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'''Roberto Clemente Community Academy''' (commonly known as '''Clemente''', ''' Roberto Clemente High School''') is a [[state school|public]] 4–year [[high school]] located in the [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]] community area of [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]. Operated by the [[Chicago Public Schools]], the school is named for [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[baseball]] player [[Roberto Clemente|Roberto Enrique Clemente]] (1934–1972).{{cn}}
'''Roberto Clemente Community Academy''' (commonly known as '''Clemente''', ''' Roberto Clemente High School''') is a [[state school|public]] 4–year [[high school]] located in the [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]] community area of [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]. Operated by the [[Chicago Public Schools]], the school is named for [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[baseball]] player [[Roberto Clemente|Roberto Enrique Clemente]] (1934–1972).{{cn|date=April 2022}}


Gina M. Pérez, the author of ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families'', wrote that in Chicago the school is known as "''the'' Puerto Rican high school".<ref name=PerezGinaMp157>Pérez, ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families''. [[University of California Press]], October 4, 2004. {{ISBN|0520936418}}, 9780520936416. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eOo5sP7fU6cC&pg=PA157 157].</ref> Jennifer Domino Rudolph, author of ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad'' wrote that the school "is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism".<ref name=Rudolphp46>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], August 6, 2012. {{ISBN|1137022884}}/ISBN 9781137022882. pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdjIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46].</ref> Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, author of ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago'', wrote that the school was portrayed in the media as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and "as part of Puerto Rico."<ref>Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago''. [[University of Chicago Press]], July 15, 2003. {{ISBN|0226703592}}, 9780226703596. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p8vvwBWgSqwC&pg=PA233 233].</ref> Rudolph stated that media depictions of violence from [[Puerto Rican nationalism]] movements caused the school to become controversial,<ref name="Rudolphp46"/> and that the school was associated with much of the "backlash against manifestations of Puerto Rican identity."<ref>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino ([[University of Illinois at Chicago]]). "Roncamos Porque Podemos": Racialization, Redemption, and Mascu-latinidad" (PhD thesis). [[ProQuest]], 2008. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L6fBLkgP2hwC&pg=PA124 124].</ref> According to Pérez, as of 2004, most West Town area residents have a sense of pride in the school, while also lamenting issues common in Chicago public schools that appear at Clemente, such as [[gangs in the United States|gangs]] and school violence, dropouts, and low test scores.<ref name=PerezGinaMp157/>
Gina M. Pérez, the author of ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families'', wrote that in Chicago the school is known as "''the'' Puerto Rican high school".<ref name=PerezGinaMp157>Pérez, ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families''. [[University of California Press]], October 4, 2004. {{ISBN|0520936418}}, 9780520936416. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eOo5sP7fU6cC&pg=PA157 157].</ref> Jennifer Domino Rudolph, author of ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad'' wrote that the school "is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism".<ref name=Rudolphp46>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], August 6, 2012. {{ISBN|1137022884}}/ISBN 9781137022882. pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdjIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46].</ref> Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, author of ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago'', wrote that the school was portrayed in the media as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and "as part of Puerto Rico."<ref>Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago''. [[University of Chicago Press]], July 15, 2003. {{ISBN|0226703592}}, 9780226703596. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p8vvwBWgSqwC&pg=PA233 233].</ref> Rudolph stated that media depictions of violence from [[Puerto Rican nationalism]] movements caused the school to become controversial,<ref name="Rudolphp46"/> and that the school was associated with much of the "backlash against manifestations of Puerto Rican identity."<ref>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino ([[University of Illinois at Chicago]]). "Roncamos Porque Podemos": Racialization, Redemption, and Mascu-latinidad" (PhD thesis). [[ProQuest]], 2008. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L6fBLkgP2hwC&pg=PA124 124].</ref> According to Pérez, as of 2004, most West Town area residents have a sense of pride in the school, while also lamenting issues common in Chicago public schools that appear at Clemente, such as [[gangs in the United States|gangs]] and school violence, dropouts, and low test scores.<ref name=PerezGinaMp157/>
Line 85: Line 85:
The director of the [[Chicago Latino Institute]], Migdalia Rivera, criticized the story and distributed a rebuttal.<ref>Miner, Michael. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sun-times-school-bully-in-my-tribe/Content?oid=892701 Sun-Times, School Bully/ In My Tribe]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6dumkzKp6?url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sun-times-school-bully-in-my-tribe/Content?oid=892701 Archive]). ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. February 13, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref> In response, the newspaper defended its reporting.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220220539/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4371610.html Clemente reporting presented the facts]." ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. February 7, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref>
The director of the [[Chicago Latino Institute]], Migdalia Rivera, criticized the story and distributed a rebuttal.<ref>Miner, Michael. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sun-times-school-bully-in-my-tribe/Content?oid=892701 Sun-Times, School Bully/ In My Tribe]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6dumkzKp6?url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/sun-times-school-bully-in-my-tribe/Content?oid=892701 Archive]). ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. February 13, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref> In response, the newspaper defended its reporting.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220220539/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4371610.html Clemente reporting presented the facts]." ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. February 7, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref>


An area political strategist and businessperson, Larry Ligas, a person not of Puerto Rican origin, claimed credit for spearheading the story. He said he got information, much of it from former Puerto Rican independence movement propagandist, Rafael Marrero, and gave it to ''Sun-Times'' journalist Michelle Campbell. Campbell verified what Ligas sent her and added some information of her own. Ligas posted a press release praising the ''Sun-Times'' story prior to its release. Ben Joravsky of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' stated that Ligas was "relatively unknown" at the time of the story's release.<ref name=Joravsky>Joravsky, Ben. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lessons-in-propaganda/Content?oid=892759 Lessons in Propaganda]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6dunFRjpP?url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lessons-in-propaganda/Content?oid=892759 Archive]). ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. February 20, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref> Marrero, at the time, was an informant for the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). He had been trying to sabotage the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center,<ref>Lopez Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). ''Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy''. [[Duke University Press]], June 29, 2007. {{ISBN|0822389746}}/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA161 161]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA178 178].</ref> which had a working relationship with Clemente. Marrero would later give testimony in which he accused parties {{Who}} of perpetrating fraud.<ref name=LopezROp179>López Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). ''Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy''. [[Duke University Press]], June 29, 2007. {{ISBN|0822389746}}/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA161 161]. CITED: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA179 179].</ref>
An area political strategist and businessperson, Larry Ligas, a person not of Puerto Rican origin, claimed credit for spearheading the story. He said he got information, much of it from former Puerto Rican independence movement propagandist, Rafael Marrero, and gave it to ''Sun-Times'' journalist Michelle Campbell. Campbell verified what Ligas sent her and added some information of her own. Ligas posted a press release praising the ''Sun-Times'' story prior to its release. Ben Joravsky of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' stated that Ligas was "relatively unknown" at the time of the story's release.<ref name=Joravsky>Joravsky, Ben. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lessons-in-propaganda/Content?oid=892759 Lessons in Propaganda]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6dunFRjpP?url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lessons-in-propaganda/Content?oid=892759 Archive]). ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. February 20, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.</ref> Marrero, at the time, was an informant for the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). He had been trying to sabotage the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center,<ref>Lopez Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). ''Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy''. [[Duke University Press]], June 29, 2007. {{ISBN|0822389746}}/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA161 161]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA178 178].</ref> which had a working relationship with Clemente. Marrero would later give testimony in which he accused parties {{Who|date=April 2022}} of perpetrating fraud.<ref name=LopezROp179>López Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). ''Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy''. [[Duke University Press]], June 29, 2007. {{ISBN|0822389746}}/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA161 161]. CITED: pg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOkYzy4t2VEC&pg=PA179 179].</ref>


In regards to the story itself, Joravsky stated that at the time the story was released, people in northwest Chicago were speculating about who was responsible for spearheading the story and not so much about its veracity; in regards to that, Joravsky stated that the latter was "a point of view that varies with one's ideology."<ref name=Joravsky/>
In regards to the story itself, Joravsky stated that at the time the story was released, people in northwest Chicago were speculating about who was responsible for spearheading the story and not so much about its veracity; in regards to that, Joravsky stated that the latter was "a point of view that varies with one's ideology."<ref name=Joravsky/>

Revision as of 20:55, 17 April 2022

Roberto Clemente Community Academy
Address
Map
1147 N. Western Avenue

Chicago
,
Illinois
60622

United States
Coordinates41°54′09″N 87°41′10″W / 41.9026°N 87.6861°W / 41.9026; -87.6861
Information
Former namesNorthwest Division High School (1892–1906)
Tuley High School (1906–1974)
School typePublic Secondary
Established1974
School districtChicago Public Schools
CEEB code141325[2]
PrincipalFernando S. Mojica[1]
Grades9–12
GenderCoed
Enrollment697 (2018–19)[1]
Campus typeUrban
Color(s)  Blue
  Gold[3]
Athletics conferenceChicago Public League[3]
Team nameWildcats[3]
AccreditationNorth Central Association of Colleges and Schools[4]
Websiterccachicago.org

Roberto Clemente Community Academy (commonly known as Clemente, Roberto Clemente High School) is a public 4–year high school located in the West Town community area of Chicago, Illinois. Operated by the Chicago Public Schools, the school is named for Puerto Rican baseball player Roberto Enrique Clemente (1934–1972).[citation needed]

Gina M. Pérez, the author of The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families, wrote that in Chicago the school is known as "the Puerto Rican high school".[5] Jennifer Domino Rudolph, author of Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad wrote that the school "is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism".[6] Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, author of National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago, wrote that the school was portrayed in the media as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and "as part of Puerto Rico."[7] Rudolph stated that media depictions of violence from Puerto Rican nationalism movements caused the school to become controversial,[6] and that the school was associated with much of the "backlash against manifestations of Puerto Rican identity."[8] According to Pérez, as of 2004, most West Town area residents have a sense of pride in the school, while also lamenting issues common in Chicago public schools that appear at Clemente, such as gangs and school violence, dropouts, and low test scores.[5]

History

The school was established in 1892 as Northwest Division High School. It was renamed Tuley High School in 1906. In 1974, the school moved to a new facility across the street named Roberto Clemente High School. Overcrowding was the reason why the old Tuley building closed.[9] The students had demanded that the school be renamed after Clemente, as well as asking for the removal of the existing curriculum and principal when they had the school closed in 1973.[5] At the time approximately 53% of the students were of Puerto Rican ancestry. The principal, Herbert Fink left his position.[10] By November 1974 there was another demonstration protesting against removals of teachers.[11]

1990s

Circa 1988, Clemente High established a new curriculum that was centered around students and involved participation from parents and multiculturalism.[5] Parents and area community activists shaped the school's curriculum in a manner of the traditional American education system.[12] In addition, the school hired parents as mentors, hall monitors, office workers, and tutors. The school added a legal clinic to assist parents, students, and immigrants.[5]

In the 1990s, Chicago-area media began to criticize the Clemente parents and activists. This unfolded as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act was passed in 1996.[12] Persons in the media accused some area parents of stealing money because the school paid them $20 for volunteer work even though they were also on welfare; this is despite the welfare reform act's stated goal to encourage those on welfare to work.[13] Other schools in Chicago enacted reforms similar to those at Clemente, which had reduced dropout rates by over 10%.[5]

Circa 1995, Chicago area local and Illinois state officials accused the school of using an Illinois aid program to send students to Puerto Rico to attend a radical political campus, fund flights for performers and speakers favoring Puerto Rico being politically independent from the United States, and to provide money for a pro-Puerto Rican independence fundraiser.[14] In 1996, CPS launched an investigation into mismanagement of money. In 1995 and 1996, respectively, it had placed Clemente on financial, and then academic probation.[5] In November 1996, a CPS evaluation of Clemente stated, "the political climate and divisiveness thwart academic progress at a level so significant that the education of the students is being ignored."[14]

On January 31, 1997, Jerry Anderson, an administrator at Homewood-Flossmoor High School and potential candidate for principal at Clemente, decided to decline the position at Clemente after receiving a letter asking her to call "your boss" for the FALN and telephone calls asking her to meet leaders of the area Puerto Rican community; she stated that, "I didn't think politics should have any part in education."[14] She also stated that on February 1, 1997, she received a death threat on her answering machine. As a result, CPS head Paul G. Vallas notified the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Edgar Lopez, the chairperson of a committee named by the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives to look into the school, accused it of being "controlled by radicals" and asked for it to be broken into smaller schools.[14]

In February 1997, Irene DaMota, the principal of Whittier Elementary School, was selected as the new Clemente principal.[14]

Chicago Sun-Times story

A February 4, 1997, article in the Chicago Sun-Times, "School funds used to push terrorist' release," had accused the school of promoting the release of terrorists.[5] It quoted a CPS report stating that school funds were used to promote the release of the terrorist and for Puerto Rican independence movements, and that the American flag was banned from some classrooms.[15]

The director of the Chicago Latino Institute, Migdalia Rivera, criticized the story and distributed a rebuttal.[16] In response, the newspaper defended its reporting.[17]

An area political strategist and businessperson, Larry Ligas, a person not of Puerto Rican origin, claimed credit for spearheading the story. He said he got information, much of it from former Puerto Rican independence movement propagandist, Rafael Marrero, and gave it to Sun-Times journalist Michelle Campbell. Campbell verified what Ligas sent her and added some information of her own. Ligas posted a press release praising the Sun-Times story prior to its release. Ben Joravsky of the Chicago Reader stated that Ligas was "relatively unknown" at the time of the story's release.[18] Marrero, at the time, was an informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He had been trying to sabotage the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center,[19] which had a working relationship with Clemente. Marrero would later give testimony in which he accused parties [who?] of perpetrating fraud.[20]

In regards to the story itself, Joravsky stated that at the time the story was released, people in northwest Chicago were speculating about who was responsible for spearheading the story and not so much about its veracity; in regards to that, Joravsky stated that the latter was "a point of view that varies with one's ideology."[18]

On February 12, 1997, a group of Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics and Latinos protested at the Sun-Times offices, accusing the newspaper of anti-Latino bias and racism.[21]

On February 18, CPS head Vallas stated that Illinois lawmakers needed to be more stringent with rules regarding spending of funds intended for poor children.[22] Vallas criticized the programs of Clemente and the Puerto Rican center.[20] Even though there is no concrete evidence stating that the school had associations with the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (FALN), at one time the FBI accused it of doing so.[6] The FBI had asked for an investigation, and so did the US attorney based in Chicago. Several hearings were held in the Illinois Legislature.[20]

Ultimately, no evidence of any fraud surfaced. Oscar López Rivera wrote that Marrero "wreaked havoc on the hard community work the Center had carried out at Clemente High School for years."[20]

2000s and beyond

Clemente was one of 16 schools nationwide selected by the College Board for inclusion in the EXCELerator School Improvement Model program beginning the 2007-2008 school year. The project was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[citation needed]

The school was scheduled to begin using the International Baccalaureate program by the 2013-2014 school year.[23]

Student body

As of 2019, the school had 697 students,[1] with significant numbers of Puerto Rican Americans, African-Americans, and Mexican Americans, and other groups of Hispanic and Latino Americans and Eastern European Americans.[9] In 1997, it had had 2,400 students.[14]

Academics and programs

Clemente offers six Advanced Placement classes and is also an International Baccalaureate candidate school.[24] Clemente also has vocational education programs that focus on culinary arts and radio/television broadcasting. The latter program is taught by a journalist from Chicago's WGN-AM radio station.[25] In addition, students may participate in JROTC.[26] In 2012, 92.6% of Clemente freshmen were classified as on-track to graduate.[25]

As of 2004, the school curriculum stresses multiculturalism and aims to develop ethnic pride.[5]

It hosts community events, such as speaking engagements and cultural programs, available to everyone in the surrounding area.[5]

As of 2004, Clemente had a relationship with the Puerto Rican Cultural Center's Pedro Albizu Campos Alternative High School; it had once used Campos as an alternate site. Clemente also has partnerships with Vida/SIDA and the ASPIRA Association.[5]

Campus

Mural of Roberto Clemente at the school

The school includes various murals along Division Street which portray symbols of Puerto Rican culture and Puerto Rican nationalism.[5]

Student performance

Circa 2005, the school had one of the highest dropout rates in the United States.[6] By 2019, the graduation rate was 84%.[1]

Athletics

Clemente competes in the Chicago Public League (CPL) and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA). The boys' baseball team were public league champions 9 times (1973–74, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1994–95, 1996–97 and 2001–02).[27] From 1973 to 2005, the team won ten Chicago baseball championships and Wilfredo Cruz, author of Puerto Rican Chicago, described the team as "formidable."[28]

Notable alumni

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Clemente HS". Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  2. ^ "High School Code Search". College Board. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  3. ^ a b c "Chicago (Clemente)". Illinois High School Association (IHSA). 31 December 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  4. ^ "Institution Summary for RCCA". AdvancED profile. North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pérez, The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families. University of California Press, October 4, 2004. ISBN 0520936418, 9780520936416. p. 157.
  6. ^ a b c d Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad. Palgrave Macmillan, August 6, 2012. ISBN 1137022884/ISBN 9781137022882. pg. 46.
  7. ^ Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, July 15, 2003. ISBN 0226703592, 9780226703596. p. 233.
  8. ^ Rudolph, Jennifer Domino (University of Illinois at Chicago). "Roncamos Porque Podemos": Racialization, Redemption, and Mascu-latinidad" (PhD thesis). ProQuest, 2008. p. 124.
  9. ^ a b "About Us". Roberto Clemente Community Academy. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  10. ^ Soll, Rick (1974-11-14). "Many forces at work at Clemente". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. Section 1, Page 6. - Clipping from Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Units plan to avert trouble at Clemente". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 1974-11-14. p. Section 1, Page 6. - Clipping from Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, July 15, 2003. ISBN 0226703592, 9780226703596. p. 233-234.
  13. ^ Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, July 15, 2003. ISBN 0226703592, 9780226703596. p. 234.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Death Threat Prompts School Probe in Chicago" (Archive). Education Week. February 12, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  15. ^ "Report: Chicago School Touted Puerto Rican Cause" (Archive). Orlando Sentinel. February 5, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  16. ^ Miner, Michael. "Sun-Times, School Bully/ In My Tribe" (Archive). Chicago Reader. February 13, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  17. ^ "Clemente reporting presented the facts." Chicago Sun-Times. February 7, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  18. ^ a b Joravsky, Ben. "Lessons in Propaganda" (Archive). Chicago Reader. February 20, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  19. ^ Lopez Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy. Duke University Press, June 29, 2007. ISBN 0822389746/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. 161. CITED: p. 178.
  20. ^ a b c d López Rivera, Oscar. "A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance." In: James, Joy (editor). Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy. Duke University Press, June 29, 2007. ISBN 0822389746/ISBN 9780822389743. Start: pg. 161. CITED: pg. 179.
  21. ^ Fitzgerald, Mark. "Picketing The Chicago Sun-Times p.11" [(Archive). Editor & Publisher. March 15, 1997. Volume 130, Number 11. Retrieved on December 20, 2015. Available from[dead link‍].
  22. ^ Rossi, Rosalind. "Clemente High // School chief wants better money rules." Chicago Sun-Times. February 18, 1997. Retrieved on December 20, 2015.
  23. ^ Moore, Evan F. "Clemente implements IB program Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine" (Archive). Extra. July 26, 2012. Retrieved on December 22, 2015.
  24. ^ RCCA IB School. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  25. ^ a b Roberto Clemente Community Academy brochure. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  26. ^ RCCA JROTC. Retrieved on July 26, 2013.
  27. ^ IHSA: Clemente (Chicago)
  28. ^ Cruz, Wilfredo. Puerto Rican Chicago (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing, February 2, 2005. ISBN 1439631549, 9781439631546. Google Books PT71.
  29. ^ Fasman, Jon (November 2, 2008). "Where Words Took Shape: Saul Bellow's Chicago". New York Times.

Further reading

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