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UK MoD stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets. Such missiles “are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties,” <ref>{{Cite web |last1=KEYTON |first1=David | last2=LEICESTER | first2=John|title= Ukraine: Russia said to be using more deadly weapons in war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/uk-military-russia-anti-ship-missiles-land-targets-85325793 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www. abcnews.go.com |language=en}}</ref>
UK MoD stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets. Such missiles “are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties,” <ref>{{Cite web |last1=KEYTON |first1=David | last2=LEICESTER | first2=John|title= Ukraine: Russia said to be using more deadly weapons in war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/uk-military-russia-anti-ship-missiles-land-targets-85325793 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www. abcnews.go.com |language=en}}</ref>


In June 2022 two Kh-22 missiles, launched by Russian [[Tupolev Tu-22M]] bombers, were reportedly used in the [[Kremenchuk shopping mall attack]] killing at least 20 people and injuring at least 56.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-61957087 |title=Российская ракета попала в торговый центр в Кременчуге. Погибли 20 человек, десятки раненых |trans-title=A Russian rocket hit a shopping mall in Kremenchug. 20 people died, dozens injured |language=ru |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
In June 2022 two Kh-22 missiles, launched by Russian [[Tupolev Tu-22M]] bombers, were reportedly used in the [[Kremenchuk shopping mall attack]] killing at least 20 people and injuring at least 56.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-61957087 |title=Российская ракета попала в торговый центр в Кременчуге. Погибли 20 человек, десятки раненых |trans-title=A Russian rocket hit the Kredmash plant for the repair of road equipment, which has been repairing equipment for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine since 2014. Due to the explosion of a warehouse with ammunition for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a shopping mall, located 30 meters from the plant, caught fire. Surveillance cameras of the city recreation park and the plant recorded the arrival of two rockets at the plant and the railway junction connecting the plant and the main railway lines. These shots were shown on the Ukrainian TV channel "Unian". 20 people died, dozens injured |language=ru |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==

Revision as of 08:23, 30 June 2022

Kh-22
(NATO reporting name: AS-4 'Kitchen')
Kh-22 at museum
TypeAir-to-surface missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
Used byRussia
Production history
DesignerMKB Raduga
Produced1962
Specifications
Mass5,820 kg (12,800 lb)
Length11.65 m (38.2 ft)
Diameter92 cm (36 in)
Wingspan300 cm (120 in)
Warhead1,000 kg (2,205 lb) RDX
or 350–1,000 kt (1.5–4.2 PJ) thermonuclear weapon
EngineR-201 Liquid-fuel rocket
PropellantTonka-250 and IRFNA
Operational
range
600 km (320 nmi) (Kh-22M/MA)[1]
Flight ceiling10–14 km (33,000–46,000 ft) or 27 km (89,000 ft)
Maximum speed Mach 4.6 (5,600 km/h; 3,500 mph)[2]
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance followed by terminal active radar homing
Launch
platform
Tu-22M, Тu-22К, Тu-95К22

The Kh-22 (Template:Lang-ru; AS-4 'Kitchen') is a large, long-range anti-ship missile developed by MKB Raduga in the Soviet Union. It is intended for use against aircraft carriers and carrier battle groups, with either a conventional or nuclear warhead.

Development

After analyzing World War II naval battles and encounters in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Soviet military thinkers concluded that the era of large seaborne battles was over, and that stand-off attacks would be the way to neutralize and incapacitate large battle groups without having to field a similar force against them. Substituting cruise missiles for air attacks, Soviet Air Forces and Soviet Naval Aviation commanders set about to convert their heavy bombers to raketonosets, or missile carriers, which could be launched against approaching enemy fleets from coastal or island airfields. The Kh-22 (Complex 22) weapon was developed by the Raduga design bureau and used to arm the Tupolev Tu-22M.

Design

The Kh-22 uses Tumansky liquid-fuel rocket engine, fueled with TG-02 (Tonka-250) and IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid), giving it a maximum speed of Mach 4.6 and a range of up to 600 km (320 nmi). It can be launched in either high-altitude or low-altitude mode. In high-altitude mode, it climbs to an altitude of 27,000 m (89,000 ft) and makes a high-speed dive into the target, with a terminal speed of about Mach 4.6. In low-altitude mode, it climbs to 12,000 m (39,000 ft) and makes a shallow dive at about Mach 3.5, The missile is guided by a gyroscope-stabilized autopilot in conjunction with a radio altimeter.

Soviet tests revealed that when a shaped charge warhead weighing 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) was used in the missile, the resulting hole measured 5 m (16 ft) in diameter, 19.6 m2 (210 sq ft) in area, and was 12 m (40 ft) deep.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

By August 2016, Russia was finalizing the trials of the Kh-32 cruise missile, a derivative of the Kh-22. Designed for use by the Tu-22M3 bomber, the missile is designed to climb to 40 km (130,000 ft) to the stratosphere after launch, transition to level flight, then perform a steep dive to the target. The cruise missile version is also designed to target enemy ships, as well as radars, and "radio-contrast targets" like bridges, military bases, electric power plants, and others. The Kh-32 has an inertial navigation system and radar homing head, making it independent of GPS/GLONASS navigation satellites. Presumably, it has a range of 1,000 km (620 mi; 540 nmi) and a speed of at least 5,000 km/h (3,100 mph; Mach 4.1).[9] Apparently the missile entered service in the same year.[citation needed] Thirty-two Kh-22 missiles will be modernized to the Kh-32 level in 2018–2020.[10]

Operational history

Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3

The first combat-ready missiles entered service in 1962.

The missiles were used by Soviet and then Russian Air Forces on the Тu-22K ('Blinder-B') and Tu-95К22 ('Bear-G') strategic bombers. Current main launch platform is the Tupolev Tu-22M3 ('Backfire') long-range strategic bomber.[11][12]

The first combat use of the missile was reported during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on internet showing a Russian Air Force Tu-22M3 strategic bomber launching a pair of two Kh-22 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine.[13]

UK MoD stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets. Such missiles “are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties,” [14]

In June 2022 two Kh-22 missiles, launched by Russian Tupolev Tu-22M bombers, were reportedly used in the Kremenchuk shopping mall attack killing at least 20 people and injuring at least 56.[15]

Variants

Two initial versions were built, the Kh-22 with a large conventional warhead and the Kh-22N with a 350–1000-kiloton nuclear warhead.[16] In the mid-1970s this was supplemented by the Kh-22P, an anti-radiation missile for the destruction of radar installations. In the 1970s the Kh-22 was upgraded to Kh-22M and Kh-22MA standard, with new attack profiles, somewhat longer range, and a datalink allowing mid-course updates.

  • Kh-22E — a conventional variant for export.
  • Kh-22M/MA — upgraded variants with Mach 3.3 speed and 600 km (370 mi) range. Weighs 5,780 kg (12,740 lb), contains 960 kg (2,120 lb) of RDX.[17][18]
  • Kh-32 — a radically upgraded conventional/nuclear variant of Kh-22 with Mach 5 speed and 1,000 km (620 mi) range.[9] It features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head. Currently produced for the Tu-22M3 launch platform.[19][20] Warhead weight has been reduced to 500 kg (1,100 lb) to improve range.[21]
Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3

Operators

 Russia

Former operators

 Iraq
 Soviet Union
 Ukraine
  • 423 scrapped after Ukrainian Tu-22M fleet's decommission.[22]

Notes

  1. ^ ausairpower (6 August 2009), Anti Shipping Missile Survey, ausairpower, p. 1
  2. ^ Scribd, Anti Shipping Missile Survey, Scribd, p. 37
  3. ^ Precision Guided Munitions in the Region, Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0109, 2004 - 2012 Carlo Kopp, ausairpower.net
  4. ^ КРЫЛАТАЯ РАКЕТА Х-22Н "Буря", Д-2Н, AS-4 Kitchen, Образцы вооружений Военно - морского флота, vs.milrf.ru
  5. ^ "Вооружения ВМФ Крылатая ракета Х-22Н". Vs.milrf.ru. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  6. ^ "Крылатая ракета Х-22 (комплекс К-22) | Ракетная техника". Rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Противокорабельная крылатая ракета воздушного базирования Х-22 "Буря"" (in Russian). Defendingrussia.ru. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171054/http://biblioteka.mycity-military.com/biblioteka/cyber%20fulkrum/E%20N%20G%20L%20E%20S%20K%20I/AC%204%20Publication%20i%20drugo/AC_-_Tupolev_Tu-22_BLINDER___Tu-22M_BACKFIRE_Russia_s_Long_Range_Supersonic_Bombers.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2017. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ a b Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia - Navyrecognition.com, 24 August 2016
  10. ^ "Russian MoD to upgrade 32 Kh-22 long-range anti-ship missiles". Navyrecognition.com. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  11. ^ Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service, AEROSPACE SYSTEMS export catalogue (PDF), Rosoboronexport State Corporation, p. 122, archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2007
  12. ^ China's Military Faces the Future, James R. Lilley, David L. Shambaugh, illustrated, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 0765605066, ISBN 9780765605061
  13. ^ "We May Have Our First Sight Of A Russian Bomber Launching Missiles At Ukraine". thedrive.com. 11 May 2022.
  14. ^ KEYTON, David; LEICESTER, John. "Ukraine: Russia said to be using more deadly weapons in war". www. abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Российская ракета попала в торговый центр в Кременчуге. Погибли 20 человек, десятки раненых" [A Russian rocket hit the Kredmash plant for the repair of road equipment, which has been repairing equipment for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine since 2014. Due to the explosion of a warehouse with ammunition for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a shopping mall, located 30 meters from the plant, caught fire. Surveillance cameras of the city recreation park and the plant recorded the arrival of two rockets at the plant and the railway junction connecting the plant and the main railway lines. These shots were shown on the Ukrainian TV channel "Unian". 20 people died, dozens injured]. www.bbc.com (in Russian).
  16. ^ В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика , 26 Jan 2006, aviaport.ru
  17. ^ Air Power Australia (27 January 2014). "Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles". Ausairpower.net. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.
  18. ^ Burdin, Sergey (17 November 2005). Tupolev TU-22 - Sergey Burdin - Google Książki. ISBN 9781844152414. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  19. ^ "Archived copy". www.eng.ktrv.ru. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "ДМЗ им. Н.П. Федорова: важное звено обороноспособности страны".
  21. ^ "New Russian cruise missiles to hit targets from 130,000 feet". UPI.com. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  22. ^ В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика, 26.01.2006, www.aviaport.ru]

References

  • Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.
  • Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). "Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy". Air Enthusiast. No. 109. pp. 75–79. ISSN 0143-5450.
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