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===Food and feeding===
===Food and feeding===
Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies, depend heavily on [[acorn]]s for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds.<ref>Koenig, W.D., and Stahl, J.T. (2007). ''Condor'' '''109'''(2):334-350.</ref> Acorn storage capacity, within the various trees they visit, range from 0 to 5,000 individual holes per tree.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trail |first=Pepper W |date=February 20, 1980 |title=Ecological Correlates of Social Organization in a Communally Breeding Bird, the Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00299512 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=7 |pages=83-92 |doi=10.1007/BF00299512 |via=Springer Link}}</ref>
Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies, depend heavily on [[acorn]]s for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds.<ref>Koenig, W.D., and Stahl, J.T. (2007). ''Condor'' '''109'''(2):334-350.</ref> Acorn storage capacity, within the various trees they visit, range from 0 to 5,000 individual holes per tree. Data has shown that access to acorn crops influences the composition of acorn woodpecker communities. In 1976 there was about 90% of non-breeding adults per social unit which was the same year there was poor acorn crop. The following year, 1977, there was a significant increase in acorn production and a correlating decrease in non-breeding adults per unit (which reduced to 20%). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trail |first=Pepper W |date=February 20, 1980 |title=Ecological Correlates of Social Organization in a Communally Breeding Bird, the Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00299512 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=7 |pages=83-92 |doi=10.1007/BF00299512 |via=Springer Link}}</ref>


Acorn woodpeckers also feed on insects, [[sap]], and fruit. They can be seen [[Hawking (birds)|sallying]] from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling holes to drink sap.
Acorn woodpeckers also feed on insects, [[sap]], and fruit. They can be seen [[Hawking (birds)|sallying]] from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling holes to drink sap.

Revision as of 19:57, 25 April 2022

Acorn woodpecker
Male in California, United States
Female in Arizona, United States
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Melanerpes
Species:
M. formicivorus
Binomial name
Melanerpes formicivorus
(Swainson, 1827)
Range of M. formicivorus
Three acorn woodpeckers in California. Two face opposite directions while one breaks open an acorn.

The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) is a medium-sized woodpecker, 21 cm (8.3 in) long, with an average weight of 85 g (3.0 oz).

Taxonomy

The acorn woodpecker was formally described in 1827 by the English naturalist William John Swainson under the binomial name Picus formicivorus from a specimen collected in Mexico.[2] The specific epithet combines the Latin formica meaning "ant" with -vorus meaning "eating".[3] The type locality is Temascaltepec in Mexico.[4] The acorn woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was introduced by Swainson in 1832.[5][6] Within Melanerpes the acorn woodpecker is sister to a clade containing two South American species: the white woodpecker (Melanerpes candidus) and the white-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum).[7]

Seven subspecies are recognised:[6]

  • M. f. bairdi Ridgway, 1881 – Oregon (USA) to north Baja California (Mexico)
  • M. f. angustifrons Baird, SF, 1870 – south Baja California (Mexico)
  • M. f. formicivorus (Swainson, 1827) – southwest USA to southeast Mexico
  • M. f. albeolus Todd, 1910 – east Chiapas (southeast Mexico) to Belize and northeast Guatemala
  • M. f. lineatus (Dickey & Van Rossem, 1927) – Chiapas (south Mexico) to north Nicaragua
  • M. f. striatipectus Ridgway, 1874 – Nicaragua to west Panama
  • M. f. flavigula (Malherbe, 1849) – Colombia

Description

The adult acorn woodpecker has a brownish-black head, back, wings and tail, white forehead, throat, belly and rump. The eyes are white. There is a small part on the small of their backs where there are some green feathers. The adult male has a red cap starting at the forehead, whereas females have a black area between the forehead and the cap. The white neck, throat, and forehead patches are distinctive identifiers. When flying, they take a few flaps of their wings and drop a foot or so. White circles on their wings are visible when in flight. Acorn woodpeckers have a call that sounds almost like they are laughing.

Measurements:[8]

  • Length: 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in)
  • Weight: 65–90 g (2.3–3.2 oz)
  • Wingspan: 35–43 cm (14–17 in)

Distribution and habitat

The acorn woodpecker's habitat is forested areas with oaks in the coastal areas and foothills of Oregon, California, and the southwestern United States, south through Central America to Colombia.[9] This species may occur at low elevations in the north of its range, but rarely below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Central America, and it breeds up to the timberline. Nests are excavated in a large cavity in a dead tree or a dead part of a tree.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Field studies have shown that breeding groups range from monogamous pairs to breeding collectives, sometimes called "coalitions". Cooperative breeding, defined as more than two birds taking care of nestlings in the nest, is a relatively rare evolutionary trait that is thought to occur in only nine percent of bird species.[10] Cooperative breeding occurs in two ways: coalitions and family groups. Coalitions of adult acorn woodpeckers nest together, localizing to storage granaries.[11] Additionally, adult offspring often stay in their parents' nest and help raise the next generation of woodpeckers.[12] It is generally believed that limited territories drive cooperative breeding behavior in birds, and in the case of the acorn woodpecker, this limited territory is the acorn storage granary.[12]

Breeding coalitions consist of up to seven co-breeding males and up to three joint-nesting females. However, most nests are made up of only three males and two females.[11] Nesting groups can also contain up to ten offspring helpers.[13] These breeding coalitions are typically closely related. The males are often brothers, and the females are usually sisters. Inbreeding is rare, however, meaning that co-breeders of the opposite sex are almost never related.[14]

In groups with more than one breeding female, the females put their eggs into a single nest cavity. A female usually destroys any eggs in the nest before she starts to lay. Once all the females start to lay, they stop removing eggs.[15] Young from a single brood have been found with multiple paternity.[16]

Male acorn woodpecker with "granary tree" full of acorns
Acorn hoarded by acorn woodpecker

Food and feeding

Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies, depend heavily on acorns for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds.[17] Acorn storage capacity, within the various trees they visit, range from 0 to 5,000 individual holes per tree. Data has shown that access to acorn crops influences the composition of acorn woodpecker communities. In 1976 there was about 90% of non-breeding adults per social unit which was the same year there was poor acorn crop. The following year, 1977, there was a significant increase in acorn production and a correlating decrease in non-breeding adults per unit (which reduced to 20%). [18]

Acorn woodpeckers also feed on insects, sap, and fruit. They can be seen sallying from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling holes to drink sap.

In some parts of their range, such as California, the woodpeckers create granaries or "acorn trees" by drilling holes in dead trees, dead branches, telephone poles, and wooden buildings. They also drill holes in the thick bark of mature living trees, notably the Ponderosa Pine in California. These holes, always above the snow line so that the acorns can be retrieved in winter, can be observed in the hundreds on large trees. They do not harm the tree.

The woodpeckers then collect acorns and find a hole that is just the right size for the acorn. As acorns dry out, they are moved to smaller holes and granary maintenance requires a significant amount of the bird's time. The acorns are visible, and a group defends its granary against potential cache robbers like Steller's jays and western scrub jays. When any protective group of woodpeckers experiences a death or disruption to the hierarchy, nearby birds rush to the area and fight for access to the trove; these fights also attract woodpecker audiences who leave their own territories to witness the battles.[19]

In parts of its range the acorn woodpecker does not construct a "granary tree", but instead stores acorns in natural holes and cracks in bark. If the stores are eaten, the woodpecker will move to another area, even going from Arizona to Mexico to spend the winter.

Threats and status

Acorn woodpeckers, like many other species, are threatened by habitat loss and degradation. Competition for nest cavities by non-native species is an ongoing threat in urbanized areas. Conservation of this species is dependent on the maintenance of functional ecosystems that provide the full range of resources upon which the species depends. These include mature forests with oaks capable of producing large mast crops and places for the woodpeckers to nest, roost, and store mast. Residents are encouraged to preserve mature oak and pine-oak stands of trees and to provide dead limbs and snags for nesting, roosting, and granary sites to help preserve the acorn woodpecker's population.

Walter Lantz is believed to have patterned the call of his cartoon character Woody Woodpecker on that of the acorn woodpecker, while patterning his appearance on that of the pileated woodpecker, which has a prominent crest.[20]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Melanerpes formicivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680813A92880196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680813A92880196.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Swainson, William John (1827). "A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F.L.S. and Mr. William Bullock jun". Philosophical Magazine. New Series. 1: 433–442 [439]. doi:10.1080/14786442708674357.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 159.
  5. ^ Swainson, William John (1831). Richardson, John (ed.). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. p. 316. The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.
  6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  7. ^ Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017). "Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 116: 182–191. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005. PMID 28890006.
  8. ^ "Acorn Woodpecker Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  9. ^ Scofield, D., Alfaro, V., Sork, V., Grivet, D., Martinez, E., Papp, J., Pluess, A., Koenig, W., and Smouse, E. (2010). Foraging patterns of acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) on valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) in two California oak savanna-woodlands. Oecologia 166:187–196.
  10. ^ Cockburn, A. (2006). Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 273:1375-1383.
  11. ^ a b Koenig, W.D. (1981). Reproductive success, group size, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker. American Naturalist 22:505–523.
  12. ^ a b Hatchwell, B.J., and J. Komdeur. (2000). Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding. Animal Behaviour 59:1079-1086.
  13. ^ Haydock, J., and W.D Koenig. (2002). Reproductive skew in the polygynandrous Acorn Woodpecker. American Naturalist 162:277–289.
  14. ^ Koenig, W.D., Haydock, J., and M. Stanbeck. (1998). Reproductive roles in the cooperatively breeding Acorn Woodpecker: incest avoidance versus reproductive competition Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. American Naturalist 151:243–255.
  15. ^ Koenig, W.D., Mumme, R.L., Stanback, M., and F.A. Pitelka. (1995). Patterns and consequences of egg destruction among joint-nesting acorn woodpeckers. Animal Behaviour 50:607–621.
  16. ^ Joste, N., Ligon, D., and Stacey, P. (1985). Shared paternity in the Acorn Woodpecker. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17(1):39-41.
  17. ^ Koenig, W.D., and Stahl, J.T. (2007). Condor 109(2):334-350.
  18. ^ Trail, Pepper W (20 February 1980). "Ecological Correlates of Social Organization in a Communally Breeding Bird, the Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 7: 83–92. doi:10.1007/BF00299512 – via Springer Link.
  19. ^ Barve, Sahas; Lahey, Ally S.; Brunner, Rebecca M.; Koenig, Walter D.; Walters, Eric L. (7 September 2020). "Tracking the warriors and spectators of acorn woodpecker wars". Current Biology. 30 (17): R982 – R983. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.073. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32898494. S2CID 221522122.
  20. ^ "Woody The Acorn (Not Pileated) Woodpecker". NPR. Retrieved 14 September 2011.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to the acorn woodpecker.
Wikispecies has information related to Melanerpes formicivorus.
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