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Coordinates: 11°22′30″N 76°45′30″E / 11.375°N 76.75833°E / 11.375; 76.75833
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Coordinate|text= |article= |map= |NS=11.375|EW=76.75833|type= |pop= |elevation= |dim= |name= |region= |sortkey= |mapsize= }}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Nilgiri Mountains
| name = Nilgiri Mountains
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| photo = Nilgiri Hills Tamil Nadu.jpg
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| coordinates =
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| photo_caption = View of Nilgiri Mountains and its dense rainforests
| elevation = {{cvt|2637|m}}
| elevation_m = 2637
| elevation_ref =
| elevation_ref =
| country = India
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
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| state = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]
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| range = [[Western Ghats]]
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| area =
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] <br/> [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point]]
| rivers =
| translation = Blue Mountains, from [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| soil =
| language =
| geology = [[Fault (geology)|Fault]]
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| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]
| range_coordinates = {{coords|11.375|N|76.75833|E}}
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| coordinates =
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| highest_location = Tamilnadu
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| topo =
| type = [[Fault (geology)|Fault]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/mapindia/mapindia2000/c_m_doss.htm|title=Application of GPS and GIS for the detailed Development planning|publisher=Map India 2000|date=10 April 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603023512/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/mapindia/mapindia2000/c_m_doss.htm|archive-date=2008-06-03|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref>
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| age = [[Archean Eon]], 3000 to 500 [[mya (unit)|mya]]
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = NH 67 [http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=11.402361,76.736778&z=13&t=M&marker0=11.402361,76.736778,Nilgiris_(mountains) (Satellite view)]<br />or [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]
| highest = [[Doddabetta]]
| highest = [[Doddabetta]]
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| highest_location = [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| geology1 =
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| age = [[Cenozoic]]<br />100 to 80 [[mya (unit)|mya]]
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| photo_caption = A view of the Nilgiri Mountains and its rainforests
| location = South India
| map_caption = Map of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
| map_image = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg
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| parent = [[Western Ghats]]
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| photo = Nilgiri and Nature.jpg
| map =
}}
}}
The '''Nilgiri Mountains''' form part of the [[Western Ghats]] in western [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above {{convert|2000|m|ft}}, the highest peak being [[Doddabetta]], at {{convert|2637|m|ft}}. The [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] is located here.
The '''Nilgiri Mountains''' form part of the [[Western Ghats]] in western [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above {{convert|2000|m|ft}}, the highest peak being [[Doddabetta]], at {{convert|2637|m|ft}}.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The word Nilgiri comes from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word நீலம் ''neelam'' (blue) + ''giri'' (mountain), and has been in use since at least 1117&nbsp;CE. In Tamil literature it is mentioned as இரணியமுட்டம் (Iraniyamuttam)<ref> {{cite book|title=The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society|date=1886|publisher=Baptist Mission House|page=398|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xNAAQAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lengerke|first1=Hans J. von|title=The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India|date=1977|publisher=Steiner|isbn=9783515026406|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1YlAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the bluish flowers of [[kurinji]] shrubs gave rise to the name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decline of a Montane Ecosystem|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/kartik/res4.htm|publisher=Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science|date=February 1997}}</ref>
The word Nilgiri, comes from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word நீலம் ''neelam'' (blue) + ''giri'' (mountain), has been in use since at least 1117&nbsp;CE. In Tamil literature it is mentioned as இரணியமுட்டம் (Iraniyamuttam)<ref> {{cite book|title=The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society|date=1886|publisher=Baptist Mission House|page=398|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xNAAQAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lengerke|first1=Hans J. von|title=The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India|date=1977|publisher=Steiner|isbn=9783515026406|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1YlAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the bluish flowers of [[kurinji]] shrubs gave rise to the name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decline of a Montane Ecosystem|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/kartik/res4.htm|publisher=Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science|date=February 1997}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Location==
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The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the [[Mysore Plateau|Karnataka Plateau]] to the north by the [[Moyar River]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nilgiri Hills |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nilgiri-Hills |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Perumal's Peak.jpg|thumb|Perumal's Peak, a dormant volcano]]
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The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the [[Mysore Plateau]] to the north by the [[Moyar River]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nilgiri Hills |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nilgiri-Hills |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>


Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. [[Mudumalai National Park]] lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and [[Tamil Nadu]] meet, covering an area of {{cvt|321|km²}}. [[Mukurthi National Park]] lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of {{cvt|78.5|km²}}, which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. [[Silent Valley National Park]] lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of {{cvt|89.52|km²}}.{{cn|date=April 2019}}
Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. [[Mudumalai National Park]] lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and [[Tamil Nadu]] meet, covering an area of 321 km². [[Mukurthi National Park]] lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of 78.5 km², which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. [[Silent Valley National Park]] lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of 89.52 km².{{cn|date=April 2019}}


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
The Nilgiri Hills are part of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] (itself part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats (subcluster nomination), retrieved 4/20/2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster]</ref>), and form a part of the protected bio-reserves in India.
The Nilgiri Hills are part of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] (itself part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref name="UNESCO">UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats (subcluster nomination), retrieved 4/20/2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster]</ref>), and form a part of the protected bio-reserves in India.
[[File:Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg|thumb|Map of Nilgiri's Biosphere Reserve]]
[[File:Etched carnelian beads and gold jewelry, Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE, Asia, G33 South Asia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gold jewelry and [[etched carnelian beads]], Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE. British Museum]]
[[File:Etched carnelian beads and gold jewelry, Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE, Asia, G33 South Asia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gold jewelry and [[etched carnelian beads]], Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE. British Museum]]
[[File:Nilgiris - Copy.JPG|thumb|Nilgiri Hills seen from Masinangudi]]
[[File:Nilgiris - Copy.JPG|thumb|[[Nilgiri Hills]] from Masinangudi]]


==History==
==History==
The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times, demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the [[British Museum]], including those assembled by [[British Raj|colonial]] officers [[James Wilkinson Breeks]], Major M. J. Walhouse and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Sir Walter Elliot]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?place=Nilgiri%20Hills|title=Collection search: You searched for Nilgiri|website=British Museum|access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref> or in the [[Government Museum, Chennai]].
The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times, demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the [[British Museum]], including those assembled by [[British Raj|colonial]] officers [[James Wilkinson Breeks]], Major M. J. Walhouse and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Sir Walter Elliot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?place=Nilgiri%20Hills|title=Collection search: You searched for Nilgiri|website=British Museum|access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref>


The first recorded use of the word ''Nila'' applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of [[Vishnuvardhana]], King of [[Hoysala]]s, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the [[Toda people|Todas]], driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain (presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to [[Lakshmi]], Goddess of Wealth."<ref name="Pai">{{cite book|title=...and they created little England|last=Pai|first=Mohan |date=15 January 2009 |work=The Western Ghats – Hill Stations|publisher=the-western-ghats-by-mohan-pai-hill-stations, Egmore, Chennai |pages=Ootacamund}}</ref>
The first recorded use of the word ''Nila'' applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of [[Vishnuvardhana]], King of [[Hoysala]]s, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the [[Toda people|Todas]], driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain (presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to [[Lakshmi]], Goddess of Wealth."<ref name="Pai">{{cite book|title=...and they created little England|last=Pai|first=Mohan |date=15 January 2009 |work=The Western Ghats - Hill Stations|publisher=the-western-ghats-by-mohan-pai-hill-stations, Egmore, Chennai |pages=Ootacamund}}</ref>


A [[hero stone| hero stone (''Veeragallu'')]] with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered.<ref name="TNKannada"/> A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the [[Bhavanisagar dam|Bhavani Sagar dam]].<ref name="TNKannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|title=Kannada script (10600)|website=Department of Archaeology – Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301220013/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=francis>{{cite book|last1=Francis|first1=Walter|title=Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris|volume=1|year=1908|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-2060-546-6 |pages=90–94, 102–105}}</ref>
A [[hero stone| hero stone (''Veeragallu'')]] with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered.<ref name="TNKannada"/> A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the [[Bhavanisagar dam|Bhavani Sagar dam]].<ref name="TNKannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|title=Kannada script (10600)|website=Department of Archaeology - Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301220013/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=francis>{{cite book|last1=Francis|first1=Walter|title=Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris|volume=1|year=1908|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-2060-546-6 |pages=90–94, 102–105}}</ref>


In 1814, as part of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.<ref name="Burton">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard Francis|title=Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave |publisher=R. Bentley|location=London|year=1851|chapter=Nilgiri Hills (India), Description and travel; Nilgiri Hills (India), Social life and customs|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/goabluemountains00burtrich}}</ref>
In 1814, as part of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.<ref name="Burton">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard Francis|title=Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave |publisher=R. Bentley|location=London|year=1851|chapter=Nilgiri Hills (India), Description and travel; Nilgiri Hills (India), Social life and customs|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/goabluemountains00burtrich}}</ref>
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==Waterfalls==
==Waterfalls==
[[File:St_Catherine_Falls.jpg|thumb|St. Catherine Falls]]
[[File:Nilgiri forest.jpg|thumb|Wattle plantations in Nilgiris]]
The highest waterfall, Kolakambai Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of {{convert|400|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Nearby is the {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} Halashana falls. The second highest is [[Catherine Falls]], near [[Kotagiri]], with a {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} fall, named after the wife of [[M.D. Cockburn]], believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower [[Pykara#Pykara Falls|Pykara falls]] have falls of {{convert|180|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, respectively. The {{convert|170|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Kalhatti Falls]] is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near [[Aruvankadu]] had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near [[Coonoor]], is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads#Coonoor Ghat .28National Highway 67.29|Coonoor Ghat road]].<ref name="Eagan">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nilgiriguideandd031416mbp|title=The Nilgiri Guide And Directory|last=Eagan|first=J. S. C|publisher=S.P.C.K. Press|year=1916|location=Vepery}}</ref>
The highest waterfall, Kolakambai Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of {{convert|400|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Nearby is the {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} Halashana falls. The second highest is [[Catherine Falls]], near [[Kotagiri]], with a {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} fall, named after the wife of [[M.D. Cockburn]], believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower [[Pykara#Pykara Falls|Pykara falls]] have falls of {{convert|180|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, respectively. The {{convert|170|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Kalhatti Falls]] is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near [[Aruvankadu]] had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near [[Coonoor]], is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads#Coonoor Ghat .28National Highway 67.29|Coonoor Ghat road]].<ref name="Eagan">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nilgiriguideandd031416mbp|title=The Nilgiri Guide And Directory|last=Eagan|first=J. S. C|publisher=S.P.C.K. Press|year=1916|location=Vepery}}</ref>


==Fauna==
==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Muthumalai by N A Nazeer.jpg|thumb|There are 400 tigers in the Nilgiri hills. The nilgiris has ths the highest number of tigers in tamilnadu and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve has the highest number of tigers in all of the world.]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
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Over 2,700 species of flowering plants, 160 species of [[fern]] and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the ''sholas'' of the Nilgiris. No other [[hill station]] has so many exotic species.<ref>The District Collector, Collector's Office, Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, ''General Information'', [http://nilgiris.nic.in/ Rare Trees, Fruits, Flowers & Animals] retrieved 9/2/2007.</ref> It is also home to mammals like the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital deer]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[dhole]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian boar]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[black buck]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[sloth bear]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], [[Malabar giant squirrel]], [[honey badger]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian fox]], [[smooth coated otter]], and [[painted bat]]. The [[Indian python]], [[king cobra]], [[common krait]], [[Indian cobra]], [[Malabar pit viper]], [[Nilgiri keelback]], [[Oriental garden lizard]], ''[[Eryx whitakeri]]'' and [[mugger crocodile]] are reptiles found here. Primates such as the [[lion tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[gray langur]] and [[bonnet macaque]]. The birds found here are [[Indian peacock]], [[Nilgiri laughing thrush]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], [[grey junglefowl]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[Malabar parakeet]], [[great hornbill]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Indian vulture]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[grey-headed bulbul]] and [[Malabar grey hornbill]]. Amphibians on the list are the [[purple frog]], [[Raorchestes silentvalley| Silent valley brush frog]], [[Malabar gliding frog]], [[Beddomixalus]] and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the exotic [[white tiger]].
[[File:Tiger Drinking Pond Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01310.jpg|thumb|Tiger in Mudumalai National Park]]
[[File:The Black Chinned Laughingthrush.jpg|thumb|Nilgiri laughing thrush]]
[[File:Nilgiris cloudy forest..JPG|thumb|Tropical Rainforest biome in the Nilgiri hills ]]
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The dominant type of habitat is [[tropical rainforest]]. [[Montane forest]]s and [[tropical moist forest]]s are also found here. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native [[eucalyptus]] and [[acacia|wattle]] (''[[Acacia dealbata]]'', ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'') plantations, and cattle grazing.<ref>Davidar, E. R. C. 1978. ''Distribution and status of the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) 1975-1978''. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; 75: 815-844.</ref> The area also features one large and several smaller [[hydro-electric]] impoundments.<ref>Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "''[http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr]''", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928155241/http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> [[Scotch broom]] has become an ecologically damaging [[invasive species]].<ref>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365 [http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius Invasion of Grasslands of the Upper Nilgiris in India], Ashfaq Ahmed Zarr, Asad R. Rahmani, and Mark J. Behan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219183235/http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}</ref>
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The Nilgiri hills are one of the most biodiverse places in the Western Ghats. Native fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital deer]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[dhole]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian boar]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[black buck]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[sloth bear]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], [[Malabar giant squirrel]], [[honey badger]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian fox]], [[smooth coated otter]], and [[painted bat]]. The [[Indian python]], [[king cobra]], [[common krait]], [[Indian cobra]], [[Malabar pit viper]], [[Nilgiri keelback]], [[Oriental garden lizard]] and ''[[Eryx whitakeri]]'' are reptiles found here. Primates such as the [[lion tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[gray langur]] and [[bonnet macaque]]. The birds found here are [[Indian peacock]], [[Nilgiri laughing thrush]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], [[grey junglefowl]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[Malabar parakeet]], [[great hornbill]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Indian vulture]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[grey-headed bulbul]] and [[Malabar grey hornbill]]. Amphibians on the list are the [[purple frog]], [[Raorchestes silentvalley|Silent valley brush frog]], [[Malabar gliding frog]], [[Beddomixalus]] and many more.


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[[Threatened]] plants of the Nilgiris include:
==Flora==
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Forest in Silent Valley National Park - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Forest in Silent Valley National Park]]
The Nilgiri mountains harbour the ecoregions [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] and [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]].


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* [[Vulnerable species]]: ''[[Miliusa nilagirica]]'', ''Nothapodytes foetida'', ''[[Commiphora wightii|Commelina wightii]]''
⚫
Over 2,700 species of flowering plants, 160 species of [[fern]] and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the ''sholas'' of the Nilgiris. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native [[eucalyptus]] and [[acacia|wattle]] (''[[Acacia dealbata]]'', ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'') plantations, and cattle grazing.<ref>Davidar, E. R. C. 1978. ''Distribution and status of the Nilgiri tahr (''Hemitragus hylocrius'') 1975–1978''. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; 75: 815–844.</ref> The area also features one large and several smaller [[hydro-electric]] impoundments.<ref>Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "''[http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr]''", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928155241/http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> [[Scotch broom]] has become an ecologically damaging [[invasive species]].<ref>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2–3), May–Dec 2006 356–365 [http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius Invasion of Grasslands of the Upper Nilgiris in India], Ashfaq Ahmed Zarr, Asad R. Rahmani, and Mark J. Behan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219183235/http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}</ref>

⚫
[[Threatened]] plants of the Nilgiris include:
⚫
* [[Vulnerable species]]: ''[[Miliusa nilagirica]]'', ''Nothapodytes foetida'', ''[[Commiphora wightii]]''
* [[Rare species]]: ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia decaisneana]]'' ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia pusilla]]'', ''[[Senecio#Selected species|Senecio kundaicus]]''
* [[Rare species]]: ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia decaisneana]]'' ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia pusilla]]'', ''[[Senecio#Selected species|Senecio kundaicus]]''
* [[Endangered|Endangered species]]: ''[[Youngia nilgiriensis]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens neo-barnesii]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens nilagirica]]'', ''[[Euonymus angulatus]]'' and ''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]''.<ref>Nayar & Sastry (1987–88) Red Data Book, Plants of India [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219184346/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu]
* [[Endangered|Endangered species]]: ''[[Youngia nilgiriensis]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens neo-barnesii]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens nilagirica]]'', ''[[Euonymus angulatus]]'' and ''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]''.<ref>
Nayar & Sastry (1987-88) Red Data Book, Plants of India [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219184346/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu]
</ref>
</ref>
[[File:Sarobilanthes kunthiana-Neelakurinji from Kallattimala , Near ooty, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|''Strobilanthes kunthiana'' or Neelakurinji blossoming in Ooty]]

==Tribal people==
[[File:Badagas in nilgiris.jpg|thumb|[[Badagas]] of the Nilgiris]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
Tribal people of the Nilgiri hills include Badagas, Todas, Kotas, Irullas and Kurumbas. They mainly depend on forest for their day-to-day life. They occupy forested regions where for a long period in their history, they lived in isolation but in harmony with nature. They demonstrate significant knowledge of the forest including varied species of flora and fauna and relate to the forest very well. Although the Badagas had adapted to the outer world and had developed a lot the other tribes remain the same.


<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="220px" heights="160px">
==See also==
File:Wild Horse In Pine Forest.jpg|Wild horse in pine forest
*[[Koderi]]
File:Vestalis apicalis submontana.jpg|''[[Vestalis submontana]]'', [[endemic]] to Nilgiri
File:Gaur (Indian Bison) at Periyar National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|Herd of [[Gaur]], Indian bisons in Mudumalai national park
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 17:45, 4 April 2022

This article is about the mountain range in India. For other uses, see Nilgiri.

11°22′30″N 76°45′30″E / 11.375°N 76.75833°E / 11.375; 76.75833

Nilgiri Mountains
View of Nilgiri Mountains and its dense rainforests
Highest point
PeakDoddabetta, Tamil Nadu, India
Elevation2,637 m (8,652 ft)
ListingUltra
List of Indian states and territories by highest point
Naming
English translationBlue Mountains, from Tamil
Geography
Map
LocationTamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
Parent rangeWestern Ghats
Geology
Rock age(s)Archean Eon, 3000 to 500 mya
Mountain typeFault[1]
Climbing
Easiest routeNH 67 (Satellite view)
or Nilgiri Mountain Railway

The Nilgiri Mountains form part of the Western Ghats in western Tamil Nadu, India. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), the highest peak being Doddabetta, at 2,637 metres (8,652 ft).

Etymology

The word Nilgiri, comes from Tamil word நீலம் neelam (blue) + giri (mountain), has been in use since at least 1117 CE. In Tamil literature it is mentioned as இரணியமுட்டம் (Iraniyamuttam)[2][3] It is thought that the bluish flowers of kurinji shrubs gave rise to the name.[4]

Location

The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the Karnataka Plateau to the north by the Moyar River.[5]

Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, covering an area of 321 km². Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of 78.5 km², which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. Silent Valley National Park lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of 89.52 km².[citation needed]

Conservation

The Nilgiri Hills are part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (itself part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[6]), and form a part of the protected bio-reserves in India.

Map of Nilgiri's Biosphere Reserve
Gold jewelry and etched carnelian beads, Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE. British Museum
Nilgiri Hills from Masinangudi

History

The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since prehistoric times, demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the British Museum, including those assembled by colonial officers James Wilkinson Breeks, Major M. J. Walhouse and Sir Walter Elliot.[7]

The first recorded use of the word Nila applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of Vishnuvardhana, King of Hoysalas, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the Todas, driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain (presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to Lakshmi, Goddess of Wealth."[8]

A hero stone (Veeragallu) with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered.[9] A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king Ballala III (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the Bhavani Sagar dam.[9][10]

In 1814, as part of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.[11]

Front of Stonehouse, 1905

After the early 1820s, the hills were developed rapidly under the British Raj, because most of the land was already privately owned by British citizens. It was a popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during the colonial days. In 1827, Ooty became the official sanatorium and the summer capital of the Madras Presidency. Many winding hill roads were built. In 1899, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway was completed by influential and enterprising British citizens, with venture capital from the Madras government.[12][13]

In the 19th century, when the British Straits Settlement shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, the Chinese men settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam after their release and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston.[14]

Peaks in the Nilgiris

Topographic map of Nilgiri Hills showing some peaks
View of Nilgiri hills from Doddabetta

The highest point in the Nilgiris and the southern extent of the range is Doddabetta Peak (2,637 metres (8,652 ft)),[15] 4 km east southeast of Udhagamandalam, 11°24′10″N 76°44′14″E / 11.40278°N 76.73722°E / 11.40278; 76.73722 (Doddabetta Peak).

Closely linked peaks in the west of Doddabetta range and nearby Udhagamandalam include:[citation needed]

  • Kolaribetta: height: 2,630 metres (8,629 ft)
  • Makurni (2594 m)
  • Hecuba: 2,375 metres (7,792 ft)
  • Kattadadu: 2,418 metres (7,933 ft)
  • Kulkudi: 2,439 metres (8,002 ft)

Snowdon (height: (2,530 metres (8,301 ft)) 11°26′N 76°46′E / 11.433°N 76.767°E / 11.433; 76.767 (Snowdon) is the northern extent of the range. Club Hill (2,448 metres (8,031 ft)) and Elk Hill (2,466 metres (8,091 ft)) 11°23′55″N 76°42′39″E / 11.39861°N 76.71083°E / 11.39861; 76.71083 (Elk Hill) are significant elevations in this range. Snowdon, Club Hill and Elk Hill with Doddabetta, form the impressive Udhagamandalam Valley.

Devashola (height: 2,261 metres (7,418 ft)), notable for its blue gum trees, is in the south of Doddabetta range.

Kulakombai (1,707 metres (5,600 ft)) is east of the Devashola. The Bhavani Valley and the Lambton's peak range of Coimbatore district stretch from here.

Muttunadu Betta (height: 2,323 metres (7,621 ft)) 11°27′N 76°43′E / 11.450°N 76.717°E / 11.450; 76.717 (Muttunadu Betta) is about 5 km, north northwest of Udhagamandalam. Tamrabetta (Coppery Hill) (height: 2,120 metres (6,955 ft)) 11°22′N 76°48′E / 11.367°N 76.800°E / 11.367; 76.800 (Tamrabetta) is about 8 km southeast of Udhagamandalam. Vellangiri (Silvery Hill) (2,120 metres (6,955 ft)) is 16 km west-northwest of Udhagamandalam.[16]

Waterfalls

Wattle plantations in Nilgiris

The highest waterfall, Kolakambai Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of 400 ft (120 m). Nearby is the 150 ft (46 m) Halashana falls. The second highest is Catherine Falls, near Kotagiri, with a 250 ft (76 m) fall, named after the wife of M.D. Cockburn, believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower Pykara falls have falls of 180 ft (55 m), and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The 170 ft (52 m) Kalhatti Falls is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near Aruvankadu had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near Coonoor, is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the Coonoor Ghat road.[17]

Flora and fauna

There are 400 tigers in the Nilgiri hills. The nilgiris has ths the highest number of tigers in tamilnadu and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve has the highest number of tigers in all of the world.

Over 2,700 species of flowering plants, 160 species of fern and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the sholas of the Nilgiris. No other hill station has so many exotic species.[18] It is also home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. The Indian python, king cobra, common krait, Indian cobra, Malabar pit viper, Nilgiri keelback, Oriental garden lizard, Eryx whitakeri and mugger crocodile are reptiles found here. Primates such as the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri laughing thrush, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians on the list are the purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the exotic white tiger.

Tropical Rainforest biome in the Nilgiri hills

The dominant type of habitat is tropical rainforest. Montane forests and tropical moist forests are also found here. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native eucalyptus and wattle (Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii) plantations, and cattle grazing.[19] The area also features one large and several smaller hydro-electric impoundments.[20] Scotch broom has become an ecologically damaging invasive species.[21]

Threatened plants of the Nilgiris include:

References

  1. ^ "Application of GPS and GIS for the detailed Development planning". Map India 2000. 10 April 2000. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  2. ^ The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society. Baptist Mission House. 1886. p. 398.
  3. ^ Lengerke, Hans J. von (1977). The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India. Steiner. p. 5. ISBN 9783515026406.
  4. ^ "Decline of a Montane Ecosystem". Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. February 1997.
  5. ^ "Nilgiri Hills". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  6. ^ UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats (subcluster nomination), retrieved 4/20/2007 World Heritage sites, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster
  7. ^ "Collection search: You searched for Nilgiri". British Museum. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  8. ^ Pai, Mohan (15 January 2009). ...and they created little England. the-western-ghats-by-mohan-pai-hill-stations, Egmore, Chennai. pp. Ootacamund. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b "Kannada script (10600)". Department of Archaeology - Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu Government. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  10. ^ Francis, Walter (1908). Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 90–94, 102–105. ISBN 978-81-2060-546-6.
  11. ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1851). "Nilgiri Hills (India), Description and travel; Nilgiri Hills (India), Social life and customs". Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave. London: R. Bentley.
  12. ^ "Ooty Queen of hill stations". www.ooty.com. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  13. ^ "Nilgiri Mountain Railway". railtourismindia.com. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  14. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur), ed. (1959). Man in India, Volume 39. A. K. Bose. p. 309. Retrieved 2 March 2012. d: Tamil-Chinese Crosses in the Nilgiris, Madras. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan
  15. ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 271. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  16. ^ District Administration, Nilgiris (8/20/2007) National Informatics Centre, Nilgiris, retrieved 8/31/2007 Hills and Peaks
  17. ^ Eagan, J. S. C (1916). The Nilgiri Guide And Directory. Vepery: S.P.C.K. Press.
  18. ^ The District Collector, Collector's Office, Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, General Information, Rare Trees, Fruits, Flowers & Animals retrieved 9/2/2007.
  19. ^ Davidar, E. R. C. 1978. Distribution and status of the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) 1975-1978. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; 75: 815-844.
  20. ^ Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007. Archived 28 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365 Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius Invasion of Grasslands of the Upper Nilgiris in India, Ashfaq Ahmed Zarr, Asad R. Rahmani, and Mark J. Behan Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Nayar & Sastry (1987-88) Red Data Book, Plants of India Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu
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