Jump to content

14th century: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
→1320s: Tidy
Line 25: Line 25:
[[File:Europe_in_1328.png|thumb|Europe in 1328]]
[[File:Europe_in_1328.png|thumb|Europe in 1328]]
* [[1320]]: [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] is crowned [[King of Poland]] which leads to its later unification.
* [[1320]]: [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] is crowned [[King of Poland]] which leads to its later unification.
* [[1323]]: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in [[Tutuila]], now known as [[American Samoa]].
* [[1323]]: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in [[Tutuila]] (present-day [[American Samoa]]).
* [[1325]]: Forced out of previous locations, the [[Aztec|Mexica]] found the city of [[Tenochtitlan]].
* [[1325]]: Forced out of previous habitations, the [[Aztec|Mexica]] found the city of [[Tenochtitlan]].
* [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
* [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
* [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
* [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
Line 44: Line 44:
* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.
* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.
* [[1347]]: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
* [[1347]]: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporary minds linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.
* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.


===[[1350s]]===
===[[1350s]]===
Line 65: Line 65:
* [[1371]]: The [[Battle of Maritsa]], the Serbs are defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], with most of Serb nobility being killed.
* [[1371]]: The [[Battle of Maritsa]], the Serbs are defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], with most of Serb nobility being killed.
* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] begins, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s.
* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s and not resolved until 1417.
*[[1378]]: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
*[[1378]]: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
* [[1378]]–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].
* [[1378]]–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].
Line 72: Line 72:
[[Image:Batalha de Aljubarrota 02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|The Portuguese interregnum]], ''[[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between the Portuguese and Castilians in [[1385]].'']]
[[Image:Batalha de Aljubarrota 02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|The Portuguese interregnum]], ''[[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between the Portuguese and Castilians in [[1385]].'']]
*[[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
*[[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], thus the [[Lollardy]] movement rises in [[England]].
* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], leading to the [[Lollardy]] movement in [[England]].
* [[1381]]: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
* [[1381]]: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
*[[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
*[[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
Line 85: Line 85:
* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
* [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
* [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
* [[1396]]: The [[Battle of Nicopolis]], in which the Ottoman Empire defeat a large Crusader army composed of knights and men-at-arms from various Christian states including the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Wallachia]].
* [[1396]]: The [[Battle of Nicopolis]], in which the Ottoman Empire defeats a large [[Crusades|Crusader]] army of knights and infantry from various Christian kingdoms including [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Wallachia]].
* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
Line 94: Line 94:
*The transition from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].
*The transition from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].
* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
* Early 14th century: Attributed to Kao Ninga ''Monk Sewing'' is made. [[Kamakura period]]. It is now kept at the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
* Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints ''Monk Sewing'' (attributed) in the [[Kamakura period]] ([[Cleveland Museum of Art|Cleveland Museum]] collection).
* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance.
* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]].
* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]].
* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000.
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is between 10,000 and 40,000.


==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==

Revision as of 19:51, 23 June 2022

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Timelines
State leaders
Decades
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Tamerlane The Conqueror, the founder of the Timurid Empire.

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 (MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire.[citation needed] West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity.

In Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives – wiping out one third of the European population[1] – while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV, King of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III, King of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire.

In Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.[citation needed] Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the Arab world, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions. In India, the Bengal Sultanate got divided from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.[2] The Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe.

In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a huge producer of gold, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of medieval times, and perhaps the wealthiest ever.[3][4]

Events

1301-1309

Mansa Musa I of Mali, described as the wealthiest individual in history [3][4]

1310s

1320s

Europe in 1328

1330s

The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate.

1340s

Burying coffins of Black Death victims in Tournai.

1350s

1360s

This 14th-century statue from Tamil Nadu, present day India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

1370s

1380s

The Portuguese interregnum, Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese and Castilians in 1385.

1390-1400

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.

Undated

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

See also: Timeline of historic inventions § 14th century

References

  1. ^ Black Death, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. ^ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
  3. ^ a b Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018
  4. ^ a b Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Time. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 18
  6. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  7. ^ Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
  8. ^ Drs. R. Soekmono; et al. (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.
  9. ^ Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.
  10. ^ Pound lock
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 14th century.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=14th_century&oldid=1094653189"