Pau de arara: Difference between revisions
m v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation) |
→Torture technique: come on |
||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
This technique is believed to originate from [[Portugal|Portuguese]] slave traders, which used ''Pau de Arara'' as a form of punishment for disobedient slaves. Its use has been more recently widespread by the agents of the [[political police]] of the Brazilian military dictatorship against political dissidents in the 1960s and 1970s and is still believed to be in use by Brazilian police forces,<ref>{{cite book | last = Caldeira | first = Teresa P.R. | title = City of Walls. Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-520-22143-5 | page=109}}</ref> although outlawed.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEI Nº 9.455, DE 7 DE ABRIL DE 1997 |trans-title=LAW No. 9,455, OF APRIL 7, 1997 |url= http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9455.htm |website=Palácio do Planalto: Presidência da República |publisher=Government of Brazil |accessdate=23 January 2017 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101124115401/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L9455.htm |archivedate=2010-11-24 |language=Portuguese|date=1997-04-07 |url-status=live |quote=Define os crimes de tortura e dá outras providências. [Defines the crimes of torture and makes other provisions.]}}</ref> |
This technique is believed to originate from [[Portugal|Portuguese]] slave traders, which used ''Pau de Arara'' as a form of punishment for disobedient slaves. Its use has been more recently widespread by the agents of the [[political police]] of the Brazilian military dictatorship against political dissidents in the 1960s and 1970s and is still believed to be in use by Brazilian police forces,<ref>{{cite book | last = Caldeira | first = Teresa P.R. | title = City of Walls. Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-520-22143-5 | page=109}}</ref> although outlawed.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEI Nº 9.455, DE 7 DE ABRIL DE 1997 |trans-title=LAW No. 9,455, OF APRIL 7, 1997 |url= http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9455.htm |website=Palácio do Planalto: Presidência da República |publisher=Government of Brazil |accessdate=23 January 2017 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101124115401/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L9455.htm |archivedate=2010-11-24 |language=Portuguese|date=1997-04-07 |url-status=live |quote=Define os crimes de tortura e dá outras providências. [Defines the crimes of torture and makes other provisions.]}}</ref> |
||
This torture technique was also used in [[Auschwitz]] during [[World War II]], where it was known as the ''Bogerschaukel'' (the Boger's seesaw), named after the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer who first applied it, [[Wilhelm Boger]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex‐Auschwitz Aide Relates His ‘Horror’ At Camp's Killings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/11/archives/exauschwitz-aide-relates-his-horror-at-camps-killings.html |website=The New York Times |date=11 January 1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leide |first1=Henry |title=NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit. |date=2007 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=S. 259}}</ref> |
This torture technique was also used in [[Auschwitz]] during [[World War II]], where it was known as the ''Bogerschaukel'' (the Boger's seesaw), named after the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer who first applied it, [[Wilhelm Boger]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex‐Auschwitz Aide Relates His ‘Horror’ At Camp's Killings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/11/archives/exauschwitz-aide-relates-his-horror-at-camps-killings.html |website=The New York Times |date=11 January 1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leide |first1=Henry |title=NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit. |date=2007 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |page=S. 259}}</ref> |
||
The device was often used as a restraint for a combination of other torture techniques, such as [[water boarding]], tearing out the toenails and fingernails, branding, and applying electric shocks to the testicles, as well as miscellaneous sexual abuses. [[Brazil]] president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] has cited his support for the technique, saying "the pau-de-arara works. |
The device was often used as a restraint for a combination of other torture techniques, such as [[water boarding]], tearing out the toenails and fingernails, branding, and applying electric shocks to the testicles, as well as miscellaneous sexual abuses. [[Brazil]] president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] has cited his support for the technique, saying "the pau-de-arara works. I’m in favor of torture, you know that. And the people are in favor as well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/10/28/jair-bolsonaro-elected-president-brazil/|title=Jair Bolsonaro Is Elected President of Brazil. Read His Extremist, Far-Right Positions in His Own Words.|last=Fishman|first=Andrew|date=2018-10-28|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref> |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
Revision as of 14:51, 13 March 2022
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2012) |
Pau de Arara [ˈpaʊ d͡ʒi aˈɾaɾɐ] is a Portuguese term that literally translates to "macaw's perch". The term originates from the habit of tying birds to a pole for sale, where they also hang for transportation. By analogy, the term has gained two distinct meanings: it can refer to an irregular flat bed truck used to transport migrant workers and to a torture device developed during the Brazilian military dictatorship.
Flat bed truck
Pau de Arara is a designation given in the Northeast Brazil to a flat bed truck adapted for passenger transportation. The truck's bed is equipped with narrow wooden benches and a canvas canopy. The term refers to long metal rails extending lengthwise under the canopy where passengers would hang on to when standing.
This form of public transportation is still found in rural areas, but no longer available for interstate travel. In past decades, it was widely used by migrant workers fleeing periodic drought conditions in their home region. In the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, their most frequent destination, Pau de Arara also became a derogatory slang term referring to them. There are frequent references to the Pau de Arara in Brazilian literature and popular song, used as a symbol for the plight of the Nordestino (Northeastern) migrant.
Torture technique
Pau de Arara can also refer to a physical torture technique designed to cause severe joint and muscle pain, as well as headaches and psychological trauma. The technique consists of a tube, bar, or pole placed over the victim's biceps and behind the knees while tying both the victim's ankles and wrists together. The entire assembly is suspended between two metal platforms forming what looks like a bird's perch.
This technique is believed to originate from Portuguese slave traders, which used Pau de Arara as a form of punishment for disobedient slaves. Its use has been more recently widespread by the agents of the political police of the Brazilian military dictatorship against political dissidents in the 1960s and 1970s and is still believed to be in use by Brazilian police forces,[1] although outlawed.[2] This torture technique was also used in Auschwitz during World War II, where it was known as the Bogerschaukel (the Boger's seesaw), named after the SS officer who first applied it, Wilhelm Boger.[3][4] The device was often used as a restraint for a combination of other torture techniques, such as water boarding, tearing out the toenails and fingernails, branding, and applying electric shocks to the testicles, as well as miscellaneous sexual abuses. Brazil president Jair Bolsonaro has cited his support for the technique, saying "the pau-de-arara works. I’m in favor of torture, you know that. And the people are in favor as well."[5]
References
- ^ Caldeira, Teresa P.R. (2000). City of Walls. Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-520-22143-5.
- ^ "LEI Nº 9.455, DE 7 DE ABRIL DE 1997" [LAW No. 9,455, OF APRIL 7, 1997]. Palácio do Planalto: Presidência da República (in Portuguese). Government of Brazil. 1997-04-07. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Define os crimes de tortura e dá outras providências. [Defines the crimes of torture and makes other provisions.]
- ^ "Ex‐Auschwitz Aide Relates His 'Horror' At Camp's Killings". The New York Times. 11 January 1964.
- ^ Leide, Henry (2007). NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. S. 259.
- ^ Fishman, Andrew (2018-10-28). "Jair Bolsonaro Is Elected President of Brazil. Read His Extremist, Far-Right Positions in His Own Words". The Intercept. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- Box, Ben; Jane Eggington; Mick Day (2003). Brazil Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 1-903471-44-3.
- MacCann, Bryan (2004). Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3273-6.