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== Legislation ==
== Legislation ==
{{Main|The Metro Railways Act, 1978|Metro Railway Act, 2002}}
{{Main|The Metro Railways Act, 1978|Metro Railway Act, 2002}}
The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former [[Minister of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]] [[Kamal Nath]], "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/metro-rail-intra-city-commuting/1/160680.html|title=Metro Rail: Future of intra-city commuting|last=Pandey|first=Maneesh|date=19 November 2011|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former [[Minister of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]] [[Kamal Nath]], "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/metro-rail-intra-city-commuting/1/160680.html|title=Metro Rail: Future of intra-city commuting|last=Pandey|first=Maneesh|date=19 November 2011|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>


Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted ''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978'' which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1660014/ |title=The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by ''The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002''. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of ''The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004083326/http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.
Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted ''The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978'' which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1660014/ |title=The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by ''The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002''. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of ''The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004083326/http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

Revision as of 00:22, 13 July 2022

For Rapid Bus transit, see List of bus rapid transit systems in India. For Ropeways, see Aerial lift in India.

Map of cities in India with Urban Transit Systems such as rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail, bus rapid transit and tram.
The Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro.
An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.
The Mumbai Monorail.

Urban rail transit in India plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It consists of rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail and tram systems. According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2.63 billion people travelled annually in metro systems across India's thirteen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hub in the world in terms of ridership. The combined length of 751.50 kilometres (466.96 miles) of metro systems in India makes it the fifth longest in the world with in operation.[1]

The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in the urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.[2]

Terminology

Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.

Urban transit type Capacity Speed Frequency of stations / stops Right of way Rail based Cost to build and operate
Metro High Medium High Yes Yes High
Suburban Railway Very High Medium Medium Yes Yes Medium
Medium-capacity rail Medium Medium High Yes Yes High
Metro Lite Medium Medium High Partial Yes Medium
Monorail Medium Medium High Yes Yes High
Regional transit system High High Low Yes Yes High
Tram Low Slow High No Yes Low
Bus Rapid Transit Low Medium High Yes No Low
Metro Neo Low Medium High Yes No Medium
Water Metro Low Slow Medium Yes No Low

Non-rail based urban transit

History

The first EMU service, launched in 1925
See caption
Life-size model of a horse-drawn tram at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake, Kolkata

Early history

The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was commuter rail (or suburban rail), built in Mumbai on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from Bori Bunder (present-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) from where it travelled to Thane, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first suburban railway.[3] At the turn of 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn tram was first introduced in Kolkata in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in Chennai in 1895, later the cities of Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata where they operate on streets till the present day.[4]

First Metro

In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata.[5] The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by government of West Bengal in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was 23 years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line.[6] On 1 November 1995, the Chennai MRTS began its operations, becoming the first elevated railway line in India and also the country's longest elevated mass rapid transit corridor spanning 17 km.[7][8]

Kolkata Metro's old non-AC rake.

Birth of the Delhi Metro

In 1911, the capital of India was moved from Kolkata to Delhi. This created a massive urban sprawl, which boosted the city's population by many folds. The first concept of an urban rapid transit system came out during 1969,[9] when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city added to the traffic problems, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital.[9] After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002.[6][10] With 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi), the Delhi Metro went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India.[11]

First Monorail

While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail.[12] After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India.[13][14]

To the present day

Following the grand success of Delhi Metro, India soon had its first metro system operate in southern India in the form of Namma Metro of Bengaluru, which aimed at solving the massive traffic problems in the city.[6][15] Later in the following decade, several metro systems began to spring up in the major cities, expanding number of such systems to thirteen in the country.[6]

India started the 2020s decade by setting a new world record of building the fastest metro system in the form of Kanpur Metro, which was inaugurated on 28 December 2021, just two years after commencement of construction.[16] Pune Metro soon followed Kanpur with its initial two lines being flagged off in March 2022, taking the number of metros in the state of Maharashtra to three.[17]

Rapid transit

The Blue Line of the Delhi Metro, the largest metro system in India.
The station at Salt Lake Stadium, East-West (Green) Line. The North-South (Blue) Line of Kolkata Metro is the oldest in India
An underground station of the Chennai Metro.

There are currently 15 operational rapid transit (popularly known as 'metro') systems in fifteen cities across India. With Delhi Metro being the largest metro system which connects to few other nearby cities in the National Capital Region.[18] As of December 2021, India has 751.50 kilometres (466.96 miles) of operational metro lines and 604 stations across 15 systems.[19] A further 568.15 km of lines are under construction.

Apart from the Kolkata metro (which has its own zone under Indian Railways), these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by Indian Railways, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of Chennai and Hyderabad have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the Chennai MRTS and the Hyderabad MMTS, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country.[20]

Implementation

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people.[21][22] Later on 11 August 2014, Union Government had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[23][24] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government would invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$60 billion).[25][26]

In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[27] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[28][29][30]

Track gauge

Unlike Broad gauge which form majority of the railway tracks in the sub-continent, metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines.[31]

List of systems

As of 2 April 2022
System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Operator(s) Opened Recent Extension Annual Ridership (in millions)
Operational Under Construction Planned
Ahmedabad Metro
Gujarat 1 6 6.50 km (4.04 mi)[32] 53.27 km (33.10 mi)[33] 7.41 km (4.60 mi)[33] Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation (GMRC) 4 March 2019[34][32] – 0.4[1]
Chennai Metro Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 42[35] 54.65 km (33.96 mi)[36] 83.40 km (51.82 mi)[37] 50.30 km (31.25 mi)[37] Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) 29 June 2015[38] 14 February 2021 73[citation needed]
Delhi Metro
10[39] 255[Nb 1] 348.12 km (216.31 mi)[11] 40.85 km (25.38 mi)[40] 82.29 km (51.13 mi)[40] Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 24 December 2002[41] 18 September 2021 1790[1]
Hyderabad Metro
Telangana 3 57 67 km (42 mi)[42] – 58 km (36 mi)[42] Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL) 29 November 2017[43] 7 February 2020 173[1]
Jaipur Metro Jaipur Rajasthan 1[44] 11[44] 11.97 km (7.44 mi) – 26.36 km (16.38 mi)[42] Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited (JMRC) 3 June 2015[44] 23 Sep 2020 72[45]
Kanpur Metro Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 1 9 8.98 km (5.58 mi) 4.9 km (3.0 mi)[46] 18.68 km (11.61 mi)[46] Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) 28 December 2021 – –
Kochi Metro Kochi Kerala 1 22 25.60 km (15.91 mi) 2.94 km (1.83 mi)[47] 11.20 km (6.96 mi)[47] Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) 17 June 2017[48] 7 September 2020 17[1]
Kolkata Metro
West Bengal 2[49] 33[50] 39.25 km (24.39 mi)[51] 56.32 km (35.00 mi)[52] 44.46 km (27.63 mi)[52]
24 October 1984[53] 22 February 2021 256[1]
Lucknow Metro
 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1 21 22.87 km (14.21 mi) – 85.00 km (52.82 mi)[54] Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) 5 September 2017[55] 8 March 2019 22[1]
Mumbai Metro Mumbai Maharashtra 3 31[56] 30.65 km (19.05 mi)[56] 150.25 km (93.36 mi)[57] 157.68 km (97.98 mi)[57] Mumbai Metro One (MMO) 8 June 2014[56] 2 April 2022 126[58]
Nagpur Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 2 24 26.60 km (16.53 mi) 17.30 km (10.75 mi)[59] 48.30 km (30.01 mi)[59] Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MMRC) 8 March 2019[60] 21 August 2021 4[1]
Namma Metro Bengaluru Karnataka 2 52[61] 56.10 km (34.86 mi)[62] 116.86 km (72.61 mi)[63] 105.55 km (65.59 mi)[63] Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) 20 October 2011[15] 29 August 2021 174.22[64]
Noida Metro
Uttar Pradesh 1 21 29.70 km (18.45 mi) 14.95 km (9.29 mi)[65] 70 km (43 mi)[65] Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 25 January 2019[66] – 5[1]
Pune Metro
Maharashtra 2 10 12 km (7.5 mi) 44.23 km (27.48 mi)[67] 30.67 km (19.06 mi)[67] Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MMRC) 6 March 2022[17] – –
Rapid Metro Gurgaon Gurugram Haryana 1 11 11.70 km (7.27 mi)[68] – 198.99 km (123.65 mi)[69] Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 14 November 2013[70] 31 March 2017 18[1]
Total 15 11 33 605 751.7 km (467.1 mi) 585.27 km (363.67 mi) 994.89 km (618.20 mi) 15 2708

Systems in Development

As of 6 March 2022

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length (Under Construction) Length (Planned) Construction began Planned Opening
Navi Mumbai Metro Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 5 20 23.40 km (14.54 mi)

83 km (52 mi)

2011 2022[71]
Bhoj Metro Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2 28 27.87 km (17.32 mi)

77 km (48 mi)

2018 2023[72]
Indore Metro Indore Madhya Pradesh 5 89 33.53 km (20.83 mi)

248 km (154 mi)

2018 2023[73]
Patna Metro Patna Bihar 2 26 30.91 km (19.21 mi) 2020 2024[74]
Agra Metro Agra Uttar Pradesh 2 27 29.65 km (18.42 mi) 2020 2024[75]
Surat Metro Surat Gujarat 2 38 40.35 km (25.07 mi) 2021 2024[76]
Thane Metro Thane Maharashtra 1 22

29 km (18 mi)

TBD TBD[77]
Visakhapatnam Metro Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 3 54

76.90 km (47.78 mi)

TBD TBD[78]
Meerut Metro Meerut Uttar Pradesh 2 24 35 km (22 mi) TBD TBD[79]
Guwahati Metro Guwahati Assam 4 54

61.42 km (38.16 mi)

TBD TBD[80]
Bareilly Metro Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 6 80

117.3 km (72.9 mi)

TBD TBD[81]

Abandoned Systems

  Defunct
  Scrapped

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Skybus Metro Margao Goa 1.60 km (0.99 mi) Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by KRC.[82]
Chandigarh Metro Chandigarh Tricity Chandigarh 37.50 km (23.30 mi) Rejected due to commercial viability.

[83]

Cuttack Metro Cuttack and Bhubaneswar Odisha – Rejected due to infeasibility. May be considered after 2040.[84]
Western Railway Elevated Corridor Mumbai Maharashtra 63.27 km (39.31 mi) Rejected due to infeasibility.[85]
Ludhiana Metro Ludhiana Punjab 28.30 km (17.58 mi) Rejected and replaced by bus rapid transit system.[86]

List of lines

As of 2 April 2022
Urban rapid rail transit lines
Livery Line System Length Stations Rolling stock Commencement Latest extension
01Blue Line Kolkata 31.36 km (19.49 mi) 26 ICF 24 October 1984 22 February 2021
02Green Line 6.9 km (4.3 mi) 7 BEML Limited 13 February 2020 4 October 2020
03Red Line Delhi 34.69 km (21.56 mi) 29 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 25 December 2002 8 March 2019
03Yellow Line 49.31 km (30.64 mi) 37 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem, BEML Limited and Bombardier Movia 20 December 2004 10 November 2015
03Blue Line (Main) 56.61 km (35.18 mi) 50 31 December 2005 9 March 2019
03Blue Line (Branch) 8.74 km (5.43 mi) 8 10 May 2009 14 July 2011
03Green Line (Main) 49.31 km (30.64 mi) 22 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 3 April 2010 24 June 2018
03Green Line (Branch) 3.32 km (2.06 mi) 3 3 April 2010 27 August 2011
03Violet Line 46.63 km (28.97 mi) 34 3 October 2010 19 November 2018
Airport Express 22.70 km (14.11 mi) 7 CAF 23 February 2011
03Pink Line 58.43 km (36.31 mi) 38 Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 14 March 2018 6 August 2021
03Magenta Line 37.46 km (23.28 mi) 25 Hyundai Rotem 25 December 2017 28 May 2018
03Grey Line 5.19 km (3.22 mi) 4 4 October 2019 18 September 2021
01Purple Line Bengaluru 25.72 km (15.98 mi) 23 BEML Limited 20 October 2011 30 August 2021
01Green Line 30.37 km (18.87 mi) 29 1 March 2014 15 January 2021
01 Line 1 Gurgaon 11.70 km (7.27 mi) 11 Siemens 14 November 2013 31 March 2017
01Blue Line 1 Mumbai 10.81 km (6.72 mi) 12 CRRC Nanjing Puzhen 8 June 2014 –
01Yellow Line 2 9.50 km (5.90 mi) 9 BEML 2 April 2022 –
01Red Line 7 9.75 km (6.06 mi) 10 2 April 2022 –
01Pink Line Jaipur 11.97 km (7.44 mi) 11 BEML Limited 3 Jun 2015 23 Sep 2020
01Blue Line Chennai 32.65 km (20.29 mi) 25 Alstom 21 September 2016 13 March 2022
01Green Line 22.00 km (13.67 mi) 17 29 June 2015 25 May 2018
01Line 1 Kochi 32.10 km (19.95 mi) 22 Alstom Metropolis 17 June 2017 7 September 2020
01Red Line Lucknow 22.87 km (14.21 mi) 21 Alstom 5 September 2017 8 March 2019
01Red Line Hyderabad 29 km (18 mi) 27 Hyundai Rotem 29 November 2017 24 September 2018
01Blue Line 27 km (17 mi) 23 29 November 2017 29 November 2019
01Green Line 11 km (6.8 mi) 10 7 February 2020 –
01Aqua Line Noida 29.7 km (18.5 mi) 21 CRRC 25 January 2019 –
01East-West Corridor Ahmedabad 6 km (3.7 mi) 6 Hyundai Rotem 4 March 2019 –
01Orange Line Nagpur 15.60 km (9.69 mi) 13 CRRC 8 March 2019 21 August 2021
01Aqua Line 11.0 km (6.8 mi) 11 28 January 2020 6 April 2021
01Orange Line Kanpur 8.98 km (5.58 mi) 9 Alstom 28 December 2021 –
01Purple Line Pune 7 km (4.3 mi) 5 Titagarh Firema 6 March 2022 –
01Aqua Line 5 km (3.1 mi) 5 6 March 2022 –

Note : Only operational lines are listed.

Suburban rail

An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest Suburban Railway Network in India built in 1853
An elevated stretch of the Chennai MRTS.

Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by Indian Railways. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.

The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country. The Chennai Suburban Railway started its operations in 1931.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC.[87] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3-km network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers.[88] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.[89]

As of 5 September 2021
System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in Billions)
Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 18 19.34 km (12.02 mi) 1 November 1995[90] 0.1
Chennai Suburban Railway
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh 8 300+ 1,200 km (750 mi) 1931[91] 2.5
Delhi Suburban Railway National Capital Region Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana 1 46 85 km (53 mi) 1 October 1975[92] –
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System

Telengana 3 28 50 km (31 mi) 9 August 2003[93] 0.8
Kolkata Suburban Railway
West Bengal 24 458 1,600 km (990 mi) 15 August 1854[94] 2.7
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 7 150 450.90 km (280.18 mi) 16 April 1853[3] 3.6
Pune Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 2 17 63 km (39 mi) 11 March 1978[95] 0.3
Total 7 8 47 1017 3,319.84 km (2,062.85 mi) 5.5

Systems in Development

As of 5 September 2021

  Under construction
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Planned Opening
Bengaluru Commuter Rail Bengaluru Karnataka 4 TBD 148.17 km (92.07 mi) 2026[96][97]
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Ahmedabad Gujarat 2 41 52.96 km (32.91 mi) TBD[98]
Nagpur broad-gauge Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 4[99] TBD 268.63 km (166.92 mi) TBD[100][101]
Coimbatore Suburban Railway Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 5 TBD TBD TBD[102]

Regional rail

Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are passenger rail services that operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly-sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt. The following list excludes Passenger Train services provided by Indian Railways.

File:Delhi meerut rrts train image.jpg
Artist's impression of Delhi–Meerut RRTS Train at a station.
As of 9 October 2021
Service State / Union Territory Stations Length Opened
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Uttar Pradesh 10 37 km (23 mi) 30 June 2013[103]
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Uttar Pradesh 16 72 km (45 mi) 1867
Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway Goa and Karnataka 12 117.20 km (72.82 mi) 2015[104]

Systems in Development

As of 5 September 2021

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System State / Union Territory Stations Length Planned Opening
Delhi–Meerut RRTS Delhi and Uttar Pradesh 22 82 km (51 mi) 2023[105]
Delhi–Alwar RRTS Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan 22 164 km (102 mi) 2025[106]
Delhi–Panipat RRTS Delhi and Haryana 15 103 km (64 mi) 2028[107]
Delhi–Rohtak RRTS Delhi and Haryana TBD 70 km (43 mi) 2032[108]
Delhi–Palwal RRTS Delhi and Haryana TBD 60 km (37 mi) 2032[108]
Delhi-Baraut RRTS Delhi and Uttar Pradesh TBD 54 km (34 mi) 2032[108]
Ghaziabad–Khurja RRTS Uttar Pradesh TBD 83 km (52 mi) 2032[108]
Ghaziabad–Hapur RRTS Uttar Pradesh TBD 57 km (35 mi) 2032[108]
Delhi–Jewar RRTS Delhi and Uttar Pradesh TBD 67 km (42 mi) TBD
Hyderabad–Warangal RRTS Telangana TBD TBD TBD[109]
Hyderabad–Vijayawada RRTS Telangana and Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD[109]
Vijaywada–Amaravati–Guntur–Tenali semi-high speed circular railway Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD[110]

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail The only operational Monorail system in India.

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[111] Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system.[112][113]

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in millions)
Mumbai Monorail Mumbai Maharashtra 1 17 19.53 km (12.14 mi) 2 February 2014[13] 1.2

Systems in Development

  Approved

  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Notes
Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR Monorail
Gujarat 1 7 40.3 km (25.0 mi) Approved in January 2021. Set to open three or four years after commencement of construction.[114][115]
Warangal Monorail Warangal Telangana 1 TBD 15 km (9.3 mi) Proposed.[116]
Aizawl Monorail Aizawl Mizoram 1 TBD 5 km (3.1 mi) On paper since 2012.[117]
Tiruchirappalli Monorail Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu 3 27 TBD Metrolite or metro neo is under consideration.[118][119]
Madurai Monorail Madurai Tamil Nadu 1 TBD TBD Metrolite or metro neo is under consideration.[118][120]

Abandoned Systems

  Replaced with other modes

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Chennai Monorail Chennai Tamil Nadu 57 km (35 mi) Replaced with Metro .[121]
Coimbatore Monorail Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 44 km (27 mi) Replaced with Metro Project.[122]
Kolkata Monorail Kolkata West Bengal 177 km (110 mi) New Town route was converted into a Ropeway& Light Rail/Tram project.[123]
Kanpur Monorail Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 63 km (39 mi) On paper since 2010. Most probably scrapped, in favour of Metro system[124]

Light rail

Main article: Metrolite
For Metro Neo, see List of bus rapid transit systems in India § Trolleybus.

Light rail transit (LRT) or popularly known as Metrolite in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive right-of-way similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand. This list excludes Trolleybus or 'Metro Neo' systems which do not use rails.


  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Type Planned opening
Jammu Metro Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2 40 43.50 km (27.03 mi)[125] 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[126]
Srinagar Metro Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 2 24 25 km (16 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[127]
Gorakhpur Metro Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 2 27 27.41 km (17.03 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[128][129]
Delhi Metrolite Delhi Delhi 2 37 40.88 km (25.40 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification[130] TBD[131]
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 1 19 21.82 km (13.56 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[132]
Kozhikode Light Metro Kozhikode Kerala 1 14 13.30 km (8.26 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[133]
Chennai Light Rail Chennai Tamil Nadu 1 TBD 15.50 km (9.63 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[134]
Coimbatore Metro Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 2[135] 40[135]

45.87 km (28.50 mi)[135]

25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[135]
Varanasi Metro Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 2 26 29.23 km (18.16 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[136]
Uttarakhand Metro Dehradun Uttarakhand 2 25 22.42 km (13.93 mi) 750 V DC electrification[137] TBD[138]
Prayagraj Metro Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 2 39

42 km (26 mi)

TBD TBD[139]
Raipur Metro Raipur Chhattisgarh TBD TBD TBD 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[140]

Tram

Main article: Trams in India
The Kolkata Tram built in 1873, the only tram in India still operational. Mostly used as a heritage ride.

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Kolkata Tram is currently the only tram system in the country.

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Opened
Kolkata Tram Kolkata West Bengal 7 (20 in 1980s) N/A 27 km (17 mi)[64 km (40 mi) in 1980s] 1873[141]

Systems in development

  Proposed

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Planned opening
Vishakapatnam Tram Vishakapatnam Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD TBD[110]
Mamallapuram Tram Mamallapuram Tamil Nadu TBD TBD TBD TBD[142]

Abandoned Systems

  Defunct

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Opened Discontinued
Mumbai Tram[Nb 2] Mumbai Maharashtra 1873 1964
Nashik Tram Nashik Maharashtra 10 km (6.2 mi) 1889 1931
Chennai Tram Chennai Tamil Nadu 1895 1953
Patna Tram Patna Bihar 1903
Kanpur Tram Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 6.04 km (3.75 mi) 1907 16 May 1933
Kochi Tram Kochi Kerala 1907 1963
Delhi Tram Delhi Delhi 1908 1963
Bhavnagar Tram Bhavnagar Gujarat 1926 1960s

National common mobility card

Main article: National Common Mobility Card
Front view of the NCMC Card.

The National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is a card issued by government of India which enables citizens to pay multiple kinds of transport charges like Metro, Toll gate or bus travel etc., across the country.[144]

To ensure a seamless travel across urban rail and various other transportation systems in addition to retail shopping and purchases, the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) came out with the National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) Program.[144]

The Union Ministry of Urban Affairs have been working on it since 2006, when it was envisaged as part of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP). This will help in higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost and reduced operating cost. The rich data insights may be used by operators for business intelligence leading to efficient operation. NCMC's new ecosystem will further help government in digitization of low value payments and reduced cost for the entire ecosystem.[144] As of 2021, only two metro systems in the country have been equipped with NCMC, namely Delhi Metro and Bengaluru's Namma Metro.

Manufacturing

There are three metro rolling stock manufacturers in India under the Union Government's Make in India program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[145]

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

BEML is a Bengaluru-based Public Sector Undertaking company that manufactures mining equipment, heavy engineering as well as metro rail coaches. It manufactures of Rolling Stock consortium with Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Rotem. It also manufacturers EMU train sets for suburban railway.

Bombardier India

Bombardier (Now, Alstom India) built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[148] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[149] In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[149] In July 2020, Bombardier won a contract to supply 201 coaches along with the train control & signaling system for the Kanpur and Agra metro projects with extremely tight deadline of just 65 Weeks.[150] Bombardier was acquired by Alstom on 29 January 2021.[151][152]

Alstom India

In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[154] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[155] It also provides signalling & telecommunications systems.

Integral Coach Factory (ICF)

Integral Coach Factory manufactures rolling stock (under Kolkata Urban Transit). ICF has manufactured "Medha Rakes" and is in the process of supplying them to various suburban systems.

Titagarh Firema

In 2019, Titagarh Firema is Titagarh-based Rolling stock manufacturing company. It is part of a Titagarh Group.[157]

Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd

In 2017, Medha Servo Drives planned to invest ₹ 8,000 million for metro rail coach factory in Telangana.[158] In 2021, it got a contract to supply 10 rakes for Mumbai Monorail worth 590 crore INR.

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), along with ICF manufactured metro rakes for Kolkata back in 1980s. It also manufacturers EMU rakes for suburban train systems.

Legislation

Main articles: The Metro Railways Act, 1978 and Metro Railway Act, 2002

The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[159]

Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[160] Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009.[161] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[162] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[162]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 287 stations[39]
  2. ^ Almost 60 years after being decommissioned, the trams might make a comeback on the streets of Mumbai like old times to decongest the Bandra Kurla Complex area.[143]

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