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==''Megali Hellas''==
==''Megali Hellas''==
In 1919 the ship was renamed ''Megali Hellas'', which is the Greek name for [[Magna Graecia]] in Sicily and southern Italy. One source states that she resumed service on her route between Piraeus and New York via Patras and Naples on 12 October 1919.<ref name=Swiggum/>
In 1919 the ship was renamed ''Megali Hellas'', which is the Greek name for [[Magna Graecia]] in Sicily and southern Italy.<ref name=Swiggum/>


On 3 March 1921 ''Megali Hellas'' ran aground off [[Kumkale, Çanakkale|Kumkale]], at the mouth of the [[Dardanelles]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Largest Greek Liner Ashore |date=5 March 1921 |page=11 |issue=42660 |column=E}}</ref> She was refloated in 8 March.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Reinsurance rates |date=9 March 1921 |page=21 |issue=42664 |column=D}}</ref>
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However, on 30 May 1921 ''[[The New York Times]]'' welcomed the return of the ship to New York the previous day "after an absence of seven years". Her passengers on that 1921 voyage included 200 [[picture bride]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greece open for American trade |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 May 1921 |page=15 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/30/98698165.html?pageNumber=15 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

⚫
One source states that she resumed service on her route between Piraeus and New York via Patras and Naples on 12 October 1919.<ref name=Swiggum/> However, on 30 May 1921 ''[[The New York Times]]'' welcomed the return of the ship to New York the previous day "after an absence of seven years". Her passengers on that 1921 voyage included 200 [[picture bride]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greece open for American trade |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 May 1921 |page=15 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/30/98698165.html?pageNumber=15 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>


On 29 July 1921, US authorities detained ''Megali Hellas'' off [[Sandy Hook]], [[New Jersey]] because Greece had used up its immigration quota for that month under the [[Emergency Quota Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=130 Americans held on ship off coast |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 July 1921 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/30/109819357.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> She was not allowed into port until 1 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 ships, held at sea, enter |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 August 1921 |page=8 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/01/98714239.html?pageNumber=8 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
On 29 July 1921, US authorities detained ''Megali Hellas'' off [[Sandy Hook]], [[New Jersey]] because Greece had used up its immigration quota for that month under the [[Emergency Quota Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=130 Americans held on ship off coast |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 July 1921 |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/30/109819357.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> She was not allowed into port until 1 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 ships, held at sea, enter |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 August 1921 |page=8 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/01/98714239.html?pageNumber=8 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
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[[Category:1914 ships]]
[[Category:1914 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1921]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1926]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Greece]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Greece]]

Revision as of 06:36, 13 June 2022

Vasilefs Constantinos in Piraeus in 1917
History
Name
  • 1914: Vasilefs Constantinos
  • 1919: Megali Hellas
  • 1924: Byron
Namesake
Owner
  • 1914: National SN Co of Greece
  • 1924: Byron SS Co
  • 1928: National SN Co of Greece
Operator
  • 1918: French Government
  • 1919: Embiricos Brothers
Port of registry
Route
BuilderCammell, Laird & Co, Birkenhead
Yard number800
Launched9 June 1914
CompletedDecember 1914
Maiden voyage13 May 1915
Identification
Fatescrapped 1937
General characteristics
Typeocean liner
Tonnage9,272 GRT, 4,869 NRT
Length470.0 ft (143.3 m)
Beam58.1 ft (17.7 m)
Draught24 ft 2 in (7.4 m)
Depth32.7 ft (10.0 m)
Decks2
Installed power1,759 NHP
Propulsion
Speed15+1⁄2 knots (28.7 km/h)
Capacity
  • passengers:
  • 60 1st, 450 2nd & 1,800 3rd class
  • cargo: 4,000 tons
Crew300

SS Byron was a transatlantic ocean liner that was built in England in 1914 and scrapped in Italy in 1937. She was launched as Vasilefs Constantinos, named after Constantine I of Greece. In 1919 she was renamed Megali Hellas, the Greek name for the Ancient Greek settlements in Sicily and southern Italy. In 1923 she was renamed Byron, in recognition of the role of Lord Byron (1788–1824) in the Greek War of Independence (1821–29).

Throughout her career the ship was owned by the National Steam Navigation Company, Ltd, of Greece. However, France requisitioned her as a troop ship in 1918, and her Greek owners registered her in the United Kingdom from 1923 until 1928.

The ship was small compared with the great transatlantic liners of her era. But even in the 1930s she was the largest ship in the Greek merchant fleet.[1][2]

Building

Cammell, Laird & Co built Vasilefs Constantinos in Birkenhead on the River Mersey as yard number 800. She was launched on 9 June 1914 and completed that December.[3] Her registered length was 470.0 ft (143.3 m), her beam was 58.1 ft (17.7 m) and her depth was 32.7 ft (10.0 m).[4]

Vasilefs Constantinos had berths for 60 First Class, 450 Second Class and 1,800 Third Class passengers[5] and a crew of 300.[6] Her holds had capacity for 4,000 tons of cargo.[7] As built, her tonnages were 9,272 GRT and 4,869 NRT.[4]

Vasilefs Constantinos had twin screws, each powered by a quadruple expansion engine. The combined power of her twin engines was rated at 1,759 NHP,[4] and gave her a speed of 15+1⁄2 knots (28.7 km/h).[2]

The National Steam Navigation Company registered Vasilefs Constantinos on the Aegean island of Andros. Her code letters were HQLG.[4]

Vasilefs Constantinos

On 13 May 1915 Vasilefs Constantinos left Piraeus on her maiden voyage, which was via Patras and Naples to New York.[5] On the afternoon of 28 May US authorities held her for four hours at a quarantine station outside New York because she had a case of suspected typhus aboard. She was allowed to dock at Jersey City later that evening, but passengers were not allowed to disembark until 29 May because United States Customs Service officers were not in position until then.[8]

Greece was neutral in early part of the First World War. Then in September 1915 the Bulgarian Army mobilised against Serbia, and Greece responded by mobilising the Hellenic Army. Thousands of Hellenic Army reservists living in the USA sought to travel to Greece to join the mobilisation. On 12 October Vasilefs Constantinos left Jersey City carrying 2,637 passengers, most of whom were Greek reservists. Her steerage was so crowded that her cargo was limited to 1,000 tons instead of her usual 4,000.[7]

Within hours of leaving port the ship was recalled, reportedly over a dispute between the Greek government and her managers as to how much the government would pay the company for the reservists' passage to Greece.[9] She anchored at the quarantine station until 16 October, when she finally departed eastward across the Atlantic.[10]

On 6 August 1916 Vasilefs Constantinos reached Jersey City carrying 1,991 passengers, most of whom were immigrants from Greece or refugees from the Central Powers' invasion and occupation of Serbia.[11] On 9 September she left Piraeus on her eleventh return trip to Jersey City. After this voyage, her transatlantic service seems to have been interrupted.[5]

Former Prime Minister of Greece Dimitrios Gounaris boarding Vasilefs Constantinos in 1917, en route to exile on Corsica

By 1918 Vasilefs Constantinos was equipped for wireless telegraphy. Her call sign was SVV.[12]

In 1918 France requisitioned Vasilefs Constantinos as a troop ship. In 1919 she was returned to her owners.[3]

Megali Hellas

In 1919 the ship was renamed Megali Hellas, which is the Greek name for Magna Graecia in Sicily and southern Italy.[5]

On 3 March 1921 Megali Hellas ran aground off Kumkale, at the mouth of the Dardanelles.[13] She was refloated in 8 March.[14]

One source states that she resumed service on her route between Piraeus and New York via Patras and Naples on 12 October 1919.[5] However, on 30 May 1921 The New York Times welcomed the return of the ship to New York the previous day "after an absence of seven years". Her passengers on that 1921 voyage included 200 picture brides.[15]

On 29 July 1921, US authorities detained Megali Hellas off Sandy Hook, New Jersey because Greece had used up its immigration quota for that month under the Emergency Quota Act.[16] She was not allowed into port until 1 August.[17]

On 1 October 1921 Megali Hellas reached New York carrying 715 passengers, including 200 Greek brides-to-be who had traveled to marry men in the USA. US immigration authorities allowed no-one to disembark except holders of US or diplomatic passports. The authorities ruled that all 378 steerage passengers would be taken to Ellis Island, held there and deported.[18]

Byron

In 1923 the National Steam Navigation Company founded a UK subsidiary, the Byron Steam Ship Company.[5] In 1924 it transferred Megali Hellas to the new company, renamed her Byron, and changed her port of registration to London.[19] Her UK official number was 147667 and her UK code letters were KQTP.[20]

On 12 January 1923 Byron started serving a revised route between Istanbul and New York via Piraeus, Patras and Marseille. From 4 August 1923 this route was extended to Constanța in Romania.[5]

Cargo fire

On 5 October 1926 Byron was approaching New York, carrying 697 passengers from Europe. At about 0500 hrs, about 8 nautical miles (15 km) off Ambrose Channel, a fire was discovered in one of her cargo holds. Her crew fought the fire, but it soon disabled her steam-powered steering gear, so she had to be steered by hand.[6]

William J. Gaynor, the first fireboat to assist Byron with her cargo hold fire

At about 0600 Byron she embarked a pilot as normal to take her into port. Her wireless telegraphist sent a distress signal, requesting tugboats and fireboats to assist her.[6]

The naval wireless station at The Battery received Byron's signal. The fireboat William J. Gaynor came alongside, and was joined by John Purroy Mitchel. The pair pumped water into the burning hold. Byron's boilers and engines continued to work, and she reached the quarantine station under her own power, assisted by two tugs.[6]

Final years

In 1928 Byron returned to the direct ownership of the National Steam Navigation Company, which changed her port of registration back to Andros.[21] Her new Greek code letters were to JGPH. By 1934 her call sign was SVAG.[22]

On 2 October 1935 Byron left Piraeus on what turned out to be her final voyage to New York. She called at Lisbon on her outward journey, and Boston, the Azores and Lisbon on her return. The Greek government then withdrew her subsidy, and the National Steam Navigation Company went bankrupt.[5]

On 20 February 1937 Byron left Piraeus for the last time. She sailed to La Spezia in northern Italy, where she was scrapped.[3]

References

  1. ^ Harnack 1930, p. 98.
  2. ^ a b Talbot-Booth 1936, p. 401.
  3. ^ a b c "Vasilefs Constantinos". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d LLoyd's Register, 1915.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (24 February 2008). "Ship Descriptions – V". TheShipsList. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d "Fire-swept liner lands 697 safely". The New York Times. 6 October 1926. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  7. ^ a b "2,500 Greeks sail to join the colors". The New York Times. 12 October 1915. p. 2. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  8. ^ "Customs men delay 400". The New York Times. 30 May 1915. p. 10. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  9. ^ "Reservist ship recalled". The New York Times. 13 October 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  10. ^ "Greek liner sails today". The New York Times. 16 October 1915. p. 20. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  11. ^ "Greek Liner brings 1,991". The New York Times. 7 August 1916. p. 10. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  12. ^ The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1918, p. 720.
  13. ^ "Largest Greek Liner Ashore". The Times. No. 42660. London. 5 March 1921. col E, p. 11.
  14. ^ "Reinsurance rates". The Times. No. 42664. London. 9 March 1921. col D, p. 21.
  15. ^ "Greece open for American trade". The New York Times. 30 May 1921. p. 15. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  16. ^ "130 Americans held on ship off coast". The New York Times. 30 July 1921. p. 4. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  17. ^ "2 ships, held at sea, enter". The New York Times. 1 August 1921. p. 8. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  18. ^ "Greeks must go back". The New York Times. 2 October 1921. p. 820. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via Times Machine.
  19. ^ Mercantile Navy List, 1925.
  20. ^ LLoyd's Register, 1925.
  21. ^ LLoyd's Register, 1928.
  22. ^ LLoyd's Register, 1936.

Bibliography

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