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The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Caenolestidae''' contains the seven surviving species of '''shrew opossum''': small, [[shrew]]-like [[marsupial]]s that are confined to the [[Andes]] mountains of [[South America]].<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Paucituberculata | heading = Family Caenolestidae | id = 10500002 | pages = 19–20}}</ref> The order is thought to have diverged from the ancestral marsupial line very early. They were once included in the superorder but it is now known that Ameridelphia is [[paraphyletic]], having given rise to [[Australidelphia]], and thus could be considered an [[evolutionary grade]].<ref name = "Nilsson" /> Genetic studies indicate that they are the second most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] order of marsupials, after the [[didelphimorph]]s.<ref name = "Nilsson">{{Cite journal | last = Nilsson | first = M. A. |author2=Churakov, G.|author3=, Sommer, M.|author4=Van Tran, N.|author5=Zemann, A.|author6=Brosius, J.|author7= Schmitz, J. | title = Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions | journal = [[PLoS Biology]] | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e1000436 | date = 2010-07-27 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 | pmid=20668664 | pmc=2910653}}</ref> As recently as 20 million years ago, at least seven genera were in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the High Andes.
'''The [[family (biology)|family]] Caenolestidae contains the seven surviving species of shrew opossum: small, [[shrew]]-like [[marsupial]]s that are confined to the [[Andes]] mountains of [[South America]].<ref name="msw3">{{MSW3 Paucituberculata | heading = Family Caenolestidae | id = 10500002 | pages = 19–20}}</ref> The order is thought to have diverged from the ancestral marsupial line very early. They were once included in the superorder but it is now known that Ameridelphia is [[paraphyletic]], having given rise to [[Australidelphia]], and thus could be considered an [[evolutionary grade]].<ref name="Nilsson" /> Genetic studies indicate that they are the second most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] order of marsupials, after the [[didelphimorph]]s.<ref name="Nilsson">{{Cite journal | last = Nilsson | first = M. A. |author2=Churakov, G.|author3=, Sommer, M.|author4=Van Tran, N.|author5=Zemann, A.|author6=Brosius, J.|author7= Schmitz, J. | title = Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions | journal = [[PLoS Biology]] | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e1000436 | date = 2010-07-27 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 | pmid=20668664 | pmc=2910653}}</ref> As recently as 20 million years ago, at least seven genera were in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the High Andes.'''


Shrews were entirely absent from South America until the [[Great American Interchange]] three million years ago, and are currently present only in the northwestern part of the continent. Traditionally, it was thought that shrew opossums lost ground to these and other [[Eutheria|placental]] invaders that fill the same [[ecological niche]]s. Evidence suggests, however, that both groups not only overlap, but do not seem to be in direct competition, and the marsupials' larger size seems to imply that they prey on shrews and rodents.<ref name="Luis1996">{{cite journal|last1= Luis|first1=A. V.|last2= Patterson|first2=B. D.|title=A New Species of Northern Shrew-Opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) from the Cordillera Del Condor, Ecuador|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume =77|issue =1|date= 1996-02-16|pages= 41–53|doi= 10.2307/1382707|jstor=1382707|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several opossums, such as ''[[Monodelphis]]'', also occupy small insectivore niches.
'''Shrews were entirely absent from South America until the [[Great American Interchange]] three million years ago, and are currently present only in the northwestern part of the continent. Traditionally, it was thought that shrew opossums lost ground to these and other [[Eutheria|placental]] invaders that fill the same [[ecological niche]]s. Evidence suggests, however, that both groups not only overlap, but do not seem to be in direct competition, and the marsupials' larger size seems to imply that they prey on shrews and rodents.<ref name="Luis1996">{{cite journal|last1= Luis|first1=A. V.|last2= Patterson|first2=B. D.|title=A New Species of Northern Shrew-Opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) from the Cordillera Del Condor, Ecuador|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume =77|issue =1|date= 1996-02-16|pages= 41–53|doi= 10.2307/1382707|jstor=1382707|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several opossums, such as ''[[Monodelphis]]'', also occupy small insectivore niches.'''


Shrew opossums (also known as '''rat opossums''' or '''caenolestids''') are about the size of a small rat (9&ndash;14&nbsp;cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of [[insect]]s, [[earthworm]]s, and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive [[whisker]]s to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in burrows and on surface runways. Like several other marsupials, they do not have a pouch, and it appears that females do not carry the young constantly, possibly leaving them in the burrow.<ref>Patterson (2008), page 126</ref>
'''Shrew opossums (also known as rat opossums or caenolestids) are about the size of a small rat (9&ndash;14&nbsp;cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of [[insect]]s, [[earthworm]]s, and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive [[whisker]]s to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in burrows and on surface runways. Like several other marsupials, they do not have a pouch, and it appears that females do not carry the young constantly, possibly leaving them in the burrow.<ref>Patterson (2008), page 126</ref>'''


Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known and have traditionally been considered rare. Several ecological factors, including density of forest, contribute to the part of the forests the shrew opossums occupy. Recent studies suggest they may be more common than had been thought. Their [[karyotype]] has also been described through contemporary research in order to better understand this organism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelt|first1=Douglas A.|last2=Martínez|first2=David R.|title=Notes on Distribution and Ecology of Two Marsupials Endemic to the Valdivian Forests of Southern South America|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1989|volume=70|issue=1|pages=220–224|doi=10.2307/1381695|jstor=1381695}}</ref>
'''Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known and have traditionally been considered rare. Several ecological factors, including density of forest, contribute to the part of the forests the shrew opossums occupy. Recent studies suggest they may be more common than had been thought. Their [[karyotype]] has also been described through contemporary research in order to better understand this organism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelt|first1=Douglas A.|last2=Martínez|first2=David R.|title=Notes on Distribution and Ecology of Two Marsupials Endemic to the Valdivian Forests of Southern South America|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1989|volume=70|issue=1|pages=220–224|doi=10.2307/1381695|jstor=1381695}}</ref>'''


== Classification ==
== Classification ==

Revision as of 09:34, 11 March 2022

Shrew opossums
Temporal range: Priabonian-Recent
~37.2–0 Ma
Caenolestes sangay
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Paucituberculata
Family: Caenolestidae
Trouessart, 1898
Type genus
Caenolestes
Thomas, 1895
Genera

The family Caenolestidae contains the seven surviving species of shrew opossum: small, shrew-like marsupials that are confined to the Andes mountains of South America.[1] The order is thought to have diverged from the ancestral marsupial line very early. They were once included in the superorder but it is now known that Ameridelphia is paraphyletic, having given rise to Australidelphia, and thus could be considered an evolutionary grade.[2] Genetic studies indicate that they are the second most basal order of marsupials, after the didelphimorphs.[2] As recently as 20 million years ago, at least seven genera were in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the High Andes.

Shrews were entirely absent from South America until the Great American Interchange three million years ago, and are currently present only in the northwestern part of the continent. Traditionally, it was thought that shrew opossums lost ground to these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. Evidence suggests, however, that both groups not only overlap, but do not seem to be in direct competition, and the marsupials' larger size seems to imply that they prey on shrews and rodents.[3] Several opossums, such as Monodelphis, also occupy small insectivore niches.

Shrew opossums (also known as rat opossums or caenolestids) are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms, and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in burrows and on surface runways. Like several other marsupials, they do not have a pouch, and it appears that females do not carry the young constantly, possibly leaving them in the burrow.[4]

Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known and have traditionally been considered rare. Several ecological factors, including density of forest, contribute to the part of the forests the shrew opossums occupy. Recent studies suggest they may be more common than had been thought. Their karyotype has also been described through contemporary research in order to better understand this organism.[5]

Classification

Cladogram of living Caenolestidae[6]

Within the family of the Caenolestidae, seven extant species are known:

However, Bublitz[citation needed] suggested in 1987 there were actually two Lestoros and Rhyncholestes species (those listed here plus L. gracilis and R. continentalis). This is, however, not accepted by most scientists.[citation needed]

Fossil species

Additionally, species from the fossil record are known:[8]

Paleogene

Eocene
Barrancan
Deseadan

Neogene

Colhuehuapian
Laventan
Huayquerian
Pliocene
Montehermosan

References

  1. ^ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Family Caenolestidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; , Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLoS Biology. 8 (7): e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Luis, A. V.; Patterson, B. D. (1996-02-16). "A New Species of Northern Shrew-Opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) from the Cordillera Del Condor, Ecuador". Journal of Mammalogy. 77 (1): 41–53. doi:10.2307/1382707. JSTOR 1382707.
  4. ^ Patterson (2008), page 126
  5. ^ Kelt, Douglas A.; Martínez, David R. (1989). "Notes on Distribution and Ecology of Two Marsupials Endemic to the Valdivian Forests of Southern South America". Journal of Mammalogy. 70 (1): 220–224. doi:10.2307/1381695. JSTOR 1381695.
  6. ^ Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLoS Biol. 17 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540.
  7. ^ Ojala-Barbour, R.; et al. (October 2013). "A new species of shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestide) with a phylogeny of extant caenolestids". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (5): 967–982. doi:10.1644/13-MAMM-A-018.1.
  8. ^ Caenolestidae at Fossilworks.org
  9. ^ a b c Alejandra Abello, María; Martin, Gabriel M.; Cardoso, Yamila (2021). "Review of the extinct 'shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (2): 464–498. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa165.
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