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{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Rani
|conventional_long_name = Rani<br />{{small|(theocratic [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] and the Principality of [[Charenza]])}}
|common_name = Rani
|common_name = Rani
|status = [[Tribe]] of the [[Lutici|Lutician federation]]
|status = [[Tribe]] of the [[Lutici|Lutician federation]]
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|year_end = 1168
|year_end = 1168
|date_end =
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Conquest (military)|Conquest]] of [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] by forces of King [[Valdemar I of Denmark]] and Bishop [[Absalon]]
|event_end = [[Conquest (military)|Conquest]] of [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]] by [[Kingdom of Denmark (Middle Ages)|Danes]] of king [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]] and bishop [[Absalon]]
|p1 = Lutici
|p1 = Lutici{{!}}Lutician federation
|image_p1 = [[File:Heraldic biull's head.png|23px|link=Lutici]]
|s1 = Principality of Rügen
|image_s1 = [[File:Księstwo rugijskie COA.svg|20px|link=Principality of Rügen]]
|s1 = Principality of Rügen{{!}}Principality of Rügen (under Denmark)
|image_s1 = [[File:Księstwo rugijskie COA.svg|18px|link=Principality of Rügen]]
|s2 = Kingdom of Denmark (Middle Ages){{!}}Kingdom of Denmark
|s2 = Kingdom of Denmark (Middle Ages){{!}}Kingdom of Denmark
|image_s2 = [[File:National Coat of arms of Denmark no crown.svg|20px|link=Kingdom of Denmark]]
|image_s2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Danish shield (14c).svg|20px|link=History of Denmark]]
|image_coat =
|image_coat =
|symbol_type =
|symbol_type =
|image_map = Rani temples.png
|image_map = Rani temples.png
|image_map_caption = [[Christianization]] of the Rani; Slavic settlements, German towns with [[Slavic mythology|pagan]] temples and [[Christianity|Christian]] monasteries
|image_map_caption = [[Christianization]] of the Rani; Slavic settlements, German towns with [[Slavic mythology|pagan]] temples and [[Christianity|Christian]] monasteries
|capital = [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] <small>(seat of [[Paganism|pagan]] [[high priest]]s, political and religious centre)</small><br />[[Charenza]] <small>(princely seat and formal capital)</small>
|capital = [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]] {{small|(seat of [[Slavic paganism|pagan]] [[high priest]]s, political and religious centre)}}<br/>[[Charenza]] {{small|(princely seat and formal capital)}}
|stat_area1 =
|stat_area1 =
|leader1 = [[Vitzlav]]
|leader1 = [[Vitzlav]]
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|year_leader2 = c. 1170 (last)
|year_leader2 = c. 1170 (last)
|title_leader = Prince
|title_leader = Prince
|government_type = Virtual [[theocracy]]<br />(formally, [[hereditary monarchy]] – a [[principality]])
|government_type = ''[[de facto]]'' [[Slavic paganism|pagan]] [[theocracy]],<br/>formally [[hereditary monarchy]] ([[principality]])
|religion = [[Slavic mythology|Slavic paganism]] and its known cults:
|religion = {{nowrap|[[Slavic paganism]] and its}} known cults:
* [[Svetovit]] in [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]]
* [[Svetovit]] in [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]]
* [[Rugievit]] included [[Porenut]] and [[Porewit]] in [[Charenza]]
* [[Rugievit]] with [[Porenut]] and [[Porewit]] in [[Charenza]]
* [[Chernoglav]] on the [[Jasmund]] peninsula
* [[Chernoglav]] on the [[Jasmund]] peninsula
|common_languages = [[Polabian language|Polabian Slavic]]
|common_languages = [[Polabian language|Polabian Slavic]]
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The '''Rani''' or '''Rujani''' ({{lang-de|Ranen}}, ''Rujanen'') were a [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] [[tribe]] based on the island of [[Rugia]] (Rügen) and the southwestern mainland across the [[Strelasund]] in what is today northeastern [[Germany]].
The '''Rani''' or '''Rujani''' ({{lang-de|Ranen}}, ''Rujanen'') were a [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] [[tribe]] based on the island of [[Rugia]] (Rügen) and the southwestern mainland across the [[Strelasund]] in what is today northeastern [[Germany]].


The Rani tribe emerged after the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] settlement of [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages|the region in the ninth century]],<ref name=Harck15>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, {{ISBN|3-515-07671-9}}</ref> ranging among the most powerful of several small Slav tribes dwelling between the [[Elbe]] and lower [[Vistula]] rivers before the thirteenth century. They were amongst the last to cling to [[Slavic paganism]], with the influence of their religious center at [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] reaching far beyond the tribal borders.<ref>Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.331, {{ISBN|3-11-017061-2}}</ref>
The Rani tribe emerged after the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] settlement of [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages|the region in the ninth century]],<ref name=Harck15>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, {{ISBN|3-515-07671-9}}</ref> ranging among the most powerful of several small Slav tribes dwelling between the [[Elbe]] and lower [[Vistula]] rivers before the thirteenth century. They were amongst the last to cling to [[Slavic paganism]], with the influence of their religious center at [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]] reaching far beyond the tribal borders.<ref>Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.331, {{ISBN|3-11-017061-2}}</ref>


In 1168, the Rani were defeated by the Danish king, [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]], and his adviser [[Absalon]], Bishop of Roskilde, resulting in the [[Conversion of Pomerania|conversion of the region]] to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Absalon}}</ref><ref>Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.40ff, {{ISBN|3-11-015435-8}}</ref><ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.34, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref name=Piskorski43>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.43, {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> In the course of the ''[[Ostsiedlung]]'' of [[Pomerania during the High Middle Ages|the thirteenth century]], the tribe was assimilated by German and Danish settlers and the Rani were gradually [[Germanisation|Germanised]]. The [[Principality of Rugia]] remained Danish until 1325.<ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.46-52,pp.61-63 {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, ''Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa'', 2007, pp. 76ff, {{ISBN|3-05-004155-2}}, {{ISBN|978-3-05-004155-1}}</ref>
In 1168, the Rani were defeated by the Danish king, [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]], and his adviser [[Absalon]], Bishop of Roskilde, resulting in the [[Conversion of Pomerania|conversion of the region]] to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Absalon}}</ref><ref>Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.40ff, {{ISBN|3-11-015435-8}}</ref><ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.34, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref name=Piskorski43>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.43, {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> In the course of the ''[[Ostsiedlung]]'' of [[Pomerania during the High Middle Ages|the thirteenth century]], the tribe was assimilated by German and Danish settlers and the Rani were gradually [[Germanisation|Germanised]]. The [[Principality of Rugia]] remained Danish until 1325.<ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.46-52,pp.61-63 {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, ''Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa'', 2007, pp. 76ff, {{ISBN|3-05-004155-2}}, {{ISBN|978-3-05-004155-1}}</ref>
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As the [[Obodrite]] state [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages#Lutician decline and Obodrite expansion|expanded in the late 11th century]], the Rani were also pressed and in 1093 had to pay tribute to [[Henry (Obotrite prince)|Obodrite prince Henry]].<ref name=Herrmann367>Joachim Herrmann, ''Die Slawen in Deutschland'', Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.367</ref> They launched a naval expedition in 1100, in the course of which they sieged [[Liubice]], a predecessor of modern [[Lübeck]] and then the major Obodrite stronghold.<ref name=Herrmann268/> This attack was however repulsed.<ref name=Herrmann268/> In 1123, the Rani struck again and killed Henry's son Waldemar. When in 1123/24 an Obodrite army led by Henry reached the Rani territory, the [[Svantevit]] priests were forced to negotiate a peace.<ref name=Herrmann268/> Henry's army consisted of 2,000–6,000 men, devastated the coastal settlements, and the terms of the subsequent agreement were that the island would only be spared in return for an immense sum which had to be collected from the continental Slavs further east. Regrouping after Henry's death (1127), the Rani again assaulted and this time destroyed Liubice in 1128.<ref name=Herrmann268/> At this time they seem to have been devoted pagans, with their priests holding theocratic powers.
As the [[Obodrite]] state [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages#Lutician decline and Obodrite expansion|expanded in the late 11th century]], the Rani were also pressed and in 1093 had to pay tribute to [[Henry (Obotrite prince)|Obodrite prince Henry]].<ref name=Herrmann367>Joachim Herrmann, ''Die Slawen in Deutschland'', Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.367</ref> They launched a naval expedition in 1100, in the course of which they sieged [[Liubice]], a predecessor of modern [[Lübeck]] and then the major Obodrite stronghold.<ref name=Herrmann268/> This attack was however repulsed.<ref name=Herrmann268/> In 1123, the Rani struck again and killed Henry's son Waldemar. When in 1123/24 an Obodrite army led by Henry reached the Rani territory, the [[Svantevit]] priests were forced to negotiate a peace.<ref name=Herrmann268/> Henry's army consisted of 2,000–6,000 men, devastated the coastal settlements, and the terms of the subsequent agreement were that the island would only be spared in return for an immense sum which had to be collected from the continental Slavs further east. Regrouping after Henry's death (1127), the Rani again assaulted and this time destroyed Liubice in 1128.<ref name=Herrmann268/> At this time they seem to have been devoted pagans, with their priests holding theocratic powers.


[[File:Bishop Absalon topples the god Svantevit at Arkona.PNG|thumb|250px|Bishop [[Absalon]] topples the god [[Svantevit]] at [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]]. Painting by [[Laurits Tuxen]].]]
[[File:Bishop Absalon topples the god Svantevit at Arkona.PNG|thumb|250px|Bishop [[Absalon]] topples the god [[Svantevit]] at [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]]. Painting by [[Laurits Tuxen]].]]


In 1136, the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] defeated the Rani, who in turn had to promise to adopt [[Christianity|Christian]] faith—yet returned to their pagan beliefs as the Danish headed back.<ref name=Herrmann268>Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.268</ref>
In 1136, the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] defeated the Rani, who in turn had to promise to adopt [[Christianity|Christian]] faith—yet returned to their pagan beliefs as the Danish headed back.<ref name=Herrmann268>Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.268</ref>
Line 78: Line 79:
A force of Rani attacked the Danish fleet during the 1147 [[Wendish Crusade]]. [[Saxons|Saxon]] armies repeatedly managed to raid Rugia.
A force of Rani attacked the Danish fleet during the 1147 [[Wendish Crusade]]. [[Saxons|Saxon]] armies repeatedly managed to raid Rugia.


The Danes, who had assaulted the Rani already in 1136 and 1160, finally conquered the Rani stronghold of [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] in 1168, forced the Slavs to become vassals of [[Denmark]] and to convert to Christianity.<ref name=Herrmann268/> The wooden statues of their gods were burned and monasteries and churches were built throughout the Rani lands.
The Danes, who had assaulted the Rani already in 1136 and 1160, finally conquered the Rani stronghold of [[Jaromarsburg|Arkona]] in 1168, forced the Slavs to become vassals of [[Denmark]] and to convert to Christianity.<ref name=Herrmann268/> The wooden statues of their gods were burned and monasteries and churches were built throughout the Rani lands.


The former Rani realm henceforth became the Danish [[Principality of Rugia]].
The former Rani realm henceforth became the Danish [[Principality of Rugia]].

Revision as of 09:17, 22 April 2022

Rani
(theocratic Arkona and the Principality of Charenza)
9th century–1168
Christianization of the Rani; Slavic settlements, German towns with pagan temples and Christian monasteries
Christianization of the Rani; Slavic settlements, German towns with pagan temples and Christian monasteries
StatusTribe of the Lutician federation
CapitalArkona (seat of pagan high priests, political and religious centre)
Charenza (princely seat and formal capital)
Common languagesPolabian Slavic
Religion
Slavic paganism and its known cults:
Governmentde facto pagan theocracy,
formally hereditary monarchy (principality)
Prince 
• c. 955 (first)
Vitzlav
• c. 1170 (last)
Jaromar I
History 
• Formed
9th century
• Conquest of Arkona by Danes of king Valdemar I and bishop Absalon
1168
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lutician federation
Principality of Rügen (under Denmark)
Kingdom of Denmark
Today part ofGermany

The Rani or Rujani (Template:Lang-de, Rujanen) were a West Slavic tribe based on the island of Rugia (Rügen) and the southwestern mainland across the Strelasund in what is today northeastern Germany.

The Rani tribe emerged after the Slavic settlement of the region in the ninth century,[1] ranging among the most powerful of several small Slav tribes dwelling between the Elbe and lower Vistula rivers before the thirteenth century. They were amongst the last to cling to Slavic paganism, with the influence of their religious center at Arkona reaching far beyond the tribal borders.[2]

In 1168, the Rani were defeated by the Danish king, Valdemar I, and his adviser Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde, resulting in the conversion of the region to Christianity.[3][4][5][6] In the course of the Ostsiedlung of the thirteenth century, the tribe was assimilated by German and Danish settlers and the Rani were gradually Germanised. The Principality of Rugia remained Danish until 1325.[7][8]

Settlement

In the late migration period, areas which had previously been settled by Germanic tribes became settled by Slavs. In the case of Rugia and the adjacent mainland, where the Rugii were recorded before the migration period, Slavs first appeared in the ninth century;[1] continuous settlement from the pre-Slavic era is suggested based on pollen analyses and name transitions,[9] so a Rugian remnant seems to have been assimilated. The tribal name of the former inhabitants, the Rugii, might be the root of both the medieval name of Rugia and the tribal name of the Slavic R(uj)ani, though this hypothesis is not generally accepted.[10]

Religion

A priest of Svantevit depicted on a stone from Arkona, now in the church of Altenkirchen.
Further information: Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages and Conversion of Pomerania

The Rani believed in multiple gods, all of which had several faces and were worshipped as tall wooden statues in their respective temples. They were worshipped in temples, holy groves, at home and in ritual meals. The mightiest among their gods was Svantevit, a four-headed god having his temple at Cape Arkona in the northernmost part of his isle of Wittow. This temple was worshipped and collected tributes not only from the Rani, but from all Baltic Wends after Rethra, which previously had been the main Wendish religious centre, was destroyed in a German raid in 1068/9.[11]

Other gods were Tjarnaglofi with his temple on Jasmund near today's Sagard, further there were Rugievit, Porevit and Porenut with temples in the capital, Charenza, and other gods with temples all over the Rani realm.

After the forced Christianization, monasteries and churches replaced the temples. In the church of Altenkirchen, a large stone from Arkona was used with a relief showing a Svantevit priest.

Administration and culture

Medieval chronicler Helmold of Bosau described the Rani as the only Wendish tribe ruled by a king and describes them as subduing many others while not tolerating subordinance themselves. Common decisions of the Wendish tribes were only made with the approval by the Rani. The mightiest position however was held by the High Priest, who stood above the king. The oracle decided if and where campaigns were mounted, and after a victory the monetary and noble metal part of the loot was given to the temple before the rest was partitioned. Subdued tribes were made subordinate to the temple.[11]

The Rani political capital was Charenza (then Korenitza, today an unsettled site called Venzer Burgwall). Rani dukes also resided at Rugard castle, a precursor of the modern city of Bergen. Throughout the Rani lands there were castles (burghs), all having a ring-like wall of wood and clay, protecting villages and/or religious sites, and functioned as strategic strongholds or seats of the gentry.

The Rani also established a main, mixed Slavic and Scandinavian trading center in Ralswiek. In the 11th and 12th centuries, they also raided their neighbors in a Viking manner.

Language

The Rani spoke a Polabian tongue, which belonged to the Lechitic group of the West Slavic languages. In the course of the 12th to 15th centuries, it was replaced by Low German as politics and ethnic structure had changed due to the Ostsiedlung. The Rani language became extinct when the last Rujani-speaking woman died on the Jasmund peninsula in 1404.[12]

History

In 955, Rani participated in the Battle of Recknitz, assisting German Otto I in defeating the Obotrites at the Recknitz (Raxa) River.

As the Obodrite state expanded in the late 11th century, the Rani were also pressed and in 1093 had to pay tribute to Obodrite prince Henry.[13] They launched a naval expedition in 1100, in the course of which they sieged Liubice, a predecessor of modern Lübeck and then the major Obodrite stronghold.[14] This attack was however repulsed.[14] In 1123, the Rani struck again and killed Henry's son Waldemar. When in 1123/24 an Obodrite army led by Henry reached the Rani territory, the Svantevit priests were forced to negotiate a peace.[14] Henry's army consisted of 2,000–6,000 men, devastated the coastal settlements, and the terms of the subsequent agreement were that the island would only be spared in return for an immense sum which had to be collected from the continental Slavs further east. Regrouping after Henry's death (1127), the Rani again assaulted and this time destroyed Liubice in 1128.[14] At this time they seem to have been devoted pagans, with their priests holding theocratic powers.

Bishop Absalon topples the god Svantevit at Arkona. Painting by Laurits Tuxen.

In 1136, the Danes defeated the Rani, who in turn had to promise to adopt Christian faith—yet returned to their pagan beliefs as the Danish headed back.[14]

A force of Rani attacked the Danish fleet during the 1147 Wendish Crusade. Saxon armies repeatedly managed to raid Rugia.

The Danes, who had assaulted the Rani already in 1136 and 1160, finally conquered the Rani stronghold of Arkona in 1168, forced the Slavs to become vassals of Denmark and to convert to Christianity.[14] The wooden statues of their gods were burned and monasteries and churches were built throughout the Rani lands.

The former Rani realm henceforth became the Danish Principality of Rugia.

List of rulers

Reported names of Rani tribal leaders ("kings" or "princes") were:

Sources

  • Thompson, James Westfall (1928). Feudal Germany, Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.
  • Herrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH. p. 530.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, ISBN 3-515-07671-9
  2. ^ Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.331, ISBN 3-11-017061-2
  3. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Absalon" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.40ff, ISBN 3-11-015435-8
  5. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.34, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  6. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.43, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
  7. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.46-52,pp.61-63 ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  8. ^ Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, 2007, pp. 76ff, ISBN 3-05-004155-2, ISBN 978-3-05-004155-1
  9. ^ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.27, pp.33ff
  10. ^ Johannes Hoops, Hans-Peter Naumann, Franziska Lanter, Oliver Szokody, Heinrich Beck, Rudolf Simek, Sebastian Brather, Detlev Ellmers, Kurt Schier, Ulrike Sprenger, Else Ebel, Klaus Düwel, Wilhelm Heizmann, Heiko Uecker, Jürgen Udolph, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Walter de Gruyter, pp.419ff, ISBN 3-11-017733-1
  11. ^ a b Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.14, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
  12. ^ Werner Besch, Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, p.2707, ISBN 3-11-015883-3 [1]
  13. ^ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.367
  14. ^ a b c d e f Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, p.268
  15. ^ Lübke, Christian: Lutizen. Historisches. In Beck, Heinrich; et al. (eds.). RGA XIX, 19 (2 ed.). de Gruyter, 2001, p. 51, ISBN 3-11-017163-5
  16. ^ Garipzanov, Ildar H. Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Identities and state formation in early medieval Europe. Cursor mundi. 5. Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław. Brepols, 2008, p. 198, ISBN 978-2-503-52615-7
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