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==Biography==
==Biography==
[[File:Narayana Guru at Sixty.jpg|upright|thumb|Narayana Guru at the age of sixty]]
[[File:Narayana Guru at Sixty.jpg|upright|thumb|Narayana Guru at the age of sixty]]
[[File:Sree Narayana guru at Meditation.jpg|thumb|Sree Narayana guru at Meditation. Narayana Guru mediated for 8 years at Pillathadam cave at [[Marunthuvazh Malai]] mountain and attained enlightenment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maruthwamala.com/en/pillathadam/|title=Pillathadam}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sree Narayana guru at Meditation.jpg|thumb|Sree Narayana guru at Meditation. Narayana Guru meditated for 8 years at Pillathadam cave at [[Marunthuvazh Malai]] mountain and attained enlightenment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maruthwamala.com/en/pillathadam/|title=Pillathadam}}</ref>]]
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}
{{quote box
{{quote box

Revision as of 00:12, 17 May 2022

For the 1986 Indian Malayalam film, see Sree Narayana Guru (film).

Sree
Narayana Guru
Sree Narayana Guru
Personal life
Born(1856-08-20)20 August 1856
Chempazhanthy, Kingdom of Travancore
(present day Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India)
Died20 September 1928(1928-09-20) (aged 72)
Varkala, Kingdom of Travancore, British India
(present day Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India)
Known forSocial reforms in Kerala
Relatives
  • Madan Asan (father)
  • Kuttiyamma (mother)
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
PhilosophyOne Caste, One Religion, One God for All

Narayana Guru, IPA: [n̪ɐːɾɐːjɐɳɐ guɾu], (20 August 1856 – 20 September 1928)[1] was a philosopher, spiritual leader and social reformer in India. He led a reform movement against the injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality.[2]

Biography

Narayana Guru at the age of sixty
Sree Narayana guru at Meditation. Narayana Guru meditated for 8 years at Pillathadam cave at Marunthuvazh Malai mountain and attained enlightenment[3]
This article is part of a series on
Reformation in Kerala
Narayana Guru, the most prominent face of the movement
Background
Notable people
Others
Excerpts from Anukambadasakam

Is the Reality that drives the chariot proclaiming the Supreme Truth (Lord Krishna),
Or the Ocean of Compassion and patience (The Buddha),
Or the Guru who wrote lucid bhashyas (commentaries) on Advaita (Adi Shankara),
this Compassion embodied one?
Is he the Almighty appearing in human form
Or righteousness manifesting in divine human form
Or the holy Son of God (Jesus Christ)
Or the merciful (Prophet) Nabi, the pearl, the gem?

Narayanan, né Nanu, was born on 20 August 1856 to Madan Asan and Kuttiyamma in an Ezhava family, in the village of Chempazhanthy near Thiruvananthapuram, in the erstwhile state of Travancore, in British India.[4] His early education was in the gurukula way under Chempazhanthi Mootha Pillai during which time his mother died when he was 15. At the age of 21, he went to central Travancore to learn from Raman Pillai Asan, a Sanskrit scholar who taught him Vedas, Upanishads and the literature and logical rhetoric of Sanskrit. He returned to his village in 1881 when his father was seriously ill, and started a village school where he taught local children which earned him the name Nanu Asan.[4] A year later, he married Kaliamma but soon disassociated himself from the marriage to commence his public life as a social reformer.[4]

Leaving home, he traveled through Kerala and Tamil Nadu and it was during these journeys, he met Chattampi Swamikal, a social and religious reformer, who introduced Guru to Ayyavu Swamikal from whom he learned meditation and yoga.[5] Later, he continued his wanderings until he reached the Pillathadam cave at Maruthwamala where he set up an hermitage and practiced meditation and yoga for the next eight years.[4] In 1888, he visited Aruvippuram where he meditated for a while and during his stay there, he consecrated a piece of rock taken from the river, as the idol of Shiva, which has since become the Aruvippuram Shiva Temple.[6] The act, which later came to be known as Aruvipuram Pratishta, created a social commotion among the upper caste Brahmins who questioned Guru's right to consecrate the idol.[7] His reply to them that "This is not a Brahmin Shiva but an Ezhava Shiva"[8] later became a famous quote, used against casteism.[9][10] It was here, the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam)[11] was founded on 15 May 1903 by the efforts of Padmanabhan Palpu, better known as Dr. Palpu, with Narayana Guru as its founder president.[12]

Guru shifted his base to Sivagiri, near Varkala in 1904 where he opened a school for children from the lower strata of the society and provided free education to them without considering their caste. However, it took him seven years to build[4] a temple there, the Sarada Mutt was built in 1912. He also built temples in other places such as Thrissur, Kannur, Anchuthengu, Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Mangalore and it took him to many places including Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) where he made his final visit in 1926. On his return to India, he was involved in a number of activities including the planning of the Sivagiri pilgrimage which was planned after his visit to Pallathuruthy in 1927 to attend the anniversary of the S.N.D.P. Yogam.[4]

Soon after the meeting at Pallathuruthy, which was the last public function he attended, Guru became ill and underwent treatment at places such as Aluva, Thrissur, Palakkad, and finally to Chennai; the physicians attended to him included Ayurvedic physicians like Cholayil Mami Vaidyar, Panappally Krishnan Vaidyar and Thycauttu Divakaran Moos as well as allopathic physicians viz. . Krishnan Thampi, Panikker, Palpu and a European physician by name, Noble. He returned to Sarada Mutt and died on 20 September 1928, at the age of 72.[4]

Legacy

Fight against casteism

Casteism was practised in Kerala during the 19th and early 20th centuries and the lower caste people such as Ezhavas and the untouchable castes like Paraiyars, tribals and Pulayars had to suffer discrimination from the upper caste community[13] It was against this discrimination that Guru performed his first major public act,[4] the consecration of Siva idol at Aruvippuram in 1888. Overall, he consecrated forty five temples across Kerala and Tamil Nadu..[citation needed]His consecrations were not necessarily conventional deities; a slab inscribed with the words, Truth, Ethics, Compassion, Love,[14] a vegetarian Shiva, a mirror and a sculpture by an Italian sculptor were among the various consecrations made by him.[15] He propagated the ideals of compassion and religious tolerance and one of his noted works, Anukampadasakam, extols various religious figures such as Krishna, The Buddha, Adi Shankara, Jesus Christ.[16]

Vaikom Satyagraha

The social protest of Vaikom Satyagraha was an agitation by the lower caste against untouchability in Hindu society of Travancore.[17] It was reported that the trigger for the protest was an incident when Narayana Guru was stopped from passing through a road leading to Vaikom Temple by an upper caste person. It prompted Kumaran Asan and Muloor S.Padmanabha Panicker, both disciples of Guru, to compose poems in protest of the incident. T. K. Madhavan, another disciple, petitioned the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly in 1918 for rights to enter the temple and worship, regardless of the caste.[18] A host of people including K. Kelappan and K. P. Kesava Menon, formed a committee and announced Kerala Paryatanam movement and with the support of Mahatma Gandhi, the agitation developed into a mass movement which resulted in the opening of the temple as well as three roads leading to it to people of all castes.[18][19] The protest also influenced the Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.[20][21]

Sivagiri pilgrimage

Sivagiri pilgrimage was conceived by three of the disciples of Guru viz. Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar, T. K. Kittan Writer and Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker which Guru approved in 1928, with his own recommendations.[citation needed] He suggested that the goals of the pilgrimage should be the promotion of education, cleanliness, devotion to God, organization, agriculture, trade, handicrafts, and technical training and advised Vaidyar and Writer to organise a series of lectures on these themes to stress the need for the practice of these ideals, stating this to be the core purpose of Sivagiri pilgrimage. However, his death soon after delayed the project until 1932 when the first pilgrimage was undertaken from Elavumthitta in Pathanamthitta District.[22]

Writings and philosophy

Guru published 45 works in Malayalam, Sanskrit and Tamil languages which include Atmopadesa Śatakam, a hundred-verse spiritual poem[23] and Daiva Dasakam, a universal prayer in ten verses.[24] He also translated three major texts, Thirukural of Valluvar, Ishavasya Upanishad and Ozhivil Odukkam of Kannudaiya Vallalaar.[25] It was he who propagated the motto, One Caste, One Religion, One God for All (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu) which has become popular as a saying in Kerala.[26] He furthered the non-dualistic philosophy of Adi Sankara by bringing it into practice by adding the concepts of social equality and universal brotherhood.[26]

All Religions' Conference

Guru organized an All Religion Conference in 1923 at Alwaye Advaita Ashram, which was reported to be first such event in India.[27] It was an effort to counter the religious conversions Ezhava community was susceptible to[28] and at the entrance of the conference, he arranged for a message to be displayed which read, We meet here not to argue and win, but to know and be known.[citation needed] The conference has since become an annual event, organised every year at the Ashram.[29]

Notable disciples

Public acceptance, honours and veneration

Narayana Guru 1967 stamp of India
₹5 Coin

In 1916, Ramana Maharshi hosted Narayana Guru at his Tiruvannamalai ashram when Guru was returning from a trip to Kancheepuram where Swami Govindananda, a disciple of Guru, had established the Sree Narayana Seva Ashram.[33] Rabindranath Tagore met Narayana Guru at the latter's ashram in Sivagiri in November 1922. Tagore later said of Narayana Guru that, "I have never come across one who is spiritually greater than Swami Narayana Guru or a person who is at par with him in spiritual attainment".[34] Three years later, Mahatma Gandhi visited Guru during his 1925 trip to Kerala to participate in the Vaikom Satyagraha[35] after which the Indian independence movement leader stated that "it was a great privilege in his life to have the darshan of an esteemed sage like Sree Narayana Guru."[citation needed]

On 21 August 1967, Narayana Guru was commemorated on an Indian postage stamp of denomination 15 nP.[36] Another commemorative stamp on him was issued by Sri Lanka Post on 4 September 2009.[37] The Reserve Bank of India issued two sets of commemorative coins depicting Guru's image, each valued at ₹5 and ₹100 respectively, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary.[citation needed]

The first of the several statues of Narayana Guru was erected at Jagannath Temple, Thalassery in 1927 while he was still alive.[38][39] His statues are seen in many places in Kerala which include a 24 feet statue at Kaithamukku in Thiruvananthapuram.[40] The Government of Kerala observe the birthday, the Sri Narayana Jayanthi, and the date of death (Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi) of Narayana Guru as public holidays.[41]

The life of Narayana Guru has been portrayed in a number of movies starting with the 1986 film Sree Narayana Guru,[42] made by award-winning director P. A. Backer.[43] Swamy Sreenarayana Guru, an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Krishnaswamy, released the same year. Almost a decade and a half later, R. Sukumaran made a film on the life of Guru, titled Yugapurushan[44] in 2010 with Thalaivasal Vijay playing the role of Guru and the film also featured Mammootty and Navya Nair.[45] Brahmashri Narayana Guru Swamy is a Tulu film made in 2014 by Rajashekar Kotian on Guru's life and the film was the 5oth film made in the language.[46] His life during the eight years he spent at Maruthwamala (also known as Marunnumamala) has been adapted into a docufiction, titled Marunnumamala and the film was released by Pinarayi Vijayan, the chief minister of Kerala on 9 August 2016.[47][a]

Works

In Malayalam

Narayana Guru's tomb in Sivagiri, Kerala
  • Swanubavageethi
  • Aathmopadesh shathaksm[49]
  • Adwaitha deepika[50]
  • Arivu[51]
  • Narayana Guru (1988). Daivadasakam. Trivandrum: Narayana Gurukula.
  • Narayana Guru; Bhāskaran, Ti (1981). Śivaśatakaṃ (in Malayalam). Tiruvanantapuram]; Kōṭṭayaṃ: N.M. Sajee Bhaskaran; Vitaraṇaṃ, Nāṣanal Bukst̲āḷ. OCLC 13027019.
  • Jeevakarunya Panchakam
  • Anukamba Dasakam
  • Jathi Nirnayam
  • Jathi Lakshanam
  • Chijjada Chinthanam
  • Daiva vichinthanam – 1 & 2
  • Athma Vilasam
  • Narayana Guru; Bhaskaran T (1981). Shivasathakam. Sajee Bhaskaran.
  • Kolatheereshastavam
  • Bhadrakaalyashtakam
  • Gajendra moksham vanchipattu
  • Ottapadyangal
  • Sree Krishnana Darsanam
  • Mangalasamsakal
  • Narayana Guru (1987). Subrahmanya keerthanam. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
  • Subramanya Ashtakam
  • Sadasiva Darsanam
  • Samasya
  • Swanubhava Geethi
  • Indrya Vairagyam
  • Narayana Guru (1976). Nyayadarsanam. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
  • Narayana Guru (1988). Prapanchasudhidasakam anubhoothidasakam. Varkkala: Narayana Gurukula.
  • Narayana Guru (2003). Kalinatakam (2nd ed.). Varkkala: Narayanagurukulam.
  • Narayana Guru, Sree (1993). Baahuleyaashtakam. Varkala, Narayana Gurukulam.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Narayana Guru (1985). Sree Narayana Guruvinte Sampoorna Kruthikal (in Malayalam). Calicut, Mathrubhumi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Narayana Guru; Bālakr̥ṣṇan Nāyar, G (1972). Kuṇdalini-pāṭṭu' (in Malayalam). Trivandrum: Sree Narayana Publishing House. OCLC 499830611.
  • Narayana Guru; Narayana Prasad; Narayana Gurukula (2003). Kāḷināṭakaṃ. Varkkala: Nārāyaṇagurukulaṃ. OCLC 58526535.

In Sanskrit

The first Jnana Vigraham of Narayana Guru
  • Narayana Guru (2004). Darsanamaala. Varkkala: Narayana Gurukula.
  • Narayana Guru (1985). Brahmavidyapanjakam. Varkkala: Narayana Gurukulam.
  • Narayana Guru; Śāstrī, Harihara (1998). Darśanamālā. Naī Dillī: Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa. ISBN 9788124601099. OCLC 671596309.
  • Nirvruthi Panchakam
  • Slokathrayi
  • Vedantha Suthram
  • Homa Manthram
  • Municharya Panchakam
  • Asramam
  • Dharmam
  • Charama Slokangal
  • Homa Mantram
  • Chidambarashtakam
  • Guhashtakam
  • Bhadrakaliashtakam
  • Vinayaka Ashtakam
  • Sree Vasudeva Ashtakam
  • Janani Navaratna Manjari

In Tamil

  • Thevarappathinkangal[52]

Translations

  • Thirukural
  • Isavasyo Upanishad
  • Ozhivil Odukkam

Translations of Guru's works into other languages

  • Narayana Guru; Narayana Prasad (translator) (2007). Garland of visions: Darśanamālā of Narayana Guru. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 9788124603918. OCLC 167576536. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Nataraja Guru; Narayana Guru (2001). An integrated science of the absolute: based on the Darśana mālā (Garland of visions) of Narayana Guru. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 9788124601846. OCLC 50756278.
  • Narayana Guru; Narayana Prasad (translator) (2009). Shorter philosophical poems of Narayana Guru: Brahmavidyā pañcakam, Advaita dīpikā, Aṛivu, Homa mantram, Daiva daśakam. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 9788124605158. OCLC 653807175. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru; Narayana Prasad (translator) (1997). The Vedānta-sūtras of Nārāyaṇa Guru: with an English translation of the original Sanskrit and commentary. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 9788124600856. OCLC 37282506. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru (1977). Life divine and spiritual values. Bangalore: Swami Sivananda Spiritual Centre : Copies can be had from Satsangha Seva Samithi. OCLC 615117867.
  • Narayana Guru; Sreenivasan (translator), K (1994). The song of the self: a new translation of atmopadesasatakam (one hundred verses of self-instruction). Thiruva-nanthapuram, Kerala: Jayasree Publications. OCLC 222527764. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru; Nataraja Guru (translator) (1969). One hundred verses of self-instruction (Atmopadesasatakam). Varkala, Kerala: Gurukula Pub. House. OCLC 695387. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru; Atmananda (translator); Narayana Prasad (2007). Nārāyaṇasmr̥tiḥ (in Sanskrit). New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. ISBN 9788124603925. OCLC 733026527. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru; Nityacaitanya Yati (translator) (1982). Vinayakashtakam: eight verses in praise of Vināyaka. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula. OCLC 863337667. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  • Narayana Guru (1969). One hundred verses of self-instruction. OCLC 606239200.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Marunnumamala - a docufiction in Malayalam on YouTube[48]

References

  1. ^ "Narayana Guru, 1856-1928". LC Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  2. ^ Pullapilly, Cyriac K. (1976). "The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society". In Smith, Bardwell L. (ed.). Religion and social conflict in South Asia. International studies in sociology and social anthropology. Vol. 22. BRILL. pp. 24–46. ISBN 978-90-04-04510-1.
  3. ^ "Pillathadam".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Sree Narayana Guru, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala". Kerala Tourism - Varkala. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  5. ^ Younger, Paul (2002). Playing host to deity : festival religion in the South Indian tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-19-514044-3.
  6. ^ Staff Reporter (24 December 2012). "125 years of Aruvippuram temple". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  7. ^ "125 years of Aruvipuram Pratishta". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Sree Narayana Guru in a new light". 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  9. ^ A. Sreedhara Menon (4 March 2011). Kerala History and its Makers. DC Books. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-81-264-3782-5.
  10. ^ "In Kerala temple priest appointments, Backward caste Ezhavas overrun Brahmins". outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  11. ^ Chandramohan, P. (April 2016). Developmental Modernity in Kerala: Narayana Guru, S.N.D.P Yogam and Social Reform. Tulika Books. ISBN 9789382381792. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  12. ^ "SNDP Yogam". sndpyogam.in. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Guru-varsham 150: The year of Sree Narayana Guru". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  14. ^ "TKMM College". tkmmcollege.org. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  15. ^ "These places were a part of Sree Narayana Guru's life". OnManorama. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  16. ^ Sekher, Dr Ajay (6 September 2017). "Guru who made Kerala fit to bear 'god's own' label". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Extreme injustice led to Vaikom Satyagraha, says Romila Thapar". The Hindu. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Vaikom: A Story of Courage & The Extraordinary Movement That Changed India!". The Better India. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  19. ^ "Fenced By The Thread". outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  20. ^ Mahadevan, G. (12 November 2011). "Temple Entry Proclamation the greatest act of moral freedom: Uthradom Tirunal". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  21. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Rajeev Srinivasan". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Elavumthitta - the birthplace of Sivagiri pilgrimage". The Hindu. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  23. ^ "atmopadesa satakam". 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  24. ^ Staff Reporter (7 October 2009). "Kerala recommends national prayer song to Centre". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Writings of Sree Narayana Guru". www.sndp.org. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  26. ^ a b Diane P. Mines; Sarah Lamb; Sarah E. Lamb (2010). Everyday Life in South Asia. Indiana University Press. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-0-253-35473-0.
  27. ^ R. Raman Nair; L. Sulochana Devi (2010). Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography-1. South Indian Studies. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-81-905928-2-6.
  28. ^ Bardwell L. Smith (1976). Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia. BRILL. pp. 42–. ISBN 90-04-04510-4.
  29. ^ Staff Reporter (8 March 2016). "All-religion meet begins at Aluva". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  30. ^ Das, Sisir Kumar (1991). A History of Indian Literature 1911-1956. Sahitya Akademi. p. 306. ISBN 81-7201-798-7.
  31. ^ a b Kusuman, K. K. (1990). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications, New Delhi. p. 44. ISBN 81-7099-214-1.
  32. ^ "Kunhiraman CV - Kerala Media Academy". archive.keralamediaacademy.org. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  33. ^ "Meeting between Narayana Guru and Ramana Maharshi". Thannal Hand Sculpted Homes. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  34. ^ Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (31 December 2011). "The Other Tagore". Frontline. No. Volume 28 - Issue 27. Retrieved 9 February 2015. {{cite news}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ "From Vaikom to Venganoor - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  36. ^ "Stamps 1947-2000". Postage Stamps. India Post. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  37. ^ "All registered stamps issued by Sri Lanka: LK032.09". Universal Postal Union. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  38. ^ "Chapter X : A Metal Statue". www.sreenarayanaguru.in. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  39. ^ "Kerala Temples in Thalassery - Jagannath Temple, Thalassery". keralatemples.info. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  40. ^ "Kaithamukku gets city's tallest statue - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  41. ^ "Kerala Gazette" (PDF). General Administration (Coordination) Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  42. ^ "33rd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  43. ^ "Sree Narayanaguru (1986)". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  44. ^ "Yugapurushan (2010)". IMDb. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  45. ^ "Yugapurushan (2010)". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  46. ^ "Now showing: 50th Tulu movie". The Hindu. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  47. ^ "Marunnumala Docufiction release on Aug 9 - Maruthwamala". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  48. ^ Red Archers (8 August 2016). "Marunnumamala - Docufiction in MALAYALAM". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  49. ^ Narayana Guru (1999). Aathmopadesh shathaksm. New Delhi: D.K Printworld.
  50. ^ Narayana Guru, Sree; Vimalananda; Ed (1985). Adwaitha deepika. Thiruvananthapuram, S Vijayan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Narayana Guru (1989). Arivu. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
  52. ^ R. Raman Nair; L. Sulochana Devi (2010). Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography. South Indian Studies. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-81-905928-2-6.

Further reading

  • (Re)construction of ‘the Social’ for Making a Modern Kerala: Reflections on Narayana Guru's Social Philosophy, Satheese Chandra Bose, published in Satheese Chandra Bose and Shiju Sam Varughese (eds.) 2015. Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.
  • Sree Narayana Guruswamikalude jeeva charithram– Moorkoth Kumaran-(The official biography as approved by Sivagiri mutt.) Published by SNDS Trust
  • Sree Narayana Gurudeva Krithikal – Sampoorna Vyakyanam – G Balakrishnan Nair- (Works of Sree Narayana Guru with Complete Interpretations – ten parts compiled in two volumes) published by The State Institute of Languages, Kerala.
  • Brahmarshi Sree Narayana Guru – Dr. T. Bhaskaran- published by Sahitya Akademi.
  • The Word of the Guru : The Life and Teaching of Guru Narayana : Nataraja Guru, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, ISBN 81-246-0241-7
  • Srinarayana Guruvinte Sampoorna Kruthikal (Complete Works of Sri Narayana Guru): Mathrubhoomi Publishers, Kozhikode, Kerala
  • Sri Narayana Guruvinte Mathavum Sivagiriyum (Sivagiri and the Religion of Sri Narayana Guru): K. Maheshwaran Nair
  • Narayanaguru- Editor: P.K.Balakrishnan (A collection of essays in Malayalam):March 2000, (First Edition 1954), Kerala Sahitya Academi, Trichur, Kerala.
  • The Philosophy of Narayana Guru: Swami Muni Narayana Prasad, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, ISBN 81-246-0236-0.
  • Sree Narayana Gurudev - the Maharshi who made Advaita a Science - [Prof:G.K.Sasidharan]: Many Worlds Publications, Kollam, Kerala (First Edition 2014)
  • M. K. Sanu (2017). O. V. Usha (ed.). Sree Narayana Guru - Life and Times. Translated by P. R. Mukundan. Open Door Media. p. 280. ISBN 978-8193219614.
  • Nataraja Guru (2008). The Word of the Guru: The Life and Teachings of Guru Nārāyaṇa. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 978-81-246-0241-6.
  • Nityachaitanya Yati (2005). Narayana Guru. Indian Council of Philosophical Research. ISBN 978-81-85636-89-4.
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