Lâm Ấp: Difference between revisions
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In the early period of [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of [[Funan]] and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime "boom" in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=98}} Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=98}} In 399, [[Bhadravarman I|Phạm Hồ Đạt]] (Fàn Húdá) or [[Bhadravarman I]] (r. 380?–413?) tried to seize the coast of Jiaozhou and Rinan, and was driven back by Du Yian, the Chinese governor of Jiao.{{sfn|Aymonier|1893|p=7}} In 413, he attacked Jiao again, but was defeated, captured and beheaded by Du Xuedu. In 420, [[Phạm Dương Mại I]] (r. ?–421) launched a new attack against the Jin, but was driven back and more than half of Lâm Ấp's people were slaughtered.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=35}} In 431, his son [[Phạm Dương Mại II]] (r. 421–446) again attacked, but again was driven back. The next year, Phạm Dương Mại II sent a embassy to the court of [[Liu Song]] asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao, which was declined.{{sfn|Aymonier|1893|p=7}} |
In the early period of [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of [[Funan]] and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime "boom" in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=98}} Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=98}} In 399, [[Bhadravarman I|Phạm Hồ Đạt]] (Fàn Húdá) or [[Bhadravarman I]] (r. 380?–413?) tried to seize the coast of Jiaozhou and Rinan, and was driven back by Du Yian, the Chinese governor of Jiao.{{sfn|Aymonier|1893|p=7}} In 413, he attacked Jiao again, but was defeated, captured and beheaded by Du Xuedu. In 420, [[Phạm Dương Mại I]] (r. ?–421) launched a new attack against the Jin, but was driven back and more than half of Lâm Ấp's people were slaughtered.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=35}} In 431, his son [[Phạm Dương Mại II]] (r. 421–446) again attacked, but again was driven back. The next year, Phạm Dương Mại II sent a embassy to the court of [[Liu Song]] asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao, which was declined.{{sfn|Aymonier|1893|p=7}} |
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In February 446, the [[Liu Song dynasty]] led by Tan Hezhi invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern [[Huế]]). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=99}}{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=35}} Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=99}} |
In February 446, the [[Liu Song dynasty]] led by Tan Hezhi invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern [[Huế]]). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=99}}{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=35}} Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=99}} |
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The destruction of Lâm Ấp capital Kandarapura paved the way for the subsequent emergence of several Chamic kingdoms and chiefdoms south of Lâm Ấp that their connections are remaining unclear, and the country fell into chaos. The [[Thu Bồn River]] valley was called Xitu (Western Citadel) by the Chinese, and Chinese histories told that a refugee from [[Funan]], Jiu Choulou, who "collaborated with the rebels, conquered Linyi and proclaimed himself king" or a usurper named Bhadravarman from Xitu that assassinated the head of the lineage of king Wéndí 文敌 or Manorathavarman in 490 AD, acknowledged by the Chinese in the next year. By 530, a descendant of king Wendi, Rudravarman I (r. 529–572), was recognized as king of Linyi by the Chinese [[Liang dynasty]]. |
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| ⚫ | In 534, [[Rudravarman I]] |
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| ⚫ | In 534, [[Rudravarman I]] sent an embassy to China. In 543, he attacked [[Lý Bôn]] in Jiaozhou who was in revolt against the Chinese Liang dynasty but was defeated by Lý Bôn's general Phaum Tu. In 595, [[Sambhuvarman]] (r. 572–629) sent a tribute gift to the [[Sui dynasty]]. In 605 Yang Chien ordered Liu Fang to [[Sino–Cham war|invade Lâm Ấp]]. Chinese troops captured the Cham capital of [[Trà Kiệu]], plundered the city. While returning to China, Liu Fang and his army were decimated by diseases.{{sfn|Aymonier|1893|p=8}} |
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| ⚫ | Since 629, the Chams had used the name "Champa" to refer their state.{{sfn|Boisselier|1963|p=87}}{{sfn|Vickery|2009|p=49}} Sambhuvarman's son [[Kandarpadharma]] (r. 629–640) was the first Cham king officially to offer the title ''śrī campeśvara'' (Lord of Campa) of ''Campādeśa'' (the country of Champa). However official Chinese historical texts maintained to usage of the name Linyi for a while, until the last Linyi mission to the Tang court in 749 was reported having been sent by a ruler named Lútuóluó 盧陀羅, or perhaps [[Rudravarman II]] (r. 741–758), but is still blunder in some extent. |
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| ⚫ | Since 629, the Chams had used the name "Champa" to refer their state.{{sfn|Boisselier|1963|p=87}}{{sfn|Vickery|2009|p=49}} Sambhuvarman's son [[Kandarpadharma]] (r. 629–640) was the first Cham king officially to offer the title ''śrī campeśvara'' (Lord of Campa) of ''Campādeśa'' (the country of Champa). However official Chinese historical texts maintained to usage of the name Linyi for a while, until the last Linyi mission to the Tang court in 749 was reported having been sent by a ruler named Lútuóluó 盧陀羅, or perhaps [[Rudravarman II]] (r. 741–758), but is still blunder in some extent. |
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From the mid-8th century, Chinese xenonym for Champa had changed from Linyi to Huánwáng 環王, an area that likely located in the north of the realm. The blur connection between Champa, Huánwáng, and the Areca and the Coconut clans remains questionable, and [[Michael Vickery]] (2011) rejects both [[Georges Maspero|Maspero]] and [[Jean Boisselier|Boisselier]]s' stories about two clans fighting for political domination. |
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By the 9th century Zhànchéng 占城 ([[Middle Chinese|MC]]: *tɕiam-dʑiajŋ) had been become the official Chinese designation for Champa, makes it clear that Champa was directly formal Linyi, although there were earlier Chinese Buddhist pilgrims [[Xuanzang]] and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] mentions of "Champa" in the name "Zhàn Pó" 占婆. Historian Anton O. Zakharov however anticipates that the Linyi/Lâm Ấp of Chinese and Vietnamese histories and the center of Cham kingdom in Cham history are seemed unlikely to be related. |
By the 9th century Zhànchéng 占城 ([[Middle Chinese|MC]]: *tɕiam-dʑiajŋ) had been become the official Chinese designation for Champa, makes it clear that Champa was directly formal Linyi, although there were earlier Chinese Buddhist pilgrims [[Xuanzang]] and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] mentions of "Champa" in the name "Zhàn Pó" 占婆. Historian Anton O. Zakharov however anticipates that the Linyi/Lâm Ấp of Chinese and Vietnamese histories and the center of Cham kingdom in Cham history are seemed unlikely to be related. |
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Revision as of 01:15, 17 March 2022
Kingdom of Lâm Ấp 林邑國 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 192–629 | |||||||||
 Lâm Ấp in 400 CE | |||||||||
| Capital | Amarendrapura Kandarapura Simhapura | ||||||||
| Common languages | Cham, Sanskrit | ||||||||
| Religion | Cham Folk religion Buddhism Hinduism (After 380) | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King of Lâm Ấp | |||||||||
• 192–220 | Sri Mara | ||||||||
• 572–629 | Sambhuvarman | ||||||||
| Historical era | Classical Antiquity | ||||||||
• Established | 192 | ||||||||
• Becoming Champa | 629 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||
| History of Champa |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
Lâm Ấp (Vietnamese pronunciation of Middle Chinese 林邑 *liɪm ʔˠiɪp̚, > standard Chinese: Linyi) was a Cham kingdom located in central Vietnam that existed from around 192 CE to 629 CE in what is today central Vietnam. and was one of the earliest recorded Champa kingdoms. The ruins of its capital, the ancient city of Kandapurpura is now located in Long Tho Hill, 3 kilometers to the west of the city of Huế.
Earlier western scholarship believed Linyi in Chinese records to refer to Champa itself, but Champa expansion northwards may have resulted in the Chinese applying the name Linyi to the Champa imperial city Trà Kiệu (Simhapura) along with Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary and the Thu Bồn River valley around 600 AD.[1]
History
Lâm Ấp was founded by Khu Liên (Qū Lián 區連, EMC: *ʔəw-lian), a Cham leader who led a successful rebellion against the Han dynasty in Tượng Lâm (Xianglin) county (modern-day Thừa Thiên Huế province).[2] He was mentioned as Śrī Māra in the Võ Cạnh stele which was erected around 4th century AD. During the Three Kingdoms period of China, turmoil plagued the region of Jiaozhou. In 248, Lâm Ấp force invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender.[3] The maternal grandson of Khu Liên, Phạm Hùng attacked Jiaozhou with aid from Funan.[4]
In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime "boom" in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.[5] Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.[5] In 399, Phạm Hồ Đạt (Fàn Húdá) or Bhadravarman I (r. 380?–413?) tried to seize the coast of Jiaozhou and Rinan, and was driven back by Du Yian, the Chinese governor of Jiao.[6] In 413, he attacked Jiao again, but was defeated, captured and beheaded by Du Xuedu. In 420, Phạm Dương Mại I (r. ?–421) launched a new attack against the Jin, but was driven back and more than half of Lâm Ấp's people were slaughtered.[7] In 431, his son Phạm Dương Mại II (r. 421–446) again attacked, but again was driven back. The next year, Phạm Dương Mại II sent a embassy to the court of Liu Song asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao, which was declined.[6]
In February 446, the Liu Song dynasty led by Tan Hezhi invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern Huế). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.[8][7] Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.[8]
The destruction of Lâm Ấp capital Kandarapura paved the way for the subsequent emergence of several Chamic kingdoms and chiefdoms south of Lâm Ấp that their connections are remaining unclear, and the country fell into chaos. The Thu Bồn River valley was called Xitu (Western Citadel) by the Chinese, and Chinese histories told that a refugee from Funan, Jiu Choulou, who "collaborated with the rebels, conquered Linyi and proclaimed himself king" or a usurper named Bhadravarman from Xitu that assassinated the head of the lineage of king Wéndí 文敌 or Manorathavarman in 490 AD, acknowledged by the Chinese in the next year. By 530, a descendant of king Wendi, Rudravarman I (r. 529–572), was recognized as king of Linyi by the Chinese Liang dynasty.
In 534, Rudravarman I sent an embassy to China. In 543, he attacked Lý Bôn in Jiaozhou who was in revolt against the Chinese Liang dynasty but was defeated by Lý Bôn's general Phaum Tu. In 595, Sambhuvarman (r. 572–629) sent a tribute gift to the Sui dynasty. In 605 Yang Chien ordered Liu Fang to invade Lâm Ấp. Chinese troops captured the Cham capital of Trà Kiệu, plundered the city. While returning to China, Liu Fang and his army were decimated by diseases.[9]
Since 629, the Chams had used the name "Champa" to refer their state.[10][1] Sambhuvarman's son Kandarpadharma (r. 629–640) was the first Cham king officially to offer the title śrī campeśvara (Lord of Campa) of Campādeśa (the country of Champa). However official Chinese historical texts maintained to usage of the name Linyi for a while, until the last Linyi mission to the Tang court in 749 was reported having been sent by a ruler named Lútuóluó 盧陀羅, or perhaps Rudravarman II (r. 741–758), but is still blunder in some extent.
From the mid-8th century, Chinese xenonym for Champa had changed from Linyi to Huánwáng 環王, an area that likely located in the north of the realm. The blur connection between Champa, Huánwáng, and the Areca and the Coconut clans remains questionable, and Michael Vickery (2011) rejects both Maspero and Boisseliers' stories about two clans fighting for political domination.
By the 9th century Zhànchéng 占城 (MC: *tɕiam-dʑiajŋ) had been become the official Chinese designation for Champa, makes it clear that Champa was directly formal Linyi, although there were earlier Chinese Buddhist pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing mentions of "Champa" in the name "Zhàn Pó" 占婆. Historian Anton O. Zakharov however anticipates that the Linyi/Lâm Ấp of Chinese and Vietnamese histories and the center of Cham kingdom in Cham history are seemed unlikely to be related.
Culture
The later capital of Lam Ap in the Thu Bồn River valley, Simhapura, was founded by King Bhadravarman in late-fourth century. The third inscription of Bhadravarman is the oldest surviving text in Cham language and also any Southeast Asian language.[11] He was also the first known person to order the constructing of the first Śiva lingam, a symbol of Saivaism, in the region. His temple was reported having been destroyed by fire in the six century, and still remains today as one of oldest historical structures in Southeast Asia ever been built and used.[12]
Archaeological excavations recovered artifacts from Go Cam, near Tra Kieu (Simhapura) dated from late second century AD to the third century show that early Lâm Ấp had a significant amount of Chinese influences before the Indianization.[13][14] These artifacts include some fragments of tiles and seal inscribed Chinese characters "Seal of the Envoy of the Yellow God,"[15] however they might be artifacts left by the previous Han Rinan government.[16] It appears that early Lâm Ấp also might have been a commercial center, with Roman and Indian ware sherds, blue glass cullet, glass jewelry rediscovered among Chinese sealings, roof tiles, mirrors, coins, daggers, silk, and pottery.[17]
From the third to fifth centuries, there were dozens of small Chamic kingdoms and chiefdoms popped up south of Hue to modern-day Phan Rang. Stone sculptures of Cham folk divinities admixed with Hindu aesthetic dating from fifth to sixth centuries AD were found in those settlements.
Rulers
- Khu Liên 192–220
- Phạm Hùng 220-284
- Phạm Dật 284–336
- Phạm Văn 336–349
- Phạm Phật 349–380
- Phạm Hồ Đạt 380–413
- Jaya Gangarajavarman I (Phạm Địch Chớn) ?–?
- Manorathavarman ?–?
- Jaya Gangarajavarman II (Phạm Địch Văn) ?–420
- Phạm Dương Mại I 421–431
- Phạm Dương Mại II 431–446
- Jaya Jayavarman I (Phạm Thần Thành) 455–472
- Jaya Jayavarman II (Phạm Đang Căng Thuần) 472–492
- Phạm Chư Nông 492–498
- Phạm Văn Tẩn 498–510
- Jaya Devavarman (Phạm Thiên Khởi) 510–526
- Jaya Vijayavarman 526–529
- Jaya Rudravarman I 529–572
- Jaya Sambhuvarman (Phạm Phạn Chí) 572–629
References
- ^ a b Vickery 2009, p. 49.
- ^ Higham 2014, p. 323.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 97.
- ^ Coedès 1968, pp. 42–44.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 98.
- ^ a b Aymonier 1893, p. 7.
- ^ a b Hall 1981, p. 35.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 99.
- ^ Aymonier 1893, p. 8.
- ^ Boisselier 1963, p. 87.
- ^ Coedès 1968, p. 48.
- ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 188.
- ^ Glover 2011, p. 77.
- ^ Mariko 2011, pp. 96–98.
- ^ Glover 2011, p. 73.
- ^ Glover 2011, p. 60.
- ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 190.
Sources
- Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute. ISBN 978-1-14997-414-8.
- Boisselier, Jean (1963). La statuaire du Champa (in French). Paris, France: École Française d'Extrême-Orient. ASIN B0014Y6TPQ.
- Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-824-80368-1.
- Glover, Ian (2011), "Excavations at Gò Cấm, Quảng Nam,2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 54–80
- Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan Education, Limited.
- Higham, Charles (2014). Early Mainland Southeast Asia: From First Humans to Angkor. River Books. ISBN 6-1673-3944-9.
- Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press.
- Mariko, Yamagata (2011), "Trà Kiệu during the Second and Third Centuries CE: The Formation of Linyi from an Archaeological Perspective", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 81–101
- Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-9-74753-499-3.
- Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge.
- Vickery, Michael (2009), "A short history of Champa", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam), Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–61, ISBN 9-9716-9451-4
External links
