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Writing in the [[Meiji period]], [[Lafcadio Hearn]] (1902) described a ''baku'' with very similar attributes that was also able to devour nightmares.<ref>Hearn, Lafcadio 1902 Kottō: ''Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs''. Macmillan. Pages 245–248. {{ISBN|4-86133-027-0}}.</ref>
Writing in the [[Meiji period]], [[Lafcadio Hearn]] (1902) described a ''baku'' with very similar attributes that was also able to devour nightmares.<ref>Hearn, Lafcadio 1902 Kottō: ''Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs''. Macmillan. Pages 245–248. {{ISBN|4-86133-027-0}}.</ref>
Legend has it that a person who wakes up from a bad dream can call out to ''baku''. A child having a nightmare in Japan will wake up and repeat three times, "Baku-san, come eat my dream." Legends say that the ''baku'' will come into the child's room and devour the bad dream, allowing the child to go back to sleep peacefully. However, calling to the ''baku'' must be done sparingly, because if he remains hungry after eating one's nightmare, he may also devour their hopes and desires as well, leaving them to live an empty life. The ''baku'' can also be summoned for protection from bad dreams prior to falling asleep at night. In the 1910s, it was common for Japanese children to keep a ''baku'' talisman at their bedside.<ref>M.Reese:"The Asian traditions and myths".pg.60</ref><ref>Hadland Davis F., "Myths and Legends of Japan" (London: [[G. G. Harrap]], 1913)</ref>
Legend has it that a person who wakes up from a bad dream can call out to ''baku''. A child having a nightmare in Japan will wake up and repeat three times, "Baku-san, come eat my dream." Legends say that the ''baku'' will come into the child's room and devour the bad dream, allowing the child to go back to sleep peacefully. However, calling to the ''baku'' must be done sparingly, because if he remains hungry after eating one's nightmare, he may also devour their hopes and desires as well, leaving them to live an empty life. The ''baku'' can also be summoned for protection from bad dreams prior to falling asleep at night. In the 1910s, it was common for Japanese children to keep a ''baku'' talisman at their bedside.<ref>M.Reese:"The Asian traditions and myths".pg.60</ref><ref>Hadland Davis F., "Myths and Legends of Japan" (London: [[G. G. Harrap]], 1913)</ref>

== Modern representations ==
Since the 1980s, the baku appears not as a chimera of an elephant and tiger but as a zoologically recognizable tapir. Examples include:

* [[Oshii Mamoru]]’s 1984 animated film ''[[Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer|Beautiful Dreamer]]'',<ref>Oshii Mamoru 1984 ''Beautiful Dreamer.'' New York: US Manga Corp. ASIN: B0001Y4MRW.</ref><ref>Ruh, Brian 2004 ''Stray Dog of Anime: The Films of Mamoru Oshii.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> which is based on an episode of [[Rumiko Takahashi]]'s manga ''[[Urusei Yatsura]]'' (1978–1987) that depicts the baku as a tapir.<ref>Takahashi Rumiko 1995 ''Waking to a nightmare.'' In: ''The Return of Lum: Urusei Yatsura''. San Francisco: Viz. Pp. 141–156.</ref>

* Tapir-type baku appear in [[Pokémon]] in the character [[Drowzee]]/ [[Hypno]] and Munna/ Musharna<ref>http://www.pokemon.com/us/pokedex/#96</ref>

* The [[Digimon]] franchise features a character called Bakumon (also called Tapirmon).<ref>[http://digimon.net/cat-digimon-dictionary/06-ha/bakumon/index.html ''Digimon Dictionary'': Bakumon]</ref>

* They also appear in [[Haruhiko Mikimoto]]'s manga ''[[Marionette Generation]]'' (2001, original 1990).<ref>Mikimoto Haruhiko 2001 (original 1990). ''A Profile of the Heart''. In: ''Marionette Generation, Volume 1'', San Francisco: Viz Communications. Pages 159-178.</ref>

* In the fifteenth [[Touhou Project]] game ''[[Legacy of Lunatic Kingdom]]'', the stage 3 boss is a baku named Doremy Sweet.

Dream-eating, tapir-shaped baku have also entered non-Japanese popular culture:

* The picture book "The Dream Eater" by Christian Garrison tells the story of a young boy, Yukio, who meets a baku and brings it to his village.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dream Eater |last=Garrison |first=Christian |year=1978 |publisher=Bradbury Press |location=Scarsdale, NY |isbn=0-87888-134-4 }}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 12:21, 13 June 2022

A baku, as illustrated by Hokusai.

Baku (獏 or 貘) are Japanese supernatural beings that are said to devour nightmares. According to legend, they were created by the spare pieces that were left over when the gods finished creating all other animals. They have a long history in Japanese folklore and art, and more recently have appeared in manga and anime.

The Japanese term baku has two current meanings, referring to both the traditional dream-devouring creature and to the Malayan tapir.[1] In recent years, there have been changes in how the baku is depicted.

History and description

The traditional Japanese nightmare-devouring baku originates in Chinese folklore about the mo 貘 (Giant panda) and was familiar in Japan as early as the Muromachi period (14th–15th century).[2] Hori Tadao has described the dream-eating abilities attributed to the traditional baku and relates them to other preventatives against nightmare such as amulets. Kaii-Yōkai Denshō Database, citing a 1957 paper, and Mizuki also describe the dream-devouring capacities of the traditional baku.[3]

An early 17th-century Japanese manuscript, the Sankai Ibutsu (山海異物), describes the baku as a shy, Chinese mythical chimera with an elephant’s trunk, rhinoceros' eyes, an ox's tail, and a tiger's paws, which protected against pestilence and evil, although eating nightmares was not included among its abilities.[1] However, in a 1791 Japanese wood-block illustration, a specifically dream-destroying baku is depicted with an elephant’s head, tusks, and trunk, with horns and tiger’s claws.[4] The elephant’s head, trunk, and tusks are characteristic of baku portrayed in classical era (pre-Meiji) Japanese wood-block prints (see illustration) and in shrine, temple, and netsuke carvings.[5][6][7][8]

Writing in the Meiji period, Lafcadio Hearn (1902) described a baku with very similar attributes that was also able to devour nightmares.[9] Legend has it that a person who wakes up from a bad dream can call out to baku. A child having a nightmare in Japan will wake up and repeat three times, "Baku-san, come eat my dream." Legends say that the baku will come into the child's room and devour the bad dream, allowing the child to go back to sleep peacefully. However, calling to the baku must be done sparingly, because if he remains hungry after eating one's nightmare, he may also devour their hopes and desires as well, leaving them to live an empty life. The baku can also be summoned for protection from bad dreams prior to falling asleep at night. In the 1910s, it was common for Japanese children to keep a baku talisman at their bedside.[10][11]

  • Baku sculpture at the Konnoh Hachimangu Shrine, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
    Baku sculpture at the Konnoh Hachimangu Shrine, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
  • Baku and Lion sculpture at the Konnoh Hachimangu Shrine, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
    Baku and Lion sculpture at the Konnoh Hachimangu Shrine, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Nakagawa Masako (1999). "Sankai ibutsu: An early seventeenth-century Japanese illustrated manuscript". Sino-Japanese Studies. 11 (24–38): 33–34.
  2. ^ Hori Tadao 2005 "Cultural note on dreaming and dream study in the future: Release from nightmare and development of dream control technique," Sogical Rhythms 3 (2), 49–55.
  3. ^ Mizuki, Shigeru 2004 Mujara 5: Tōhoku, Kyūshū-hen (in Japanese). Japan: Soft Garage. page 137. ISBN 4-86133-027-0.
  4. ^ Kern, Adam L. 2007 Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook culture and the kibyoshi of Edo Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Asian Center. Page 236, figure 4.26.
  5. ^ 夢貘まくら. (Accessed September 5, 2007.)
  6. ^ Richard Smart, "Delivering men from evil", Japan Times, February 16, 2007. (Accessed September 8, 2007.)
  7. ^ http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/shrine-guide-2.shtml. (Accessed September 8, 2007.)
  8. ^ http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=image;hex=M91_250_104.jpg Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed October 12, 2010.)
  9. ^ Hearn, Lafcadio 1902 Kottō: Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs. Macmillan. Pages 245–248. ISBN 4-86133-027-0.
  10. ^ M.Reese:"The Asian traditions and myths".pg.60
  11. ^ Hadland Davis F., "Myths and Legends of Japan" (London: G. G. Harrap, 1913)

Bibliography

  • Kaii-Yōkai Denshō Database. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. (Summary of excerpt from Warui Yume o Mita Toki (悪い夢をみたとき, When You've Had a Bad Dream?) by Keidō Matsushita, published in volume 5 of the journal Shōnai Minzoku (庄内民俗, Shōnai Folk Customs) on June 15, 1957).
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