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The Ashtavakra Gita (Sanskrit: अष्टावक्रगीता; IAST: aṣṭāvakragītā)^[1] or Song of Ashtavakra is a classical text in the Advaita Vedanta tradition in the form of a dialogue between the sage Ashtavakra and Janaka, king of Mithila.^[2]

Dating

Radhakamal Mukerjee, an Indian social scientist, dated the book to the period immediately after the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita (c. 500–400 BCE).^[3] J. L. Brockington, emeritus professor of Sanskrit at the University of Edinburgh, places the Ashtavakra Gita much later, supposing it to have been written either in the eighth century CE by a follower of Adi Shankara, or in the fourteenth century during a resurgence of Shankara's teaching.^[4]^[5] Sri Swami Shantananda Puri suggests that since the book contains the seed of the theory of non-creation Ajata Vada developed later by Gaudapada in Mandookya Karika, this book comes from a period prior to that of Gaudapada (6th century CE) and hence prior to Shankara.^[6]

Identification of Ashtavakra

Ashtavakra is probably identical to the holy sage with the same name who appears in Mahabharata, though the connection is not clearly stated in any of the texts.^[7] Mukherjee identifies Janaka as the father of Sita and disciple of the sage Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.^[7]^{[note 1]} Janaka is also depicted as a king who has attained perfection in vedas.

Ashtavakra Gita is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka on the nature of Self/Atman, reality and bondage.^[9] It offers a radical version of non-dualistic philosophy. The Gita insists on the complete unreality of external world and absolute oneness of existence. It does not mention any morality or duties, and therefore is seen by commentators as 'godless'. It also dismisses names and forms as unreal and a sign of ignorance.^[10]

In a conversation between Janaka and Ashtavakra, pertaining to the deformity of his crooked body, Ashtavakra explains that the size of a temple is not affected by how it is shaped, and the shape of his own body does not affect himself (or Atman). The ignorant man's vision is shrouded by names and forms, but a wise man sees only himself:^[11]^[12]

You are really unbound and action-less, self-illuminating and spotless already. The cause of your bondage is that you are still resorting to stilling the mind. (I.15)

You are unconditioned and changeless, formless and immovable, unfathomable awareness, imperturbable- such consciousness is un-clinging. (I.17)

You are not bound by anything. What does a pure person like you need to renounce? Putting the complex organism to rest, you can go to your rest. (V.1) ^[13]

Structure

The book comprises 20 chapters:^[14]

I Saksi - Vision of the Self as the All-pervading Witness
II Ascaryam - Marvel of the Infinite Self Beyond Nature
III Atmadvaita - Self in All and All in the Self
IV Sarvamatma - Knower and the Non-knower of the Self
V Laya - Stages of Dissolution of Consciousness
VI Prakrteh Parah - Irrelevance of Dissolution of Consciousness
VII Santa - Tranquil and Boundless Ocean of the Self
VIII Moksa - Bondage and Freedom
IX Nirveda - Indifference
X Vairagya - Dispassion
XI Cidrupa - Self as Pure and Radiant Intelligence
XII Svabhava - Ascent of Contemplation
XIII Yathasukham - Transcendent Bliss
XIV Isvara - Natural Dissolution of the Mind
XV Tattvam - Unborn Self or Brahman
XVI Svasthya - Self-Abidance through Obliteration of the World
XVII Kaivalya - Absolute Aloneness of the Self
XVIII Jivanmukti - Way and Goal of Natural Samadhi
XIX Svamahima - Majesty of the Self
XX Akincanabhava - Transcendence of the Self

Appreciation

The work was known, appreciated and quoted by Ramakrishna and his disciple Vivekananda, as well as Ramana Maharshi. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan refers to it with great respect.^[15]

Ashtavakra Gita continues to inspire people. The first musical form of Ashtavakra Gita Saksi I (Chapter 1) was set in the raga Svadhya by Composer Rajan.^[16]

Translations and commentaries

Nath (1907) opened the discourse of this Gita into the English language.^[17] Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968) continued the discourse into English with his work posthumously published in 1971.^[18] Stroud (2004) wrote on the Astavakra Gita as a work of multivalent narrative.^[19]

Swami Chinmayananda ^[20] wrote a commentary on the Ashtavakra Gita, which has references to the Upanishads to help convey the meaning of the text.

John Richards published an English translation of the Ashtavakra Gita in 1997 ^[21]

Osho has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in a long series of 91 discourses named as Ashtavakra Mahageeta,^[22] given in his Pune Ashram.

Sri Sri Ravi Shankar has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in Hindi^[23] and English.^[24]

Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita through 60 discourses totalling more than 116 hours.^[25]

Notes

^ Janaka receives the teaching of the supreme Self from Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.^[8]

References

^ Mukherjee 1971, p. i.
^ Mukerjee 1971, p. 184.
^ Mukherjee 1971, p. 4.
^ Byrom, Thomas (1990). The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita. Shambhala Publications. Page xxiii.
^ Brockington, J. L. (1990). Foreword to The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita, trans. Thomas Byrom. Shambhala Publications. Page xi.
^ Puri, Sri Swami Shantananda (2001). The Quantum Leap into the Absolute (Essence of ASHTAVAKRA GITA) (PDF). Bangalore: Parvathamma C.P. Subbaraju Setty Charitable Trust.
^ ^a ^b Mukherjee 1971, p. 1.
^ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Chapter Four
^ Manuel Schoch (1 July 2007). Bitten by the Black Snake: The Ancient Wisdom of Ashtavakra. Sentient Publications. ISBN 978-1-59181-060-5. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Ruth Vanita (2005). Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture. Yoda Press. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-81-902272-5-4. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Chinmayananda 1997:n.p.
^ Vanita, Ruth. "Full of God:Ashtavakra and ideas of Justice in Hindu Text". Equinox Publishing Ltd. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Astavakra Gita, translation by John Richards. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Mukherjee 1971, p. iii.
^ s:Ashtavakra Gita#Translator's Notes
^ "திருவாரூர் இளைஞரின் சர்வதேச சாதனை: புகழ்பெற்ற சங்கத் தமிழ்ப் பாடல்களுக்கு சிம்பொனி இசை!".
^ Baij Nath (Lala.) (1907). The Ashtavakra Gita: being a dialogue between King Janaka and Rishi Ashtavakra on Vedanta. Office of the Vaishya Hitkari.
^ Radhakamal Mukerjee (1971). The song of the self supreme (Aṣṭāvakragītā): the classical text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1367-0. Source: [1] (accessed: Friday March 19, 2010)
^ Stroud, Scott R. (2004). "Narrative as Argument in Indian Philosophy: The Astavakra Gita as Multivalent Narrative." Philosophy and Rhetoric - Volume 37, Number 1, 2004, ISSN 0031-8213, pp. 42-71
^ Partha Dash. Ashtavakra Gita Swami Chinmayananda 1997.
^ Richards, John H. (1997). Ashtavakra Gita. Source: [2] (accessed: July 10, 2021)
^ "Ashtavakra: Mahageeta (अष्‍टावक्र : महागीता) (series) - The Sannyas Wiki". www.sannyas.wiki. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
^ "Ashtavakra Gita DVD Pack-Hindi". Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ Shankar, Sri Sri Ravi (2010). Ashtavakra Gita. Bangalore: Sri Sri Publications Trust. ISBN 9789380592831.
^ "Ashtavakra Gita". SRMD.org. Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

Sources

Mukerjee, Radhakaml (1971), Aṣṭāvakragītā (the Song of the Self Supreme): The Classical Text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1367-0

External links

Original text

Sanskrit Wikisource has original text related to this article: अष्टावक्रगीता

Translations

Works related to Ashtavakra Gita at Wikisource
Quotations related to Ashtavakra Gita at Wikiquote
The Ultimate Reality Within ISBN 978-0-615-93228-6
Poetic translation of Ashtavakra Gita in Hindi by Dr Mridul Kirti
The Heart of Awareness, poetic translation by Thomas Byrom, pdf
s:Ashtavakra Gita Translation at Wikisource by John Richards
Ashtavakra Gita, translation by John Richards
John Richards translation
First in a series of 41 Discourses on Ashtavakra Gita, available for free downloading
Astavakra Samhita, translation by Swami Nityaswarupananda
Swami Nityaswarupananda (1940): AshTavakra Geeta, Sanskrit text with word-for-word translation, English rendering and comments
Asthavakra Gita - Awareness is Everything. Translation and commentary by Mansoor (2010). ISBN 978-1-4467-1442-3

audio books

[9] Janaka receives the teaching of the supreme Self from Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.^[8]

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee1971i-1] Mukherjee 1971, p. i.

[FOOTNOTEMukerjee1971184-2] Mukerjee 1971, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee19714-3] Mukherjee 1971, p. 4.

[4] Byrom, Thomas (1990). The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita. Shambhala Publications. Page xxiii.

[5] Brockington, J. L. (1990). Foreword to The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita, trans. Thomas Byrom. Shambhala Publications. Page xi.

[6] Puri, Sri Swami Shantananda (2001). The Quantum Leap into the Absolute (Essence of ASHTAVAKRA GITA) (PDF). Bangalore: Parvathamma C.P. Subbaraju Setty Charitable Trust.

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee19711-7] Mukherjee 1971, p. 1.

[8] Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Chapter Four

[10] Manuel Schoch (1 July 2007). Bitten by the Black Snake: The Ancient Wisdom of Ashtavakra. Sentient Publications. ISBN 978-1-59181-060-5. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[11] Ruth Vanita (2005). Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture. Yoda Press. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-81-902272-5-4. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[12] Chinmayananda 1997:n.p.

[13] Vanita, Ruth. "Full of God:Ashtavakra and ideas of Justice in Hindu Text". Equinox Publishing Ltd. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[14] Astavakra Gita, translation by John Richards. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee1971iii-15] Mukherjee 1971, p. iii.

[16] s:Ashtavakra Gita#Translator's Notes

[17] "திருவாரூர் இளைஞரின் சர்வதேச சாதனை: புகழ்பெற்ற சங்கத் தமிழ்ப் பாடல்களுக்கு சிம்பொனி இசை!".

[18] Baij Nath (Lala.) (1907). The Ashtavakra Gita: being a dialogue between King Janaka and Rishi Ashtavakra on Vedanta. Office of the Vaishya Hitkari.

[19] Radhakamal Mukerjee (1971). The song of the self supreme (Aṣṭāvakragītā): the classical text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1367-0. Source: [1] (accessed: Friday March 19, 2010)

[20] Stroud, Scott R. (2004). "Narrative as Argument in Indian Philosophy: The Astavakra Gita as Multivalent Narrative." Philosophy and Rhetoric - Volume 37, Number 1, 2004, ISSN 0031-8213, pp. 42-71

[21] Partha Dash. Ashtavakra Gita Swami Chinmayananda 1997.

[22] Richards, John H. (1997). Ashtavakra Gita. Source: [2] (accessed: July 10, 2021)

[23] "Ashtavakra: Mahageeta (अष्‍टावक्र : महागीता) (series) - The Sannyas Wiki". www.sannyas.wiki. Retrieved 2020-03-27.

[24] "Ashtavakra Gita DVD Pack-Hindi". Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

[25] Shankar, Sri Sri Ravi (2010). Ashtavakra Gita. Bangalore: Sri Sri Publications Trust. ISBN 9789380592831.

[26] "Ashtavakra Gita". SRMD.org. Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Dating==
-[[Radhakamal Mukerjee]], an Indian social scientist, dated the book to the period immediately after the Hindu scripture [[Bhagavad Gita]] (c. 500–400 BCE).{{sfn|Mukherjee|1971|p=4}} J. L. Brockington, emeritus professor of Sanskrit at the University of Edinburgh, places the Ashtavakra Gita much later, supposing it to have been written either in the eighth century CE by a follower of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], or in the fourteenth century during a resurgence of Shankara's teaching.<ref>Byrom, Thomas (1990).  ''The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita.''  Shambhala Publications.  Page xxiii.</ref><ref>Brockington, J. L. (1990). Foreword to ''The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita'', trans. Thomas Byrom.  Shambhala Publications. Page xi.</ref> Sri Swami Shantananda Puri suggests that since the book contains the seed of the theory of non-creation [[Ajativada|Ajata Vada]] developed later by [[Gaudapada]] in [[Gaudapada#Mandukya Karika|Mandookya Karika]], this book comes from a period prior to that of [[Gaudapada]] (6th century CE) and hence prior to [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Puri|first=Sri Swami Shantananda|url=http://swamishantanandapurimaharaj.org/publications/Quantum-Leap-into-the-Absolute.pdf| title= The Quantum leap into the Absolute (Essence of ASHTAVAKRA GITA) |year=2001|publisher=Parvathamma C.P. Subbaraju Setty Charitable Trust|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
+[[Radhakamal Mukerjee]], an Indian social scientist, dated the book to the period immediately after the Hindu scripture [[Bhagavad Gita]] (c. 500–400 BCE).{{sfn|Mukherjee|1971|p=4}} J. L. Brockington, emeritus professor of Sanskrit at the University of Edinburgh, places the Ashtavakra Gita much later, supposing it to have been written either in the eighth century CE by a follower of [[Adi Shankara]], or in the fourteenth century during a resurgence of Shankara's teaching.<ref>Byrom, Thomas (1990).  ''The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita.'' Shambhala Publications.  Page xxiii.</ref><ref>Brockington, J. L. (1990). Foreword to ''The Heart of Awareness: A Translation of the Ashtavakra Gita'', trans. Thomas Byrom.  Shambhala Publications. Page xi.</ref> Sri Swami Shantananda Puri suggests that since the book contains the seed of the theory of non-creation [[Ajativada|Ajata Vada]] developed later by [[Gaudapada]] in [[Gaudapada#Mandukya Karika|Mandookya Karika]], this book comes from a period prior to that of [[Gaudapada]] (6th century CE) and hence prior to Shankara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Puri|first=Sri Swami Shantananda|url=http://swamishantanandapurimaharaj.org/publications/Quantum-Leap-into-the-Absolute.pdf| title= The Quantum Leap into the Absolute (Essence of ASHTAVAKRA GITA) |year=2001|publisher=Parvathamma C.P. Subbaraju Setty Charitable Trust|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
 ==Identification of Ashtavakra==
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ===Overview===
-Ashtavakra Gita is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka on the nature of Self, reality and bondage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manuel Schoch|title=Bitten by the Black Snake: The Ancient Wisdom of Ashtavakra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Twz74MjKOWIC|access-date=20 July 2012|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Sentient Publications|isbn=978-1-59181-060-5}}</ref> It offers a radical version of non-dualistic philosophy. The Gita insists on the complete unreality of external world and absolute oneness of existence. It does not mention any morality or duties, and therefore is seen by commentators as 'godless'. It also dismisses names and forms as unreal and a sign of ignorance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ruth Vanita|title=Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4nTmnlwsAC&pg=PA239|access-date=20 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=Yoda Press|isbn=978-81-902272-5-4|pages=239–}}</ref>
+Ashtavakra Gita is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka on the nature of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Self/Atman]], reality and bondage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manuel Schoch|title=Bitten by the Black Snake: The Ancient Wisdom of Ashtavakra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Twz74MjKOWIC|access-date=20 July 2012|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Sentient Publications|isbn=978-1-59181-060-5}}</ref> It offers a radical version of non-dualistic philosophy. The Gita insists on the complete unreality of external world and absolute oneness of existence. It does not mention any morality or duties, and therefore is seen by commentators as 'godless'. It also dismisses names and forms as unreal and a sign of ignorance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ruth Vanita|title=Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4nTmnlwsAC&pg=PA239|access-date=20 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=Yoda Press|isbn=978-81-902272-5-4|pages=239–}}</ref>
-In a conversation between Janaka and Ashtavakra, pertaining to the deformity of his crooked body, Ashtavakra explains that the size of a Temple is not affected by how it is shaped, and the shape of his own body does not affect himself (or Atman). The ignorant man's vision is shrouded by names and forms, but a wise man sees only himself:<ref>Chinmayananda 1997:n.p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vanita|first=Ruth|title=Full of God:Ashtavakra and ideas of Justice in Hindu Text|publisher=Equinox Publishing Ltd.}}</ref>
+In a conversation between Janaka and Ashtavakra, pertaining to the deformity of his crooked body, Ashtavakra explains that the size of a temple is not affected by how it is shaped, and the shape of his own body does not affect himself (or Atman). The ignorant man's vision is shrouded by names and forms, but a wise man sees only himself:<ref>Chinmayananda 1997:n.p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vanita|first=Ruth|title=Full of God:Ashtavakra and ideas of Justice in Hindu Text|publisher=Equinox Publishing Ltd.}}</ref>
 {{quote|You are really unbound and action-less, self-illuminating and spotless already. The cause of your bondage is that you are still resorting to stilling the mind. (I.15)<br>
 You are unconditioned and changeless, formless and immovable, unfathomable awareness, imperturbable- such consciousness is un-clinging. (I.17)<br>
-You are not bound by anything. What does a pure person like you need to renounce? Putting the complex organism to rest, you can go to your rest. (V.1) <ref>[http://www.celextel.org/othervedantabooks/astavakragita.html Astavakra Gita], Translation by John Richards. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</ref>}}
+You are not bound by anything. What does a pure person like you need to renounce? Putting the complex organism to rest, you can go to your rest. (V.1) <ref>[http://www.celextel.org/othervedantabooks/astavakragita.html Astavakra Gita], translation by John Richards. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</ref>}}
 ===Structure===
 The book comprises 20 chapters:{{sfn|Mukherjee|1971|p=iii}}
-* I  Saksi - Vision of the Self as the All-pervading Witness
+* I  [[Sakshi (Witness)|Saksi]] - Vision of the Self as the All-pervading Witness
 * II Ascaryam - Marvel of the Infinite Self Beyond Nature
 * III Atmadvaita - Self in All and All in the Self
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 * VI Prakrteh Parah - Irrelevance of Dissolution of Consciousness
 * VII Santa - Tranquil and Boundless Ocean of the Self
-* VIII Moksa - Bondage and Freedom
+* VIII [[Moksha|Moksa]] - Bondage and Freedom
 * IX Nirveda - Indifference
-* X Vairagya - Dispassion
+* X [[Vairagya]] - Dispassion
 * XI Cidrupa - Self as Pure and Radiant Intelligence
 * XII Svabhava - Ascent of Contemplation
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 [[Rajneesh|Osho]] has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in a long series of 91 discourses named as ''Ashtavakra Mahageeta'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sannyas.wiki/index.php?title=Ashtavakra:_Mahageeta_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_:_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)_(series)|title=Ashtavakra: Mahageeta (अष्‍टावक्र : महागीता) (series) - The Sannyas Wiki|website=www.sannyas.wiki|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> given in his Pune Ashram.
-[[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in Hindi<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashtavakra Gita DVD Pack-Hindi|url=http://www.sattvastore.com/videos/ashtavakra-gita-dvd-hindi-10000000000577.html|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215416/http://www.sattvastore.com/videos/ashtavakra-gita-dvd-hindi-10000000000577.html|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and English Language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shankar|first=Sri Sri Ravi|title=Ashtavakra Gita|year=2010|publisher=Sri Sri Publications Trust|location=Bangalore|isbn=9789380592831}}</ref>
+[[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in Hindi<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashtavakra Gita DVD Pack-Hindi|url=http://www.sattvastore.com/videos/ashtavakra-gita-dvd-hindi-10000000000577.html|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215416/http://www.sattvastore.com/videos/ashtavakra-gita-dvd-hindi-10000000000577.html|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shankar|first=Sri Sri Ravi|title=Ashtavakra Gita|year=2010|publisher=Sri Sri Publications Trust|location=Bangalore|isbn=9789380592831}}</ref>
 [[Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai]] has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita through 60 discourses totalling more than 116 hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashtavakra Gita |url=https://www.srmd.org/divineshop/ashtavakra-gita |website=SRMD.org |publisher=Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>