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{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}} |
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{{Infobox Dogbreed |
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| name = Portuguese Water Dog |
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| nickname = Portie, PWD, Water Dog |
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| country = Portugal |
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| image = Cão de agua Português 2.jpg |
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| image_caption = Portuguese Water Dog |
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| weight = |
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| maleweight = {{convert|42|–|60|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}<!--source: AKC --> |
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| femaleweight = {{convert|35|–|50|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}<!--source: AKC --> |
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| height = |
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| maleheight = {{convert|50|–|57|cm|abbr=on}}<!--source: ANKC--> |
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| femaleheight = {{convert|43|–|52|cm|abbr=on}}<!--source: ANKC--> |
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| coat = curly or wavy |
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| color = |
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| litter_size = |
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| life_span = 10–14 years |
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| altname = cão de água português, cão de água algarvio |
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| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/037g08-en.pdf |
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}} |
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The '''Portuguese Water Dog''' originated from the [[Algarve|Algarve region]] of [[Portugal]]. From there the breed expanded to all around Portugal's coast, where they were taught to herd fish into fishermen's nets, retrieve lost tackle or broken nets, and act as couriers from ship to ship, or ship to shore.<ref>{{cite video | publisher=Animal Planet | title=Portuguese Water Dog | series=Dogs 101 | access-date=4 December 2014 | url=http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/dogs-101/videos/portuguese-water-dog.htm | quote=These versatile aquatic animals have been helping humans with water work for centuries. The Spanish Armada relied on Portuguese Water Dogs to carry messages from vessel to vessel...This rugged animal was bred to assist fisherman at sea. 'They did everything from retrieving fishnets to actually chasing fish or scaring fish into the nets themselves.' Exceptional swimmers and divers, Porties also retrieve lost tackles and rescue drowning sailors.}}</ref> |
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Portuguese Water Dogs rode in [[fishing trawler]]s as they worked their way from the [[Atlantic]] waters of Portugal to the waters off the coast of [[Iceland]] fishing for cod.<ref>{{cite book|title=Portuguese Water Dog (Pet Love)|first=Paolo|last=Correa|publisher=Interpet Publishing|year=2001|isbn=1-903098-75-0}}</ref> |
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In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the breed is called '''{{lang|pt|cão de água}}''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈkɐ̃w dɨ ˈaɡwɐ|IPA}}; literally 'dog of water'). In Portugal, the dog is also known as the Algarvian Water Dog ({{lang|pt|cão de água algarvio}}), or Portuguese Fishing Dog ({{lang|pt|cão pescador português}}). {{lang|pt|cão de água de pêlo ondulado}} is the name given to the wavy-haired variety, and {{lang|pt|cão de água de pêlo encaracolado}}<!-- Do not capitalize these phrases; Portuguese does not use English orthography rules. Even adjectives derived from proper names are not capitalized in that language.--> is the name for the curly-coated variety.<ref name="NCPWD" /> |
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The Portuguese Water Dog is a fairly rare breed; only 36 Portuguese Water Dogs were entered for Britain's [[Crufts]] competition in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crufts.fossedata.co.uk/Breed.asp?ShowYear=2013&GroupID=WOR&ScheduleID=163|title=Crufts 2013 Results|year=2013|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Though some breeders claim they are a [[hypoallergenic dog breed]], there is no scientific evidence to support the claim that hypoallergenic dog breeds exist.<ref name="MayoClinic">{{cite web | last=Li | first=James | title=Pet allergy: Are there hypoallergenic dog breeds? | publisher= Mayo Clinic | url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pet-allergy/expert-answers/hypoallergenic-dog-breeds/faq-20058425 | quote="There's no such thing as a hypoallergenic dog breed}}</ref><ref name="VetInfo">{{cite web | title=Hypoallergenic Dogs: What Is Myth and What Is Fact? | work=VetInfo | url=http://www.vetinfo.com/hypoallergenic-dogs-myths-facts.html | quote=There is absolutely no scientific evidence that proves that these certain breeds of dog are 100% hypoallergenic}}</ref> Their non-shedding qualities have made them more popular in recent years. |
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The Portuguese Water Dog has recently gained more fame by being the chosen breed of US President [[Barack Obama]], who had two of them, [[Bo (dog)|Bo]] and [[Sunny (dog)|Sunny]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/5145384/Obamas-choose-Portuguese-water-dog-called-Bo.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Tom | last=Leonard | title=Obamas choose Portuguese water dog called 'Bo' | date=12 April 2009}}</ref> The Obama family chose Sunny for the breed's comparatively hypoallergenic nature, while Bo was given to them by Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7995570.stm |title=World | Obama family 'picks first puppy' |publisher=BBC News |date=12 April 2009 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
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[[File:Juni 2009 alle nahaufnahmen 034.JPG|thumb|Portuguese Water Dog]] |
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Portuguese and [[Spanish water dogs]] are clearly related and probably have a common ancestor. The closest relatives of the PWD and Spanish Water dog are widely thought to be the [[Standard Poodle]]. Like Poodles and several other [[water dog]] breeds, PWDs are intelligent, can have curly coats, have webbed toes for swimming, and do not shed.<ref name="Nytimes">{{cite news | last=Smith | first=Red | title=The Portuguese Shaggy Dog Story | newspaper=The New York Times | date=11 February 1980 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E5DF1638E432A25752C1A9649C94619FD6CF | issn=0362-4331}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> However, Portuguese Water Dogs are more robustly built, with stout legs, and can have a wavy coat instead of tightly curled. If comparing the structure to that of a Poodle, there are significant differences between the two breeds. The Portuguese Water Dog is built of strong substantial bone; well developed, neither refined nor coarse, and a solidly built, muscular body. The Portuguese Water Dog is off-square, slightly longer than tall when measured from prosternum to rearmost point of the buttocks, and from withers to ground. Portuguese Water Dog eyes are black or various tones of brown, and their coats can be black, brown, black and white or brown and white. |
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Male Portuguese Water Dogs usually grow to be about {{convert|20|to|23|in|cm}} tall, and they weigh between {{convert|40|and|60|lb}}, while the females usually grow to be about {{convert|17|to|21|in|cm}} tall, and they weigh between {{convert|35|and|50|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=5135|title=The Kennel Club|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> |
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=== Coat types === |
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PWDs have a single-layered coat that does not shed<ref name="Gopets">[http://www.gopetsamerica.com/dogs/dogs-that-do-not-shed.aspx Go Pets America: Dogs that do not shed - Retrieved September 7, 2008]</ref> (see [[Moult]]), and therefore their presence is tolerated well among many people who suffer from dog [[Allergy|allergies]]. Persons with dog allergies, however, should consult their medical advisor before considering the purchase of any dog.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/getting-a-dog-or-puppy/finding-the-right-dog/non-shedding-breeds-of-dog/|title=Dogs that don't shed: large & small breeds list|website=www.thekennelclub.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> |
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Most PWDs, especially those shown in [[conformation show]]s, are entirely black, black and white, brown, or silver-tipped; it is common to see white chest spots and white paws or legs on black or brown coated dogs. "Parti" or "Irish-marked" coats, with irregular white and black spots, are rare but visually striking. "Parti" dogs are becoming more common in the United States. However, in Portugal, the breed standard does not allow more than 30% white markings. Overall, white is the least common Portuguese Water Dog color, while black with white markings on the chin ("milk chin") and the chest is the most common color. |
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From the Portuguese Water Dog Club of America Revised Standard for the Portuguese Water Dog come these descriptions of the two coat types:<ref name=pwdcast>{{cite web |url=http://www.pwdca.org/breed-standard |title=Revised Standard for the Portuguese Water Dog |publisher=Portuguese Water Dog Society of America, Inc. |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref> |
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* Curly coat: "Compact, cylindrical curls, somewhat lusterless. The hair on the ears is sometimes wavy."<ref name="pwdcast" /> |
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* Wavy coat: "Falling gently in waves, not curls, and with a slight sheen."<ref name="pwdcast" /> |
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Many dogs have mixed pattern hair: curly all over the body but wavy on the tail and ears.<ref name=":0"/> |
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[[File:Cão de agua Português 1.jpg|thumb|White is one of the less-common colours among PWDs.]] |
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[[File:White and Black Portuguese Water Dogs.jpg|thumb|Two parti-colored Portuguese Water Dogs, female curly in front and male wavy at rear]] |
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[[File:Portugueuse Water Dog in snow.jpg|thumb|Black and white wavy]] |
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===Grooming styles=== |
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If left untended, the hair on a PWD will keep growing indefinitely. Problems associated with this include the hair around the eyes growing so long as to impede vision, and matting of the body hair, which can cause skin irritations. For these reasons, PWDs must be trimmed about every two months and the coat brushed every other day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwdca.org/grooming-needs|title=Portuguese Water Dog Club of America|date=March 2, 2019}}</ref> |
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The coat is usually worn in a "retriever cut" or a "lion cut".<ref name="pwdcagr">{{cite web |url=http://www.pwdca.org/grooming |title=PWD Grooming Guides |publisher=Portuguese Water Dog Society of America, Inc. |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref> |
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====The lion cut==== |
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In the lion cut, the hindquarters, muzzle, and the base of the tail are shaved, with approximately 1/3 of the tail hair left long, also known as a flag, and the rest of the body is left full length. This traditional cut originated with the fishing dogs of Portugal. The lion cut diminished the initial shock of cold water when jumping from boats, as well as providing warmth to the vitals. The hindquarters were left shaved to allow easier movement of the back legs and the powerful, rudder-like tail.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cachorroseguro.com/breeds/portuguese-water-dog/?lang=en|title=Portuguese Water Dog - CachorroSeguro.com|website=www.cachorroseguro.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> |
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====The retriever cut==== |
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The retriever cut is one inch (2.5 cm) long, evenly over the body (although some owners prefer the muzzle or the base of the tail shorter, again, with approximately 1/3 of the tail hair left long, also known as a flag,). This cut is a more recent style and originated because breeders wanted to make the breed more appealing to buyers. Sometimes owners will clip the hair of their dogs very short, especially in the summer months, in modified retriever cut.<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Vocalisation=== |
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Portuguese Water Dogs have a multi-octave voice. They tend to be quiet dogs although they will warn when the home is approached, and they will communicate their desires vocally and behaviorally to their owner. Their bark is loud and distinctive. They may engage in "expressive panting", by making a distinct "ha-ha-ha-ha" sound as an invitation to play or to indicate a desire for nearby food. They sometimes whine.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The PWD's biddability, high intelligence, and tendency to vocalise and then seek out its human master when specific alarms occur make it an ideal hearing-ear or deaf-assistance dog. PWDs can be readily trained to bark loudly when a telephone rings, and then to find and alert a hard-of-hearing or deaf master.<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Temperament=== |
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[[File:Portuguese Water Dog agility.jpg|thumb|Portuguese Water Dogs are active and well-suited to many [[dog sport]]s.]] |
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Portuguese Water dogs are loving, independent, and intelligent and are easily trained in obedience and agility skills. They are generally friendly to strangers and enjoy being petted.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Because they are [[working dog]]s, PWDs are generally content in being at their master's side, awaiting directions, and, if they are trained, they are willing and able to follow complex commands. They learn very quickly, seem to enjoy the training, and have a long memory for the names of objects. These traits and their non-shedding coats mean they excel at the various service dog roles such as [[hearing dog]]s ([[assistance dog]]s for the deaf), mobility dogs, and seizure response dogs. They also make unusually good [[therapy dog]]s.<ref name=":0" /> |
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A PWD usually stays in proximity to its owners, both indoors and outdoors. Although very gregarious animals, these dogs will typically bond with one primary or alpha family member. Some speculate that this intense bonding arose in the breed because the dogs were selected to work in proximity to their masters on small fishing boats, unlike other working dogs such as [[herding dog]]s and [[water dog]]s that range out to perform tasks. In any case, the modern PWD, whether employed on a boat or kept as a pet or a working dog, loves water and attention and prefers to be engaged in activity within sight of a human partner. This is not a breed to be left alone for long periods of time, indoors or out.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} |
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As water dogs, the PWD's retrieving instinct is strong, which also gives some dogs tugging and chewing tendencies. A PWD will commonly jump as a greeting. Owners may choose to limit this behavior. Some PWDs may walk, hop, or "dance" on their hind legs when greeting or when excited. Some PWDs will stand upright at kitchen counters and tables, especially if they smell food above them. This habit is known as "counter surfing" and is characteristic of the breed. |
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Because of their intelligence and working drive, they require regular intensive exercise as well as mental challenges. They are gentle and patient—but not "[[couch potato]]es", and boredom can cause them to become destructive.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==History== |
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===In ancient times=== |
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[[File:Cão d'Água Português.JPG|thumb|160px| A Portuguese Water Dog in his native land, the [[Algarve]], southern [[Portugal]]]] |
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The Portuguese Water Dog and the Poodle appear to have developed from the same ancient genetic pool: At one time the Poodle was a longer-coated dog, as is one variety of the Portuguese Water Dog. PWD breeders say that the current-day [[Poodle]], [[Kerry Blue Terrier]], and [[Irish Water Spaniel]] are possible ancestors of the "water dog".<ref>{{cite web |title=History |website=Portuguese Water Dog Club of America (pwdca.org) |url=https://www.pwdca.org/history |access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> |
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===Modern history=== |
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[[File:Obama family walks with First Dog Bo 4-14-09.jpg|thumb|220px|right|US President [[Barack Obama]] and his family with [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], their Portuguese Water Dog]] |
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[[File:The dog Bo in the Cabinet Room.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Bo in the Cabinet Room (shown with Oval Office director Brian Mosteller)]] |
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[[File:Portuguese Water Dog Swimming.jpg|thumb|220px|Modern Portuguese Water Dogs are agile swimmers.]] |
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The PWD was a breed on the verge of extinction when, during the 1930s, Vasco Bensaude, a wealthy Portuguese shipping magnate, began to seek out fishermen's dogs for use in a breeding program to re-establish the breed. Bensaude's kennel was named Algarbiorum, and his most famous dog was Leão (1931–1942), a very "type-y" (that is, standard-conformant) fisherman's [[stud dog]], who was bred to so many different females that about half of the pedigreed Portuguese Water Dogs in existence can trace their lineage back to him. Bensaude was aided by two Portuguese veterinarians, Dr. Francisco Pinto Soares and Dr. Manuel Fernandes Marques. His work was carried on by [[Conchita Cintrón|Conchita Cintron de Castelo Branco]], to whom he gave his last 17 PWDs and all his archives.<ref name="NCPWD">{{cite book|title=The New Complete Portuguese Water Dog|first=Kathryn|last=Braund|publisher=Howell Bk|year=1997|isbn=0-87605-262-6}}</ref> |
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Dr. António Cabral was the founder of the Avalade kennels in Portugal. Ch. Charlie de Avalade (Charlie), a brown-coated dog, and C. B. Baluarte de Avalade (Balu) were two of his many famous PWDs. He registered his first PWD in 1954 after Bensaude had pioneered the re-establishment of the breed in Portugal. Cabral worked with Carla Molinari, Deyanne Miller, Sonja Santos and others to establish PWDs in the US. The "Mark of Cabral" is a triangular shape of different color/textured hair, usually {{convert|2|to|3|in|cm|0}} from the base of the tail.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} |
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Deyanne Miller is the person most responsible for the rise of the PWD in America. In 1972, the Millers, along with 14 others, formed the Portuguese Water Dog Club of America, Inc. (PWDCA).<ref>The Portuguese Water Dog became known as the "lion dog" due to the appearance of this clip: {{cite web | title=History of the Portuguese Water Dog |author1=Kathryn Braund |author2=Deyanne Farrell Miller |name-list-style=amp | work=The Complete Portuguese Water Dog | year=1986 | url=http://www.deleao.com/UserArea/StaticPages/HistoryofPWD.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327183144/http://www.deleao.com/UserArea/StaticPages/HistoryofPWD.asp | archive-date=27 March 2013}}</ref> She worked with dogs from both the Cintron and Cabral lineages to establish a stable genetic pool of PWDs in the US at her Farmion kennels. Another early US breeder of PWDs was the actor [[Raymond Burr]].<ref name=NCPWD/> |
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==Genetic diseases== |
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As with all [[Purebred (dog)|purebred dogs]], PWDs are vulnerable to certain [[genetic defect]]s. Owing to the limited [[gene pool]] for this breed, conscientious [[dog breeder|breeder]]s carefully study [[Pedigree (animal)|pedigree]]s and select dogs to minimize the chance of genetic disease and improper coat. As with many other breeds, growing popularity has encouraged breeding by people not knowledgeable about the breed.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} |
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===Hip dysplasia=== |
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Like [[poodle]]s, PWDs are vulnerable to [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], a congenital and developmental problem with the hip joints.<ref name="susan-muller">"Portuguese Water Dogs," Dr. Susan Muller-Esnault, DVM. 20 January 2009. Retrieved on 14 April 2009. http://www.critterology.com/articles/portuguese-water-dogs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416085549/http://www.critterology.com/articles/portuguese-water-dogs |date=16 April 2010 }}</ref> However, the risk of a PWD developing hip dysplasia can be greatly reduced by thoroughly checking the pedigrees and health clearances in both the sire and dam of the dog. |
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===Cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, and distichiasis=== |
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[[Cataracts]] and [[progressive retinal atrophy]] are two eye diseases found in PWDs. Progressive retinal atrophy, which causes "[[night blindness]]", may lead to [[blindness|complete blindness]]. This is a simple [[recessive gene]]. [[DNA testing]], known as "Optigen Testing", can identify dogs carrying the gene for progressive retinal atrophy. "Normal" or "A" dogs do not carry the gene. "Carriers" or "B" dogs carry one copy of the gene and will ''not'' express the disease, but pass the gene to 50% of their offspring. "Affected" or "C" dogs have two copies of the progressive retinal atrophy gene and will probably express the disease as late onset progressive retinal atrophy. "B" or "C" dogs should be bred ''only'' to "A" dogs to ensure that any offspring will not express the disease.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} |
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Ingrown eyelashes ([[distichiasis]]) occur in some curly-coated breeds, but they are not particularly common in PWDs. Ingrown eyelashes will rub the eye causing extensive corneal ulcerations.<ref name="susan-muller" /> The condition is minor so long as it is not ignored, and can be surgically treated if necessary.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} |
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===GM1 storage disease=== |
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[[GM1 storage disease]], one of a family of conditions called [[GM1 gangliosidoses]], is a [[recessive gene|recessive]], genetic disorder that is inevitably fatal. It is caused by a [[Deficiency (medicine)|deficiency]] of [[beta-galactosidase]], with resulting abnormal storage of acidic [[lipid]] materials in cells of the [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]]s, but particularly in the [[neuron|nerve cell]]s. Because PWDs are all rather closely related to one another and share a limited gene pool, PWDs who were GM1 storage disease carriers were able to be genetically identified, and the condition has now been almost entirely eliminated from the breed.<ref name=vetp>{{cite journal |title=GM1 gangliosidosis in Portuguese water dogs: pathologic and biochemical findings |author=G.K. Saunders |author2=P. A. Wood |author3=R. K. Myers |author4=L. G. Shell |author5=R. Carithers |publisher=American College of Veterinary Pathologists |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=265–269 |doi=10.1177/030098588802500403 |pmid=3136586 |year=1988 |doi-access=free }}</ref> All breeding stock should be tested for GM-1 storage disease or GM1 gangliosidoses, which is a fatal nerve disease that typically appears when a puppy is approximately six months of age. The affected puppy will show clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction including ataxia, tremors, paresis, and seizures. The pet may also exhibit a change in temperament. Lesions of the retina and clouding of the cornea may occur.<ref name="susan-muller" /> |
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===Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy=== |
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[[File:PortugiesischerWasserhund-LindoDaEstrelaDoMar.jpg|thumb|A Portuguese Water Dog puppy]] |
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[[Dilated cardiomyopathy|Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy]] is a fatal condition caused by an [[autosomal]] recessive gene. Affected puppies die suddenly or with very little warning usually between the ages of six weeks to seven months old. The signs and symptoms include a 12- to 48-hour onset of loss of appetite, decreased energy level, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. Some pups have no physical signs or symptoms at all, may just collapse and die, or are found dead by the breeder or new owner. At this time, there is no known cure or treatment but there is a way to prevent producing puppies affected by juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pwdca.org/health-issues|title=Health Issues|website=www.pwdca.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> |
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Breeders now have a DNA gene-based test, based on a cheek swab or a blood sample, which will determine if a dog is a carrier of the gene for juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy. All breeding animals can be tested to determine their status, thus avoiding the breeding of two carriers.<ref name=":1" /> A puppy from a sire or dam without the gene will not be affected with this fatal disease.<ref name=":1" /> |
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[[File:Portuguese Water Dog in NYC.jpg|thumb|Image of PWD]] |
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==See also== |
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* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]] |
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* [[List of dog breeds]] |
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*[[Gun dog]] |
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*[[Working dog]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Cão de Água Português}} |
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*{{curlie|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Working_Group/Portuguese_Water_Dog/}} |
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{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Verne K |title=Portuguese Water Dog; A Guide For The New Owner |publisher=vkfosterPublishing |isbn=978-0997506402 |pages=48 |edition= 1st}} |
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{{Portuguese dogs}} |
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{{Gundogs}} |
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[[Category:FCI breeds]] |
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[[Category:Gundogs]] |
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Portugal]] |
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Revision as of 17:10, 28 March 2022
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