Republic of China at the Olympics: Difference between revisions
→Overview: Detailed on the Nagoya Resolution, simplified the status of TPE, HKG, MAC committees since the article is about the ROC before 1949. Tag: citing a blog or free web host |
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===Resolution language: French and English versus Chinese=== |
===Resolution language: French and English versus Chinese=== |
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The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in French and English,<ref>http://www.wfctq1.com/n322/n382/c953251/part/597954.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> creating a [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately ambiguous]] term ("Chinese") that the PRC could interpret as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") while the ROC could interpret as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). However, no such ambiguity exists in Chinese, causing the PRC's Central Propaganda Department<ref name="Brownell2007" /> to translate it as 中国台北 ''Zhōngguó Táiběi'' (literally "Taipei, China") while the ROC translated it as 中華台北 ''Zhōnghuá Táiběi'' (where "Zhonghua" unambiguously refers to the culture, not the state). There was no problem when the ROC and PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the [[1990 Asian Games]] in [[Beijing]] resurrected the issue, making its translation in Chinese a quandary. |
The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in French and English,<ref>http://www.wfctq1.com/n322/n382/c953251/part/597954.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> creating a [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|deliberately ambiguous]] term ("Chinese") that the PRC could interpret as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") while the ROC could interpret as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). However, no such ambiguity exists in Chinese, causing the PRC's Central Propaganda Department<ref name="Brownell2007">http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf; George Mason University History News Network: Susan Brownell, "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?"; original source: Minutes of the Executive Board meeting, Nagoya, Japan, 23–25 October 1979, p. 103; viewed August 26, 2014.</ref> to translate it as 中国台北 ''Zhōngguó Táiběi'' (literally "Taipei, China") while the ROC translated it as 中華台北 ''Zhōnghuá Táiběi'' (where "Zhonghua" unambiguously refers to the culture, not the state). There was no problem when the ROC and PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the [[1990 Asian Games]] in [[Beijing]] resurrected the issue, making its translation in Chinese a quandary. |
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According to [[He Zhenliang]], the IOC member from the PRC, during negotiations, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were [[two Chinas]] or [[One Country on Each Side|one China, one Taiwan]].<ref name="Brownell2007" /> He also stated that due to the language barrier, he was "greatly frustrated" in getting the IOC President to understand the importance of the argument over the one-character difference. |
According to [[He Zhenliang]], the IOC member from the PRC, during negotiations, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were [[two Chinas]] or [[One Country on Each Side|one China, one Taiwan]].<ref name="Brownell2007" /> He also stated that due to the language barrier, he was "greatly frustrated" in getting the IOC President to understand the importance of the argument over the one-character difference. |
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Revision as of 12:47, 11 July 2022
| Republic of China at the Olympics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| IOC code | ROC |
| NOC | China National Amateur Athletic Federation (1922–1949)[1][2] |
| Medals |
|
| Summer appearances | |
| Other related appearances | |
 China (1952–) Chinese Taipei (1956–) | |
The Republic of China (ROC) took part in the opening ceremony of the 1924 Summer Olympics, but its four athletes, all of whom were tennis players, withdrew from competition.[3] The ROC participated in its first Olympic Games in 1932 under the name of China.[4] After the World War II, the ROC competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics. The ROC delegation at the 1948 Summer Games is the only ROC delegation comprised of athletes from both mainland China and island of Taiwan in Olympic history.
After the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 and People's Republic of China (PRC) established in the mainland China.[1] A number of IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities. The 1979 Nagoya Resolution recognised the PRC's Olympic Committee as the Chinese Olympic Committee and allowed the ROC to compete under the deliberately-ambiguous name "Chinese Taipei". The PRC welcomed the Nagoya Resolution and returned to the Games in 1980 while the ROC protested against this decision and boycotted the 1980 Games. The dispute was settled in 1981 as an agreement was signed between the IOC and the ROC's Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. Based on the 1981 agreement, the ROC has competed under the name of Chinese Taipei since the 1984 Winter Olympics.
Participation
Timeline of participation
| Date | Team | |
|---|---|---|
| 1924–1948 |  China
| |
| 1952 |  People's Republic of China |
|
| 1956 | Republic of China
| |
| 1960 | Formosa (RCF)
| |
| 1964–1968 | Taiwan (TWN)
| |
| 1972–1976 | Republic of China (ROC)
| |
| 1980 | China (CHN) |
|
| 1984– | Chinese Taipei (TPE)
| |
Medal tables
Medals by Summer Games
| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 Los Angeles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1936 Berlin | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1948 London | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Nagoya Resolution
Overview
After the Republic of China (ROC) was denied official representation in the 1976 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) passed a resolution to recognized both the PRC's and the ROC's National Olympic Committees (NOC) at the 81st IOC Session held in April 1979.[5] The resolution specified "all matters pertaining to names, anthems, flags and constitutions will be the subject of studies and agreements which will have to be completed as soon as possible." The IOC Executive Board appointed a three-person working group consisting of First Vice President Mohammed Mzali as the head, and including Alexandru Siperco and Lance Cross. In June 1979, Siperco drew up a draft resolution to recognize the PRC's NOC as the Chinese Olympic Committee and to recognize the ROC's NOC as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee on the condition that the ROC's NOC adopted an anthem and a flag which were different from those of the ROC used then. The Executive Board decided to wait until the October meeting in Nagoya to confirm the draft.
At the Nagoya meeting, the Executive Board passed a resolution known as the Nagoya Resolution. The resolution read as follows:[6]
The Resolution of the Executive Board is:
The People’s Republic of China:
Name: Chinese Olympic Committee
NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Flag and anthem of the People’s Republic of China. The emblem submitted to and approved by the Executive Board.
Constitution: In order.
Committee based in Taipei:
Name: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
NOC anthem, flag and emblem: Other than those used at present and which must be approved by the Executive Board of the I.O.C..
Constitution: To be amended in conformity with I.O.C. Rules by 1st January 1980
Lord Killanin, the president of the IOC, submitted the resolution to 89 IOC members for a postal vote on 26 October 1979.[7] 81 ballots were received at IOC headquarters. The results of the votes were released on 26 November and the resolution was passed by a vote of 62 to 17, with two abstentions.
The Nagoya Resolution allowed the PRC and the ROC to participate together by designating that the ROC would be identified as "Chinese Taipei" and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status. The resolution was accomplished under a version of the Olympic Charter that stated that the words "country" or "nation" in the charter could also apply to a "geographical area, district or territory."[6] The PRC could symbolize Taiwan as a dependent territory of the PRC, and the Olympic committee on Taiwan as a territorial branch of the Chinese Olympic Committee.
1981 agreement
The ROC's NOC and IOC member Henry Hsu refused to recognize the Nagoya Resolution, and filed a series of lawsuits aginst the IOC for annulment of the resolution in 1979.[8] The dispute was not settled until the IOC and the ROC's NOC signed an agreement in 1981.[9] Based on the agreement, the ROC's NOC is recognized as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee and entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs.
The 1997 revision of the IOC Charter was clarified to define the term "country" as an independent state with international recognition.[6] A retroactive action to remove recognition of an existing NOC was prohibited by a 1996 IOC Session action. Therefore, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee preserved its existing status in the IOC. Hong Kong and Macao, two Special administrative regions of China, have their own Olympic Committees with different status. The Olympic Committee of Hong Kong was recognized by the IOC since 1951,[10] whereas the Olympic Committee of Macau failed to be a new member of the IOC given the fact that Macao is not a state.[11]
Resolution language: French and English versus Chinese
The Nagoya Resolution was officially written in French and English,[12] creating a deliberately ambiguous term ("Chinese") that the PRC could interpret as the sovereign state (e.g. as in "Chinese embassy") while the ROC could interpret as the culture (e.g. as in "Chinese architecture"). However, no such ambiguity exists in Chinese, causing the PRC's Central Propaganda Department[13] to translate it as 中国台北 Zhōngguó Táiběi (literally "Taipei, China") while the ROC translated it as 中華台北 Zhōnghuá Táiběi (where "Zhonghua" unambiguously refers to the culture, not the state). There was no problem when the ROC and PRC were involved in the same event in other countries, as the name would be spelled according to the host language. However, the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing resurrected the issue, making its translation in Chinese a quandary.
According to He Zhenliang, the IOC member from the PRC, during negotiations, the ROC refused the "Zhongguo" name interpretation on principle due to the direct implication that the team would be a local part of China. Eventually, the PRC agreed that the ROC name did not imply that there were two Chinas or one China, one Taiwan.[13] He also stated that due to the language barrier, he was "greatly frustrated" in getting the IOC President to understand the importance of the argument over the one-character difference.
Torch relay route
The ROC sought to differentiate itself from the PRC when the torch relay route was announced for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The ROC insisted that the route both entering and exiting the ROC could not be directly from or to PRC territory, as that might give the impression that the ROC was part of the PRC,[13] while the PRC demanded that the ROC's national flag, emblem, or anthem not be used along the relay route. No agreement was reached and so the 2008 torch relay did not include Taiwan.[14]
Notes
References
- ^ a b Chan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "奧會簡介" [Introduction to the Olympic Committee]. Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
39 seulement s'alignérent, ne représentant plus que 24 nations, la Chine, le Portugal et la Yougoslavie ayant déclaré forfait.
- ^ "X Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 Official Report" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Brownell, Susan (March 2005). Globalization is not a Dinner Party: He Zhenliang and China's 30-Year Struggle for Recognition by the International Olympic Committee. Conference on Globalization and Sport in Historical Context. University of California, San Diego: LA84 Foundation.
- ^ a b c Brownell, Susan (14 June 2008). "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?". History News Network. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "China and the Five Rings". Olympic Review. 145: 626. November 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Lin, Catherine Kai-Ping (2008). Nationalism in International Politics: The Republic of China's Sports Foreign Policy-Making and Diplomacy from 1972 to 1981 (PhD). Georgetown University. ProQuest 304642819. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "1981 Agreement with IOC" (PDF). Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. 23 March 1981. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Hong Kong, China". olympics.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Macao Will Not Join Olympic Committee". Macao Daily Times. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ http://www.wfctq1.com/n322/n382/c953251/part/597954.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b c http://hnn.us/article/51398#sthash.04ZCBpL4.dpuf; George Mason University History News Network: Susan Brownell, "Could China stop Taiwan from coming to the Olympic Games?"; original source: Minutes of the Executive Board meeting, Nagoya, Japan, 23–25 October 1979, p. 103; viewed August 26, 2014.
- ^ Ryan, Andrew (September 21, 2007). "Taiwan, China Fail to Reach Agreement on Olympic Torch Route". VOA News. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
External links
- "Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
- "China". Olympedia.com.
- "Olympic Analytics/ROC". olympanalyt.com.
- "China at the 1932 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
- "China at the 1936 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
- "China at the 1948 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.com.
