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Revision as of 15:19, 21 March 2022

For other uses, see Millionaire (disambiguation).
A large suburban home valued at roughly $1,000,000 (2006) in Salinas, California, shown for scale of purchasing power
Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021

A millionaire is an individual whose net worth or wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency. Depending on the currency, a certain level of prestige is associated with being a millionaire.[1] In countries that use the short scale number naming system, a billionaire is someone who has at least a thousand times a million dollars, euros or the currency of the given country.

Many national currencies have, or have had at various times, a low unit value, in many cases due to past inflation. It is obviously much easier and less significant to be a millionaire in those currencies, thus a millionaire (in the local currency) in Hong Kong or Taiwan, for example, may be merely averagely wealthy, or perhaps less wealthy than average. A millionaire in Zimbabwe in 2007 could have been extremely poor.[2] Because of this, the United States Dollar (USD) is the most widely used currency standard to compare the wealth of people all over the world. Hence a person must have a net worth of at least one million USD to be recognised as a millionaire anywhere in the world.

As of December 2020, there were estimated to be 46.8 million millionaires or high-net-worth individual (HNWIs) in the world. The United States has 18.6 million HNWIs (40% of all HNWIs), the largest number of any country. Some millionaires and billionaires do not leave the bulk of their wealth to their descendants but instead establish a philanthropic foundation or otherwise engage in philanthropy.

Terminology

The word "millionaire" was apparently coined in French in 1719 to describe speculators in the Mississippi Bubble who earned millions of livres in weeks before the bubble burst.[3][4][5] (The standard French spelling is now millionnaire,[6] though the earliest reference uses a single n.[5]) The word was first used (as millionnaire, double "n") in French in 1719 by Steven Fentiman, and is first recorded in English (millionaire, as a French term) in a letter of Lord Byron of 1816, then in print in Vivian Grey, a novel of 1826 by Benjamin Disraeli.[4] Earlier English writers also mention the French word, including Sir William Mildmay in 1764.[7] The OED's first print citation is Benjamin Disraeli's 1826 novel Vivian Grey,[4] The anglicisation millionary was used in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson while serving as Minister to France; he wrote: "The poorest labourer stood on equal ground with the wealthiest Millionary".[8]

While statistics regarding financial assets and net worth are presented by household, the term is also often used to describe only the individual who has amassed the assets as millionaire. That is, even though the term statistically refers only to households, common usage is often in reference only to an individual.

Net worth vs. financial assets

There are multiple approaches to determining a person's status as a millionaire. One of the two most commonly used measurements is net worth, which counts the total value of all property owned by a household minus the household's debts. According to this definition, a household owning an $800k home, $50k of furnishings, two cars worth $60k, a $60k retirement savings account, $45k in mutual funds, and a $325k vacation home with a $250k mortgage, $40k in car loans, and $25k in credit card debt would be worth about $1,025,000; and every individual in this household would thus be a millionaire. However, according to the net financial assets measurement used for some specific applications (such as evaluating an investor's expected tolerance for risk for stockbroker ethics), equity in one's principal residence is excluded, as are lifestyle assets, such as the car and furniture. Therefore, the above example household would only have net financial assets of $115,000. Another term used is "net investable assets" or working capital. These practitioners may use the term "millionaire" to mean somebody who is free to invest a million units of currency through them as broker. For similar reasons, those who market goods, services and investments to HNWIs are careful to specify a net worth "not counting principal residence". At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the United States,[9] while at the same time there were 11 million millionaires[10] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,[11] including those 5.1 million HNWIs.

In the real estate bubble up to 2007, average house prices in some U.S. regions exceeded $1 million, but many homeowners owed large amounts to banks holding mortgages on their homes. For this reason, there are many people in million-dollar homes whose net worth is far short of a million—in some cases, the net worth is actually negative.

Influence

While millionaires constitute only a small percentage of the population, they hold substantial control over economic resources, with the most powerful and prominent individuals usually ranking among them. The total amount of money held by millionaires can equal the amount of money held by a far higher number of poor people. The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful for determining how many of the poorest people have the equivalent total wealth of the few richest in the country. Forbes and Fortune magazines maintain lists of people based on their net worth and are generally considered authorities on the subject. Forbes listed 1,645 dollar billionaires in 2014, with an aggregate net worth of $6.4 trillion, an increase from $5.4 trillion the previous year.[12] (see US-dollar billionaires in the world).

Sixteen percent of millionaires inherited their fortunes. Forty-seven percent of millionaires are business owners. Twenty-three percent of the world's millionaires got that way through paid work, consisting mostly of skilled professionals or managers.[13] Millionaires are, on average, 61 years old with $3.05 million in assets.[14]

Historical worth

Depending on how it is calculated, a million US dollars in 1900 is equivalent to $36.6 million (in 2023).[15]

  • $21.2 million using the GDP deflator,
  • $24.8 million using the consumer price index,
  • $61.4 million using the gold price[16]
  • $114.1 million using the unskilled wage,
  • $162.8 million using the nominal GDP per capita,
  • $642 million using the relative share of GDP,

Thus one would need to have almost thirty million dollars today to have the purchasing power of a US millionaire in 1900, or more than 100 million dollars to have the same impact on the US economy.

Multimillionaire

"Multi Millionaire" redirects here. For the Lil Pump song, see Multi Millionaire (song).

Dated ways of describing someone worth n millions are "n-fold millionaire” and "millionaire n times over". Still commonly used is multimillionaire, which refers to individuals with net assets of 2 million or more of a currency.[17] There are approximately 584,000 US$ multimillionaires who have net assets of $10M+ worldwide in 2017.[18] Roughly 1.5% of US$ millionaires are "ultra-high-net-worth individuals" (ultra-HNWIs), defined as those with a net worth or wealth of $30 million or more. There are approximately 226,000 ultra-HNWIs in the world in 2017, according to Wealth-X.[19] The rising prevalence of people possessing ever increasing quantities of wealth has given rise to additional terms to further differentiate millionaires. Individuals with net assets of 100 million or more of a currency are commonly termed centimillionaires,[20] or more rarely hectomillionaires.[21]

HNWI population

Number of millionaires and ultra-millionaires (more than $30M)

High-net-worth individuals (those with financial assets, not including the residence, greater than a million US dollars).

HNWI Wealth Distribution (by Region)[22]
Region HNWI Population HNWI Wealth
Global 12 million $46.2 trillion
North America 3.73 million $12.7 trillion
Asia-Pacific 3.68 million $12.0 trillion
Europe 3.41 million $10.9 trillion
Latin America 0.52 million $7.5 trillion
Middle East 0.49 million $1.8 trillion
Africa 0.14 million $1.3 trillion

Global cities with the most super-wealthy millionaires per capita (higher than $30 million)

According to wealth research group Wealth-X that released its latest UHNW Cities report, showing the residential footprint of the world's top ultra-high net worth (UHNW) individual cities.

Excluding Monaco – which has very high UHNWI density – Geneva has the highest density of super-wealthy people per capita in the world. The city is known as the most compact metropolitan area, and also enjoys a concentration of affluence. Singapore has the second-highest concentration, followed by San Jose, the center of Silicon Valley, and the largest city in Northern California. While New York City leads in terms of overall UHNW footprint, London has a similar number of UHNW "second homers" despite a considerably smaller population. Paris features as the second-highest European city, after London, Wealth-X said. Among suburbs and smaller towns, Beverly Hills has the highest overall number of UHNW residents, and Aspen has the highest concentration on a per capita basis, the report showed. Ultra-high net worth individuals are defined by Wealth-X as those whose total net worth is higher than $30 million (R400 million).[23]

Number of UHNWIs per country

The following is a list of the countries with the most Ultra high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI) as of November 2019 as per the 2020 Knight Frank’s Wealth Report.[24]

Rank Country Number of
UHNWIs
(2019)
1 United States USA 240,575
2 China China 61,587
3 Germany Germany 23,078
4 France France 18,776
5 Japan Japan 17,013
6 United Kingdom UK 14,367
7 Italy Italy 10,701
8 Canada Canada 9,325
9 Russia Russia 8,924
10 Switzerland Switzerland 8,395
11 Spain Spain 6,475
12 India India 5,986
13 South Korea South Korea 5,847
14 Sweden Sweden 5,174
15 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 5,100

Countries by number and percentage of millionaires

* indicates "Economy of COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

List of selected countries by Credit Suisse (2021)[25]
Country or subnational area Number of millionaires (USD) Share of global millionaires (USD) (%)
Percentage of millionaires (USD)
(% of adult population)
 United States * 21,951,202 39.1 8.8
 China * 5,279,467 9.4 0.5
 Japan * 3,662,407 6.5 3.5
 Germany * 2,952,710 5.3 4.3
 France * 2,468,939 4.4 4.9
 United Kingdom * 2,490,952 4.4 4.7
 Australia * 1,804,644 3.2 9.4
 Canada * 1,681,969 3.0 5.6
 Italy * 1,479,830 2.6 3.0
 Spain * 1,146,911 2.0 3.0
 South Korea * 1,051,104 1.9 2.5
 Netherlands * 1,039,239 1.9 7.7
 Switzerland * 1,034,918 1.8 14.9
 India * 697,655 1.2 0.1
 Taiwan * 608,997 1.1 3.1
 Sweden * 570,439 1.0 7.3
 Hong Kong * 520,000 0.9 8.3
 Belgium * 514,859 0.9 5.7
 Austria * 346,172 0.6 4.8
 Denmark * 306,823 0.5 6.7
 Singapore * 269,925 0.5 5.5
 Russia * 268,550 0.5 0.2
 Mexico * 264,034 0.5 0.3
 Saudi Arabia * 236,000 0.4 1.0
 New Zealand * 225,487 0.4 6.3
 Brazil * 207,000 0.4 0.1
 Ireland * 181,727 0.3 5.0
 Norway * 176,630 0.3 4.2
 Indonesia * 171,740 0.3 0.1
 United Arab Emirates * 169,113 0.3 2.1
 Israel * 164,899 0.3 2.9
 Poland * 149,120 0.3 0.5
 Portugal * 136,430 0.2 1.6
 Turkey * 115,473 0.2 0.2
 Thailand * 86,216 0.2 0.2
 Finland * 85,114 0.2 1.9
 Philippines * 81,000 0.1 0.1
 Kuwait * 78,650 0.1 2.5
 Greece * 72,367 0.1 0.9
 Egypt * 70,000 0.1 0.1

Number of millionaires by city

The following is a list of the cities with the most US$ millionaires as of December 2018 as per the 2019 World Ultra Wealth Report published by Wealth-X.[26]

Rank City Number of
HNWIs
(2018)
1 United States New York City 978,810
2 Japan Tokyo 593,025
3 United States Los Angeles 576,255
4 Hong Kong Hong Kong 391,595
5 United Kingdom London 372,270
6 United States Chicago 353,775
7 France Paris 345,175
8 United States San Francisco 314,055
9 United States Washington, DC 301,495
10 United States Dallas 298,220

Cities with the highest concentration of millionaires

[27]

Rank City Number of
US$ millionaires
(2018)
1  Monaco 31.1%
2  Zurich 24.3%
3  Geneva 17.7%
4  Paris 4.2%
5  London 3.4%
6 Oslo 2.9%
7  Frankfurt 2.7%
8  Amsterdam 2.7%
9 Florence 2.5%
10 Rome 2.4%

Disparity in United States

Main article: American upper class

There is a wide disparity in the estimates of the number of millionaires residing in the United States. A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 16.6 million millionaires in the USA.[28] At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the US,[9] while at the same time, there were 11 million millionaires[10] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,[11] including those 5.1 million HNWIs.

According to TNS Financial Services, as reported by CNN Money, 2 million households in the US alone had a net worth of at least $1 million excluding primary residences in 2005.[29] According to TNS, in mid-2006 the number of millionaire US households was 9.3 million, with an increase of half a million since 2005.[30] The study found that half of all millionaire households in the US were headed by retirees. In 2004 the United States saw a "33 percent increase over the 6.2 million households that met that criteria [sic] in 2003", fueled largely by the country's real estate boom.[31]

A report by Capgemini for Merrill Lynch on the other hand stated that in 2007 there were approximately 3,028,000 households in the United States who held at least US$1 million in financial assets, excluding collectibles, consumables, consumer durables and primary residences.[32]

According to TNS Financial Services, Los Angeles County, California, had the highest number of millionaires,[33] totalling over 262,800 households in mid-2006.[30]

Top 10 counties by HNWIs (more than $1 million, in 2009)[34]
County State Number of
millionaire
households
Los Angeles County California 268,138
Cook County Illinois 171,118
Orange County California 116,157
Maricopa County Arizona 113,414
San Diego County California 102,138
Harris County Texas 99,504
Nassau County New York 79,704
Santa Clara County California 74,824
Palm Beach County Florida 71,221
King County Washington 68,390


See also

Look up millionaire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

Wikiquote has quotations related to Millionaire.
  1. ^ Marlys Harris. How to marry a billionaire. Money Magazine. 21 June 2007. Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Hungwe, Brian (6 February 2014). "Zimbabwe's multi-currency confusion". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  3. ^ DeJean, Joan (2018). "Chaptrer Twelve: The Invention of Money". The Queen's Embroiderer: A True Story of Paris, Lovers, Swindlers, and the First Stock Market Crisis. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. fn.15. ISBN 9781632864765. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  4. ^ a b c "Millionaire (n. and adj.)". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 1816 BYRON Let. 23 June (1976) V. 80 He is still worth at least 50-000 pds—being what is called here [sc. Evian] a 'Millionaire' that is in Francs & such Lilliputian coinage. 1826 B. DISRAELI Vivian Grey I. ix, Were I the son of a Millionaire, or a noble, I might have all.
  5. ^ a b Buchet, Pierre-François, ed. (October 1719). "Faits Fugitifs". Mercure de France (in French). Paris: 201. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  6. ^ "millionaire". English to French Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  7. ^ Mildmay, Sir William (1764). An Account of the Southern Maritime Provinces of France: Representing the Distress to which They Were Reduced at the Conclusion of the War in 1748. Thomas Harrison. p. 88. Retrieved 11 October 2019. several persons became bankrupt, who, before the war [of the Austrian Succession], were esteemed amongst the number of their millionaires; a term given to their rich merchants and brokers, when supposed to be worth a million of livres
  8. ^ "Millionary, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July 2008. 1786 T. JEFFERSON Observ. on Démeunier's Manuscript 22 June in Papers (1954) X. 52 The poorest labourer stood on equal ground with the wealthiest Millionary
  9. ^ a b Bennettsmith, Meredith (2 November 2012). "Number of high net worth individuals in US". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Number of millionaires in US". Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Number of millionaire households in US". Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  12. ^ "Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures". Forbes.
  13. ^ The Economist: A special report on global leaders, More millionaires than Australians, 20 January 2011, pp. 4–7.
  14. ^ "Fidelity Survey Finds 86 Percent of Millionaires are Self-Made". Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  16. ^ "Gold price trend".
  17. ^ "Definition of MULTIMILLIONAIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  18. ^ "Map: Visualizing the Global Shift in Wealth Over 10 Years". www.visualcapitalist.com. 26 January 2018.
  19. ^ Group, The Superyacht (30 January 2018). "Reducing waste and increasing value - SuperyachtNews". Superyacht News. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ "Definition of CENTIMILLIONAIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  21. ^ Durgy, Edwin. "Oh Snap! Shutterstock Founder Jon Oringer Is A Billionaire". Forbes. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  22. ^ "World Wealth Report 2013". Capgemini. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  23. ^ "Global cities with the most millionaires per capita". go.wealthx.com.
  24. ^ "Mapped: The World's Ultra-Rich, by Country". www.visualcapitalist.com. 14 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Retrieved 24 June 2021.Page 130 features the number of millionaires. Share of millionaires in the population was obtained by dividing the number of millionaires by the number of adults, rounded to decimals.
  26. ^ "New York City is home to nearly 1 million millionaires, more than any other city in the world". www.cnbc.com.
  27. ^ "Le città europee con il maggior numero di milionari (2 in Italia)".
  28. ^ Barclays Wealth Insights. Volume 5: Evolving Fortunes. Barclays (2008). p. 11
  29. ^ Sahadi, Jeanne (28 March 2006). "Top 10 millionaire counties". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  30. ^ a b TNS :: TNS Reports Record Breaking Number of Millionaires in the USA Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Tnsglobal.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
  31. ^ Sahadi, Jeanne. (2004-11-16) Real Estate investments as the main source of growth among millionaire households, according to CNN Money. Money.cnn.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
  32. ^ "report by Merrill Lynch and Capgemini" (PDF). (2.41 MB) (p. 35)
  33. ^ "Top 10 millionaire counties. No 1. Los Angeles County, California". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  34. ^ Top 10 U.S. Counties With The Most Millionaires. Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
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