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The general concept of warp drive was introduced by [[John W. Campbell]] in his 1957 novel ''[[Islands of Space]].''<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Gardiner|first=J.|year=2008|title=Warp Drive—From Imagination to Reality|journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]|volume=61|pages=353–357|bibcode=2008JBIS...61..353G}}</ref><ref name="visual">{{Cite book|last=Ash|first=Brian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SUYAAAAIAAJ&q=Visual+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction|title=The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=1977|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-53174-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|77}}<ref name="spacewarp">{{Cite web|title=Themes : Space Warp : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/space_warp|access-date=2021-09-04|website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Starman Jones]]'' already considered the concepts of "folds" in space in 1953.<ref name="green">{{Cite book|author-last=Slusser|author-first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JXnz9x9sO4C&q=space+travel|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders|date=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32952-4|editor-last=Westfahl|editor-first=Gary|language=en|chapter=Space Travel|author-link=Gary Westfahl}}</ref>{{Rp|743}} ''Brave New Words'' gave the earliest example of the term "space-warp drive" as [[Fredric Brown]]'s ''Gateway to Darkness'' (1949), and also cited an unnamed story from ''[[Cosmic Stories]]'' (May 1941) as using the word "warp" in the context of space travel, although the usage of this term as a "bend or curvature" in space which facilitates travel can be traced to several works at as far back as the mid-1930s, for example [[Jack Williamson]]'s ''[[The Cometeers]]'' (1936).<ref name=":42"/>{{Rp|212, 268}}
The general concept of warp drive was introduced by [[John W. Campbell]] in his 1957 novel ''[[Islands of Space]].''<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Gardiner|first=J.|year=2008|title=Warp Drive—From Imagination to Reality|journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]|volume=61|pages=353–357|bibcode=2008JBIS...61..353G}}</ref><ref name="visual">{{Cite book|last=Ash|first=Brian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SUYAAAAIAAJ&q=Visual+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction|title=The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=1977|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-53174-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|77}}<ref name="spacewarp">{{Cite web|title=Themes : Space Warp : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/space_warp|access-date=2021-09-04|website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Starman Jones]]'' already considered the concepts of "folds" in space in 1953.<ref name="green">{{Cite book|author-last=Slusser|author-first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JXnz9x9sO4C&q=space+travel|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders|date=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32952-4|editor-last=Westfahl|editor-first=Gary|language=en|chapter=Space Travel|author-link=Gary Westfahl}}</ref>{{Rp|743}} ''Brave New Words'' gave the earliest example of the term "space-warp drive" as [[Fredric Brown]]'s ''Gateway to Darkness'' (1949), and also cited an unnamed story from ''[[Cosmic Stories]]'' (May 1941) as using the word "warp" in the context of space travel, although the usage of this term as a "bend or curvature" in space which facilitates travel can be traced to several works at as far back as the mid-1930s, for example [[Jack Williamson]]'s ''[[The Cometeers]]'' (1936).<ref name=":42"/>{{Rp|212, 268}}


== Space warp and real-world physics ==
== Einstein's Space warp and real-world physics ==
Einstein's theory of [[special relativity]] states that speed of light travel is impossible for material objects that, unlike [[photon]]s, have a non-zero rest mass. The problem of a material object exceeding light speed is that an infinite amount of kinetic energy would be required to travel at exactly the speed of light. Warp drives are one of the science-fiction tropes that serve to circumvent this limitation in fiction to facilitate stories set at galactic scales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SFE: Faster Than Light|url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/faster_than_light|access-date=2021-11-10|website=sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, the concept of space warp has been criticized as "illogical", and has been connected to several other [[rubber science]] ideas that do not fit into our current understanding of physics, such as [[Anti-gravity|antigravity]] or [[negative mass]].<ref name=":0" />
Einstein's theory of [[special relativity]] states that speed of light travel is impossible for material objects that, unlike [[photon]]s, have a non-zero rest mass. The problem of a material object exceeding light speed is that an infinite amount of kinetic energy would be required to travel at exactly the speed of light. Warp drives are one of the science-fiction tropes that serve to circumvent this limitation in fiction to facilitate stories set at galactic scales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SFE: Faster Than Light|url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/faster_than_light|access-date=2021-11-10|website=sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> However, the concept of space warp has been criticized as "illogical", and has been connected to several other [[rubber science]] ideas that do not fit into our current understanding of physics, such as [[Anti-gravity|antigravity]] or [[negative mass]].<ref name=":0" />


Revision as of 18:28, 29 March 2022

For other uses, see Warp drive (disambiguation).
Spatial anomalies in fiction

Black holes in fiction • Portable hole • Teleportation in fiction • Wormholes in fiction • Stargate • Warp drive • Hyperspace • Time travel in fiction

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Artist impression of the view in front of the space ship traveling using warp drive

A warp drive or a drive enabling space warp is a fictional superluminal spacecraft propulsion system in many science fiction works, most notably Star Trek,[1] and a subject of ongoing physics research. The general concept of "warp drive" was introduced by John W. Campbell in his 1957 novel Islands of Space and was popularized by the Star Trek series. It is a fictional implementation of the Alcubierre drive, a theoretical solution of the field equations of the General theory of relativity.[2]

History and characteristics

Warp drive, or a drive enabling space warp, is one of several ways of travelling through space found in science fiction.[3] It has been often discussed as being conceptually similar to hyperspace.[3][4]: 238–239  A warp drive is a device that distorts the shape of the space-time continuum.[5]: 142  A spacecraft equipped with a warp drive may travel at speeds greater than that of light by many orders of magnitude. In contrast to some other fictitious faster-than-light technologies such as a jump drive, the warp drive does not permit instantaneous travel and transfers between two points, but rather involves a measurable passage of time which is pertinent to the concept. In contrast to hyperspace, spacecraft at warp velocity would continue to interact with objects in "normal space".[6][7]

The general concept of warp drive was introduced by John W. Campbell in his 1957 novel Islands of Space.[8][9]: 77 [10] However, Robert A. Heinlein's Starman Jones already considered the concepts of "folds" in space in 1953.[11]: 743  Brave New Words gave the earliest example of the term "space-warp drive" as Fredric Brown's Gateway to Darkness (1949), and also cited an unnamed story from Cosmic Stories (May 1941) as using the word "warp" in the context of space travel, although the usage of this term as a "bend or curvature" in space which facilitates travel can be traced to several works at as far back as the mid-1930s, for example Jack Williamson's The Cometeers (1936).[5]: 212, 268 

Einstein's Space warp and real-world physics

Einstein's theory of special relativity states that speed of light travel is impossible for material objects that, unlike photons, have a non-zero rest mass. The problem of a material object exceeding light speed is that an infinite amount of kinetic energy would be required to travel at exactly the speed of light. Warp drives are one of the science-fiction tropes that serve to circumvent this limitation in fiction to facilitate stories set at galactic scales.[12] However, the concept of space warp has been criticized as "illogical", and has been connected to several other rubber science ideas that do not fit into our current understanding of physics, such as antigravity or negative mass.[3]

Although the concept of warp drive has originated in fiction, it has received some scientific consideration, most notably related to the 1990s concept of the Alcubierre drive.[8] Alcubierre stated in an email to William Shatner that his theory was directly inspired by the term used in the TV series Star Trek[13] and cites the "'warp drive' of science fiction" in his 1994 article.[14]

Star Trek

Main article: Technology in Star Trek § Warp drive

A representation of a Star Trek "warp bubble"

Warp drive is one of the fundamental features of the Star Trek franchise; and one of the best-known examples of space warp (warp drive) in fiction.[3] In the first pilot episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, "The Cage", it is referred to as a "hyperdrive", with Captain Pike stating the speed to reach planet Talos IV as "time warp, factor 7". The warp drive in Star Trek is one of the most detailed fictional technologies there is.[citation needed] Compared to the hyperspace drives of other fictional universes, it differs in that a spaceship does not leave the normal space-time continuum and instead the space-time itself is distorted, as is made possible in the general theory of relativity.[7]

The basic functional principle of the warp drive in Star Trek is the same for all spaceships. A strong energy source, usually a so-called warp core or sometimes called intermix chamber, generates a high-energy plasma. This plasma is transported to the so-called warp field generators via lines that are reminiscent of pipes. These generators are basically coils in warp nacelles protruding from the spaceship. These generate a subspace field, the so-called warp field or a warp bubble, which distort space-time and propels the bubble and spaceship in the bubble forward.[15]

The warp core can be designed in various forms. Humans and most of the other fictional races use a moderated reaction of antideuterium and deuterium with so called Dilithium. The Romulans, for example, use artificial micro-black holes called quantum singularity.[16]

The speeds are given in warp factors and follow a Geometric progression. The first scale developed by Franz Joseph was simply a cubic progression with no limit.[17] This leads to the use of ever growing warp factors in the Original Series and the Animated Series. For example, warp 14.1 in the TOS-episode "That Which Survives" or warp 36 in the TAS-episode "The Counter-Clock Incident". In order to focus more on the story and away from the technobabble, Gene Roddenberry commissioned Michael Okuda to invent a revised warp scale. Warp 10 should be the absolute limit and stand for infinite speed. In homage to Gene Roddenberry, this limit was also called "Eugene's Limit". Okuda explains this in an author's comment in his technical manual for the USS Enterprise-D.[18] Between Warp 1 (the speed of light) and Warp 9, the increase was still roughly geometric, but the exponent was adjusted so that the speeds were higher compared to the old scale. For instance, Warp 9 is more than 1500 times faster than Warp 1 in comparison to the 729 times (nine to the power of 3) calculated using the original cubic formula. In the same author's comment, Okuda explains that the motivation was to fulfill fan expectations that the new Enterprise is much faster than the original, but without changing the warp factor numbers.[18] Between Warp 9 and Warp 10, the new scale grows exponentially.[18] Only in a single episode of Star Trek Voyager there was a specific numerical speed value given for a warp factor. In the episode "The 37's", Tom Paris tells Amelia Earhart that Warp 9.9 is about 4 billion miles per second (using customary units for the character's benefit).[19] That is more than 14 times the value of Warp 9 and equal to around 21.400 times speed of light. However, this statement contradicts the technical manuals and encyclopedias written by Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda. There a speed of 3053 times the speed of light was established for a warp factor of 9.9 and a speed of 7912 times the speed of light for a warp factor of 9.99. Both numerical values are well below the value given by Tom Paris.[20]

In the episode "Vis à Vis", a coaxial warp drive is mentioned. The working principle is explained in more detail in the Star Trek Encyclopedia. This variant of a warp drive uses spatial folding instead of a warp field and allows an instant movement with nearly infinite velocity.[21]

Star Trek has also introduced a so-called Transwarp concept, but without a fixed definition.[20] It is effectively a catch-all phrase for any and all technologies and natural phenomena that enable speeds above Warp 9.99.[22]

Rick Sternbach described the basic idea in the Technical Manual:

"Finally, we had to provide some loophole for various powerful aliens like Q, who have a knack for tossing the ship million of light years in the time of a commercial break. [...] This lets Q and his friends have fun in the 9.9999+ range, but also lets our ship travel slowly enough to keep the galaxy a big place, and meets the other criteria."[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Krauss, Lawrence Maxwell. (2007). The physics of Star Trek. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00863-6. OCLC 787849957.
  2. ^ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001
  3. ^ a b c d "SFE: Space Warp". sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  4. ^ Stableford, Brian M. (2006). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
  5. ^ a b Prucher, Jeff (2007-05-07). Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988552-7.
  6. ^ Musha, Takaaki; Minami, Yoshinari (2011). Field Propulsion System for Space Travel: Physics of Non-Conventional Propulsion Methods for Interstellar Travel. Bentham eBooks. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-60805-270-7.
  7. ^ a b Miozzi, CJ (18 June 2014). "5 Faster-Than-Light Travel Methods and Their Plausibility". The Escapist. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  8. ^ a b Gardiner, J. (2008). "Warp Drive—From Imagination to Reality". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 61: 353–357. Bibcode:2008JBIS...61..353G.
  9. ^ Ash, Brian (1977). The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-53174-7.
  10. ^ "Themes : Space Warp : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  11. ^ Slusser, George (2005). "Space Travel". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
  12. ^ "SFE: Faster Than Light". sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  13. ^ Shapiro, Alan. "The Physics of Warp Drive". Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  14. ^ Alcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: Hyper-fast travel within general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 11 (5): L73–L77. arXiv:gr-qc/0009013. Bibcode:1994CQGra..11L..73A. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001. S2CID 4797900. Open access icon
  15. ^ Okuda, Michael & Denise. Star Trek Technical Manual. p. 56.
  16. ^ Star Trek Fact Files, File 64, Card 6, Warp core function
  17. ^ Joseph, Franz. Star Trek: Star Fleet Technical Manual.
  18. ^ a b c d Okuda, Michael & Denise. Star Trek Technical Manual. p. 55.
  19. ^ Transcript of this episode
  20. ^ a b Okuda, Michael & Denise. Star Trek Encyclopedia. p. 413.
  21. ^ Okuda, Michael & Denise. Star Trek Encyclopedia. p. 149.
  22. ^ "Star Trek Fact Files". p. File 5, Card 19. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
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