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==Offshore pile driving== |
==Offshore pile driving== |
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Pile driving in connection to offshore construction, most importantly [[Deep foundation|monopile]] foundations for [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind turbines]], produces very high levels of underwater noise<ref name="Dahne" /> |
Pile driving in connection to offshore construction, most importantly [[Deep foundation|monopile]] foundations for [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind turbines]], produces very high levels of underwater noise,<ref name="Dahne" /> capable of inflicting damage to the hearing of marine organisms<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tougaard |first1=Jakob |last2=Dähne |first2=Michael |title=Why is auditory frequency weighting so important in regulation of underwater noise? |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |date=October 2017 |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=EL415–EL420 |doi=10.1121/1.5008901}}</ref> and deter animals at tens of km from the construction site.<ref name="Brandt">{{cite journal |last1=Brandt |first1=Mj |last2=Dragon |first2=Ac |last3=Diederichs |first3=A |last4=Bellmann |first4=Ma |last5=Wahl |first5=V |last6=Piper |first6=W |last7=Nabe-Nielsen |first7=J |last8=Nehls |first8=G |title=Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |date=28 May 2018 |volume=596 |pages=213–232 |doi=10.3354/meps12560}}</ref><ref name="Tougaard2009">{{cite journal |last1=Tougaard |first1=Jakob |last2=Carstensen |first2=Jacob |last3=Teilmann |first3=Jonas |last4=Skov |first4=Henrik |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Per |title=Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena (L.)) |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |date=July 2009 |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=11–14 |doi=10.1121/1.3132523}}</ref> Large-scale bubble curtains are now routinely used to mitigate these impacts as they can attenuate the noise significantly, in particular the higher frequencies, above 1 kHz.<ref name="Dahne" /> |
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Revision as of 03:29, 28 May 2022
A bubble curtain is a system that produces bubbles in a deliberate arrangement in water. It is also called pneumatic barrier. The technique is based on bubbles of air (gas) being let out under the water surface, commonly on the bottom. When the bubbles rise they act as a barrier, a curtain, breaking the propagation of waves or the spreading of particles and other contaminants.[1]
Uses
It can be used for the following purposes:
- to reduce propagation of shock waves (e.g. acoustic waves from engines or pile driving,[1][2][3] explosions etcetera),
- to reduce liquid or debris floating on the surface from spreading [4][5]
- to prevent salt intrusion[6]
- to control the movements of fish[7]
- for decoration and airing in aquariums[8]
In June 2010, Okaloosa County, Florida used air bubble curtains to help protect their Destin Pass coastline from oil produced in the Gulf of Mexico by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. They hoped to push oil up to the surface for booms and skimming boats to collect the oil. British multinational oil company BP, who the U.S. government named as the responsible party for the oil spill, was billed for the cost of the project.[9]
Equipment
The technical system basically consists of a compressor and pipe or hose with nozzles. When used to reduce acoustic waves from pile driving, a distribution manifold made of plastic or rubber is commonly used.[10]
Offshore pile driving
Pile driving in connection to offshore construction, most importantly monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines, produces very high levels of underwater noise,[3] capable of inflicting damage to the hearing of marine organisms[11] and deter animals at tens of km from the construction site.[12][13] Large-scale bubble curtains are now routinely used to mitigate these impacts as they can attenuate the noise significantly, in particular the higher frequencies, above 1 kHz.[3]
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See also
References
- ^ a b Würsig, B.; Greene, C.R.; Jefferson, T.A. (February 2000). "Development of an air bubble curtain to reduce underwater noise of percussive piling". Marine Environmental Research. 49 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(99)00050-1.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c Dähne, M; Tougaard, J; Carstensen, J; Rose, A; Nabe-Nielsen, J (29 September 2017). "Bubble curtains attenuate noise from offshore wind farm construction and reduce temporary habitat loss for harbour porpoises". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 580: 221–237. doi:10.3354/meps12257.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-10-26. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Abraham, G.; Van der Burg, P.; De Vos, P. (1973). "Pneumatic barriers to reduce salt intrusion through locks". Rijkswaterstaat Communications 17. RWS-Communications. 17. The Hague, Netherlands: Rijkswaterstaat.
- ^ http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/CLEANUP.NSF/ph/gasco+photo+gallery! OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1 Archived 2009-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Welcome to PET Discounters - PETdiscounters.com". www.petdiscounters.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ TEGNA. "10News WTSP - Tampa News, Florida News, Weather, Traffic - WTSP.com". 10NEWS.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Bubble Curtain" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ Tougaard, Jakob; Dähne, Michael (October 2017). "Why is auditory frequency weighting so important in regulation of underwater noise?". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (4): EL415–EL420. doi:10.1121/1.5008901.
- ^ Brandt, Mj; Dragon, Ac; Diederichs, A; Bellmann, Ma; Wahl, V; Piper, W; Nabe-Nielsen, J; Nehls, G (28 May 2018). "Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 596: 213–232. doi:10.3354/meps12560.
- ^ Tougaard, Jakob; Carstensen, Jacob; Teilmann, Jonas; Skov, Henrik; Rasmussen, Per (July 2009). "Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena (L.))". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 126 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1121/1.3132523.