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[[Category:Adawiyya Sufi Order]]
[[Category:Adawiyya Sufi Order]]
[[Category:Burials in Iraq]]
[[Category:Burials in Iraq]]
[[Category:Deified people]]
[[Category:Founders of Sufi orders]]
[[Category:Muslim saints]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars]]
[[Category:12th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Sunni fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:11th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:11th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:12th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:12th-century Arabs]]

Revision as of 23:21, 10 March 2022

Sheikh Adi
Adī ibn Musāfir
The sarcophag of Sheikh Adi
Born1072-1078
Baalbek, Lebanon
Died1162
Lalish, Iraq
Resting placeLalish, Iraq
EraLater Abbasid era
PredecessorNone
SuccessorSakhr Abu l-Barakat
Shrine of Sheikh 'Adi in the Valley of Lalish.

‘Adī ibn Musāfir (Template:Lang-ku, Template:Lang-ar born 1072-1078, died 1162)[1] was a Yazidi[2][3][4] sheikh of Arab origin,[5] considered a Yazidi saint.[6] The Yazidis consider him as an avatar of Tawûsê Melek, which means "Peacock Angel". His tomb at Lalish, Iraq is a focal point of Yazidi pilgrimage.[7][8]

Biography

Sheikh Adi was born in the 1070s in the village of Bait Far, in the Beqaa Valley of present-day Lebanon.[9] ‘Adī's house of his birth is a place of pious pilgrimage to this day.[10] Descending from the family of Marwan I, the Caliph of the Umayyads, he was raised in a muslim environment.[9] His early life he spent in Baghdad, where he became a disciple of the Muslim mystic Ahmad Ghazali, among his fellow students in Ghazali's circle were the Muslim mystics Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi and Abdul Qadir Gilani;[11] with the latter he undertook a journey to Mecca.[1] With time he became a teacher himself.[12] He chose an ascetic way of life, left Baghdad and settled in Lalish.[13] Despite his desire for seclusion, he impressed the local population with his asceticism and miracles.[14][15] He became well known in present-day Iraq and Syria and disciples moved to the valley of Lalish to live close to Sheikh Adi. Following he founded the Adawiyya order.[16] The Valley of Lalish is located within the environs of the village of Ba'adra, 20 miles to the east of the Nestorian convent of Rabban-Hormizd.[17] Before he died, he named his successor his nephew Sakhr Abu l-Barakat.[18]

Physically, he was said to be very tanned and of middle stature. He lived and ascetic lifestyle in the mountains in the region north of Mosul not far from the local Hakkari Kurds. As people flocked to his residency in the hills, he would end up founding a religious order later referred to as al-'Adawiyya ('the followers of 'Adi'). He died between 1162 CE (557 Hijra) and 1160 CE (555 Hijra)[1] in the hermitage that he had built with his followers in the mountain.

According to some sources, he established the Sufi Adawiyya order.[19]

Some Muslims respect him as one of the pioneers of asceticism and the scholars of Sufism who held firmly to the Quran and Sunnah.[20]

Aftermath and legacy

This hermitage within the Valley of Lalish, would continue to be occupied by his followers and his descendants until the present day despite periods of unrest, destruction, and persecution by outsiders.[21] In 1254, as a result of a violent conflict with the members of the Adawiyya order, the Atabeg of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu ordered the bones of Sheikh Adi to be exhumed and burned.[22] As the holiest site in the Yezidi religion, his tomb (marked by three conical cupolas) still attracts a great number of people even outside holy festivals and pilgrimages. Nightly processions by torch light include exhibitions of the green colored pall, which covers the tomb; and the distribution of large trays with smoking harisa (a ragout with coagulated milk).

Books of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir

Four books attributed to Sheikh Adi have been preserved:[23]

  1. The doctrine of the Sunnis (Template:Lang-ar)
  2. The Book of the formation of the soul (Template:Lang-ar)
  3. Instructions of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir to the successor (Template:Lang-ar)
  4. Instructions to his disciple, the leading sheikh, and the other murids (Template:Lang-ar). This book focus on several issues but are in lone with Islamic teaching, which according to the Hanbali scholar Ibn Taymiyyah describes Sheikh Adi as a "sincere Muslim who followed the Sunnah of the Prophet".[24]

Succession

Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir
Preceded by
(None)
 Shaikh of the ‘Adawiyya Ṣūfī Order Succeeded by

References

  1. ^ a b c Lescot, Roger (1975). Enquête sur les Yézidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjâr. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 22.
  2. ^ Bocheńska, Joanna (2018). Rediscovering Kurdistan’s Cultures and Identities. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 261. ISBN 978-3-319-93087-9.
  3. ^ Leppakari, Maria (2017). Pilgrimage and Tourism to Holy Cities: Ideological and Management Perspectives. CABI. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-78064-738-8.
  4. ^ "The Yezidis, People of the Spoken Word in the midst of People of the Book". Diogenes. 22 September 1999. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  5. ^ Artur Rodziewicz (2018). The Nation of the Sur: The Yezidi Identity Between Modern and Ancient Myth. p. 269.
  6. ^ "Yazīdīs - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  7. ^ Spät, Eszter (2005), The Yezidis (2 ed.), London: Saqi, ISBN 0-86356-593-X
  8. ^ Langer, Robert (2010). "Yezidism between Scholarly Literature and Actual Practice: From 'Heterodox' Islam and 'Syncretism' to the Formation of a Transnational Yezidi 'Orthodoxy'". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 37 (3): 397. ISSN 1353-0194.
  9. ^ a b Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Rashow, Khalil Jindy; Jindī, Khalīl (2005). God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from the Yezidi Tradition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-447-05300-6.
  10. ^ The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. Holland: EJ Brill. 1913. pp. 136–137.
  11. ^ Victoria Arakelova, Garnik S.Asatrian (2014). The Religion of the Peacock angel The Yezidis and their spirit world. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84465-761-2.
  12. ^ "Religion as a social bond". The Hindu. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  13. ^ Lescot, Roger (1975). Enquête sur les Yézidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjâr. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 24.
  14. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G; Jindy Rashow, Khalil (2005), God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from the Yezidi Tradition, Iranica, vol. 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-05300-3
  15. ^ "Yezidi Reformer: Sheikh Adi". The Truth about the Yezidis. YezidiTruth.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  16. ^ Lescot, Roger (1975). Enquête sur les Yézidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjâr. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 29.
  17. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Rashow, Khalil Jindy; Jindī, Khalīl (2005). God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from the Yezidi Tradition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-447-05300-6.
  18. ^ Lescot, Roger (1975). Enquête sur les Yézidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjâr. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 33.
  19. ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2001). "Sufi Saints in the Yezidi Tradition I: Qawlē H'usēyīnī H'alāj̆". Iran & the Caucasus. 5: 183. ISSN 1609-8498.
  20. ^ Mawlana ‘Abd al-Hafiz al-Makki (20 September 2015). "Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah and Sufism". Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  21. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (1995). Yezidism: Its Background, Observances, and Textual tradition. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. pp. 27–44. ISBN 9780773490048.
  22. ^ Lescot, Roger (1975). Enquête sur les Yézidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjâr. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 102.
  23. ^ Dulz, Irene (2001). Die Yeziden Im Irak Zwischen Modelldorf und Flucht. Lit Verlag Münster. p. 32. ISBN 3-8258-5704-2.
  24. ^ "Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir". Memim Encyclopedia. 22 September 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
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