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'''Norton''', is grown in the [[Midwestern United States]], [[Mid-Atlantic States]], northeastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. DNA data are consistent with ‘Norton’ being a hybrid with ancestry including V. aestivalis and V. vinifera.<ref>“Investigations into the Origin of ‘Norton’ Grape using SSR Marker”, ED STOVER , USDA, ARS US HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, FT. PIERCE, FL, MALLI ARADHYA, USDA, ARS NATIONAL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY, UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA ,GERALD S. DANGL, FOUNDATION PLANT SERVICES, UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA [https://cuisinedocbox.com/Wine/66537638-Investigations-into-the-origin-of-norton-grape-using-ssr-markers.html] “Investigations into the Origin of ‘Norton’ Grape using SSR Marker”, 19Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 122: 2009.Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 122:19–24. 2009</ref>
'''Norton''', is grown in the [[Midwestern United States]], [[Mid-Atlantic States]], northeastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including ''V. aestivalis'' and ''V. vinifera''.<ref>{{cite journal|authors= Ed Stover, Malli Aradhya, Judy Yang, John Bautista, Gerald S Dang|url=https://cuisinedocbox.com/Wine/66537638-Investigations-into-the-origin-of-norton-grape-using-ssr-markers.html] |title=Investigations into the Origin of 'Norton' Grape using SSR Marker|journal=Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. |volume=122|year=2009|pages=19–24}}</ref><ref name="gans">{{cite web |author1=Stefanie Gans |title=The Ultimate Guide To Understanding Virginia Wine |url=https://northernvirginiamag.com/food/drinks/2019/09/26/want-to-understand-virginia-wine-know-the-4-main-grapes/ |publisher=Northern Virginia Magazine |access-date=6 April 2022 |date=26 September 2019}}</ref>


Norton was first cultivated in [[Richmond, Virginia]], and is the official grape of the State of [[Missouri]]<ref>A. Garfunkel [http://www.saucemagazine.com/a/233 "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets"] Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004</ref> and is considered the cornerstone of the [[Missouri wine]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225001750/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Strong evidence indicates that Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton cultivar during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.
Norton was first cultivated in [[Richmond, Virginia]], and is the official grape of the State of [[Missouri]], and is considered the cornerstone of the [[Missouri wine]] industry.<ref name=gans/><ref>A. Garfunkel [http://www.saucemagazine.com/a/233 "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets"] Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225001750/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton [[cultivar]] during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.<ref name=gans/>


==History==
==History==
[[File:120 Year Old Norton Cynthiana Grapevine.JPG|thumb|A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.]]
[[File:120 Year Old Norton Cynthiana Grapevine.JPG|thumb|A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.]]


It was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were [[seedling]]s of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the [[seed]] which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild [[vine]] of ''Vitis aestivalis''.<ref name="Ambers">{{cite web | author=Rebecca and Clifford Ambers | title=American Wine Society Journal | work=Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape | url=http://chateau-z.com/downloads/AWS-V36-No3-2004.pdf|access-date=2006-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Norton">{{cite web | author=Paul L. Roberts | title=The Wineman International | work=Norton, America’s True Grape ...Whence, and Whither? | url=http://www.thewineman.com/nortongrape.htm | access-date=2006-03-06}}</ref> Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable. <ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6]Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived “Norton” and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana</ref>
The Norton cultivar was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were [[seedling]]s of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the [[seed]] which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild [[vine]] of ''Vitis aestivalis''.<ref name=gans/><ref name="Ambers">{{cite web | author=Rebecca and Clifford Ambers | title=American Wine Society Journal | work=Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape | url=http://chateau-z.com/downloads/AWS-V36-No3-2004.pdf|access-date=2006-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Norton">{{cite web | author=Paul L. Roberts | title=The Wineman International | work=Norton, America’s True Grape ...Whence, and Whither? | url=http://www.thewineman.com/nortongrape.htm | access-date=2006-03-06}}</ref> Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable. <ref name="Hammers">{{cite journal | last=Hammers | first=Mia | last2=Sapkota | first2=Surya | last3=Chen | first3=Li-Ling | last4=Hwang | first4=Chin-Feng | title=Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived “Norton” and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana | journal=Molecular Breeding| volume=37 | issue=5 | date=2017-04-27 | issn=1380-3743 | doi=10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6 | page=64}}</ref>


This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like [[Ohio (wine)|Ohio]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Norton"/> Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and [[Concord grape]]s were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.
This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like [[Ohio (wine)|Ohio]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Norton"/> Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and [[Concord grape]]s were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.


Today, United States [[winery|wineries]] along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes. The largest single planting of Norton in the world is located at [[Chrysalis Vineyard]]s in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], which has {{convert|69|acre|ha}} of the grape.<ref>[http://wine.appellationamerica.com/wine-review/314/Virginia-Wines-Roundup.html Virginia Wines at Appellation America website]</ref>
In the [[21st century]], United States [[winery|wineries]] along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes, such as at Chrysalis Vineyards in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], which has {{convert|69|acre|ha}} of Norton grapes.<ref name=gans/>


==Anthocyanin content==
==Anthocyanin content==

Revision as of 14:48, 6 April 2022

Norton
Grape (Vitis)
Norton grapes growing on the vine
Color of berry skinNoir
SpeciesVitis aestivalis hybrid
Notable regionsMissouri USA
BreederDaniel Norborne Norton
VIVC number3304

Norton, is grown in the Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, northeastern Georgia. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including V. aestivalis and V. vinifera.[1][2]

Norton was first cultivated in Richmond, Virginia, and is the official grape of the State of Missouri, and is considered the cornerstone of the Missouri wine industry.[2][3][4] Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton cultivar during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.[2]

History

A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.

The Norton cultivar was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were seedlings of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the seed which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild vine of Vitis aestivalis.[2][5][6] Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable. [7]

This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like Ohio in the United States.[6] Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American Vitis labrusca grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and Concord grapes were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.

In the 21st century, United States wineries along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes, such as at Chrysalis Vineyards in Middleburg, Virginia, which has 69 acres (28 ha) of Norton grapes.[2]

Anthocyanin content

Notable for deep blue-purple pigmentation, the skin of Norton grapes has a higher content of total anthocyanins (888 mg per 100 g) than other purple grape cultivars, Concord or Marechal Foch grapes.[8]

Anthocyanins are the largest group of water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom and belong to the family of compounds known as polyphenols. Major sources of anthocyanins are blueberries, cherries, raspberries, strawberries, blackcurrants, purple grapes, and red wine. Anthocyanins are under basic research to understand if they have any biological role in humans.[9][10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Investigations into the Origin of 'Norton' Grape using SSR Marker". Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 122: 19–24. 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e Stefanie Gans (26 September 2019). "The Ultimate Guide To Understanding Virginia Wine". Northern Virginia Magazine. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  3. ^ A. Garfunkel "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets" Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ Rebecca and Clifford Ambers. "American Wine Society Journal" (PDF). Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
  6. ^ a b Paul L. Roberts. "The Wineman International". Norton, America’s True Grape ...Whence, and Whither?. Retrieved 2006-03-06.
  7. ^ Hammers, Mia; Sapkota, Surya; Chen, Li-Ling; Hwang, Chin-Feng (2017-04-27). "Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived "Norton" and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana". Molecular Breeding. 37 (5): 64. doi:10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6. ISSN 1380-3743.
  8. ^ Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA (November 2004). "Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (22): 6779–86. doi:10.1021/jf040087y. PMID 15506816.
  9. ^ "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  10. ^ Mazza GJ (2007). "Anthocyanins and heart health" (PDF). Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 43 (4): 369–74. PMID 18209270. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
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