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In 1893, he was named general-in-chief of the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|Army of Africa]] in the [[First Melillan campaign]], and agreed to a peace treaty (Peace of [[Melilla]]) with the Sultan of Morocco in 1894. In 1893, he survived an assassination attempt.
In 1893, he was named general-in-chief of the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|Army of Africa]] in the [[First Melillan campaign]], and agreed to a peace treaty (Peace of [[Melilla]]) with the Sultan of Morocco in 1894. In 1893, he survived an assassination attempt.


==Cuban War of Independence==
==Cuban War of Independence== (The Spanish-American War)
Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July. However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order [[ethnic cleansing]] and resigned his post and was replaced by [[Valeriano Weyler]].<ref name="OneLongNight">{{cite book |last1=Pitzer |first1=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |date=September 2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=9780316303583 |pages=18–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0PTDQAAQBAJ&q=one+long+night |access-date=25 January 2020 |language=en|author-link=Andrea Pitzer}}</ref>
Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July. However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order [[ethnic cleansing]] and resigned his post and was replaced by [[Valeriano Weyler]].<ref name="OneLongNight">{{cite book |last1=Pitzer |first1=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |date=September 2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=9780316303583 |pages=18–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0PTDQAAQBAJ&q=one+long+night |access-date=25 January 2020 |language=en|author-link=Andrea Pitzer}}</ref>


Revision as of 20:50, 4 March 2022

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Martínez-Campos and the second or maternal family name is Antón.
The Most Excellent
Arsenio Martínez-Campos
Portrait by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz (1889)
Prime Minister of Spain
In office
7 March 1879 – 9 December 1879
MonarchAlfonso XII
Preceded byAntonio Cánovas del Castillo
Succeeded byAntonio Cánovas del Castillo
Personal details
Born
Arsenio Martínez y Campos

14 December 1831
Segovia, Spain
Died23 September 1900
Zarauz, Spain
Political partyConservative Party (1831-1871)
Other political
affiliations		Liberals (1871-1900)
ProfessionSpanish Armed Forces
Signature
Military service
AllegianceKingdom of Spain
Branch/serviceSpanish Royal Army
RankGeneral-in-Chief/General

Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, born Martínez y Campos (14 December 1831, in Segovia, Spain – 23 September 1900, in Zarauz, Spain), was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. The soldier and politician took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the Third Carlist War.[1]

Education and early military career

Historians say that Martinez had a net worth of 200k in the 1860s and that his money is yet available to be returned to his descendants. Colleges like Duke say that "His descendants are yet to be found but some say there are somewhere in Cuba since he had his kids there and his great-great-grandson is even called Eduardo Martinez".But Congress states in the Declaration of independents "after 5 generations money can not be returned to the descendants" so if this so-called "Eduardo" dies then it can not be given this son, In 1860, he was sent to Africa to take part in the Tetuán War in Morocco, and he distinguished himself in 16 actions, obtaining the Cross of San Fernando and the rank of lieutenant colonel.[2] He also took part in the Mexican 1861 campaign against urban rebels under General Juan Prim in a joint expedition along with France and Britain.[1]

Ten Years' War

After the Revolution of 1868, Martínez Campos requested a posting to Cuba, where he fought against the rebels in 1869 in the Ten Years' War, gaining the rank of brigadier general.[3] Success in this war was often a matter of perception. The Spanish Army, after taking massive losses, would take the field in bayonet charges.

Despite technically winning, the Spanish losses against the Cuban rebels would make the Cubans consider the action to be a victory for the body count and then withdraw. The Cubans also knew that movements of Spanish in the field raised the exposure of the Spanish forces to yellow fever and other tropical diseases, which would hurt the enemy even further. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210 Perceived as too soft to win, he was displaced by the ruthless Blas Villate, Count of Balmaceda,[4] who proceeded with a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing, "The Rising Flood of Valmaseda."

Political and military intrigue in Spain

In 1872, Martínez Campos returned to Spain, where he backed the coup d'état led by Manuel Pavía. There, he took charge of several brigades to fight the Carlist uprisings with little success. Then, he was put in charge of the Valencian army, fighting independent forces in Alicante and Cartagena.

The chaotic situation in Spain caused him to plot against the Republic and for Alfonso XII, son of the exiled Isabel II.

Though Martínez Campos made no secret of his designs, Marshal Serrano in 1874 appointed him to the command of a division, which took part in the relief of Bilbao on 2 May and in the operations around Estella-Lizarra in June. On both occasions, Martínez Campos tried in vain to induce the other commanders to proclaim Alfonso XII. He was quartered in Ávila under surveillance but managed to escape and hid in Madrid.[2]

On 29 December 1874, Martínez Campos led a coup d'état in Sagunto to restore the throne to Alfonso XII. Later, he was named Captain General of Catalonia after defeating the Carlists there, ending the civil war,[3] and in Navarre in the Restoration.

Governor of Cuba

He was made captain general (governor) of Cuba in 1876. His reputation as a noble warrior allowed him to arrange a peace treaty (Paz de Zanjón) with the war-weary Cuban rebels in 1878. The treaty granted more autonomy to Cuba and freedom to rebels who had been slaves, and, a few years afterward, it led to the complete abolition of slavery on the island.

Returning to Spain, after presiding over a conservative government in 1879 as Cánovas's puppet, he was forced to leave the Conservative Party since he favoured granting total freedom to all races in Spain.

He turned to the Liberals. As Minister for War under Sagasta, he founded the General Military Academy. After the death of King Alfonso in 1885, Martínez Campos steadily supported the regency of Queen Maria Christina and held high commands but declined to take office.[2]

Monument to Martínez-Campos in Madrid (M. Benlliure, 1907).

First Melillan campaign

In 1893, he was named general-in-chief of the Army of Africa in the First Melillan campaign, and agreed to a peace treaty (Peace of Melilla) with the Sultan of Morocco in 1894. In 1893, he survived an assassination attempt.

==Cuban War of Independence== (The Spanish-American War) Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July. However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order ethnic cleansing and resigned his post and was replaced by Valeriano Weyler.[5]

Days after the defeat, Campos sent a letter to the Spanish prime minister outlining a strategy by which hundreds of thousands of rural Cubans could be "reconcentrated" behind trenches and barbed wire in Spanish-held towns, isolating the insurgents in the countryside and cutting the support to the rebels given throughout the war by the rural population. However, Campos refused to implement this tactic himself, refusing to raise the stakes of an already brutal campaign. Campos offered to hand over his imperial post.[5]

Return to Spain and death

Martínez Campos returned to Spain, where he was named president of the Supreme War and Navy Council until his death, in 1900. Weyler's tactics were at first successful, but eventually contributed to US intervention and the Spanish–American War.

References

  1. ^ a b "Arsenio Martínez Campos". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2007.
  2. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Campos, Arsenio Martinez de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
  3. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ White, Trumbull (1898). "Our War with Spain for Cuba's Freedom".
  5. ^ a b Pitzer, Andrea (September 2017). One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9780316303583. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

Sources

  • Anon. (1906) Monumento al general Martínez Campos, Madrid : Establecimiento Tipografico "El Trabajo", 580 p.
  • Navarro Martin, Antonio (1878) Opúsculo sobre la Pacificacion de Cuba, acompañado ... de los festejos de la paz y biografía ... de su ilustre pacificador ... D. Arsenio Martinez de Campos, México, 78 p.
  • Tone, John Lawrence (2006) War and genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898, Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-3006-2
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