther. 78 (11): 1186–1196. doi:10.1093/ptj/78.11.1186. PMID 9806623.
  36. ^ Schulte TL, Schubert T, Winter C, Brandes M, Hackenberg L, Wassmann H, Liem D, Rosenbaum D, Bullmann V (2010). "Step activity monitoring in lumbar stenosis patients undergoing decompressive surgery". European Spine Journal. 19 (11). swetswise.com: 1855–64. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1324-y. PMC 2989265. PMID 20186442.
  37. ^ Higginson IJ, McCarthy M (1993). "Validity of the support team assessment schedule: do staffs' ratings reflect those made by patients or their families?". Palliat Med. 7 (3): 219–28. doi:10.1177/026921639300700309. PMID 7505183. S2CID 23476645.
  38. ^ "Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale". Wharton Impairment and Pain Scale information site. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  39. ^ "Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation". Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  40. ^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474.
  41. ^ Abbey, Jennifer (January 2004). "The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia". International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 10 (1): 6–13. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.1.12013. PMID 14966439.
  42. ^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs. 25 (6): 257–62. doi:10.1097/00001610-200211000-00007. PMID 12488689. S2CID 22569187.
  43. ^ "Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)". MDCalc. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  44. ^ "How to use the Oucher". www.oucher.org. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  45. ^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (January 1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain. 28 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6. PMID 3822493. S2CID 246622.
  46. ^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (December 1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain. 15 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006. PMID 10617258.
  47. ^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. pp. 387–419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0.
  48. ^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science. 20 (2): 225–231. doi:10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.225.
  49. ^ "Pain Intensity Instruments" (PDF). National Institutes of Health – Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-14.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pain_scale&oldid=1075205911"