Clathrus archeri: Difference between revisions
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}}'''''Clathrus archeri''''' (synonyms ''Lysurus archeri'', ''Anthurus archeri'', ''Pseudocolus archeri''), commonly known as '''octopus stinkhorn''' or '''devil's fingers''',<ref>[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/clathrus-archeri-devils-fingers Clathrus archeri (devil's fingers)]</ref> is a fungus which has a global distribution. |
}}'''''Clathrus archeri''''' (synonyms ''Lysurus archeri'', ''Anthurus archeri'', ''Pseudocolus archeri''), commonly known as '''octopus stinkhorn''' or '''devil's fingers''',<ref>[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/clathrus-archeri-devils-fingers Clathrus archeri (devil's fingers)]</ref> is a fungus which has a global distribution. Using rDNA, Geastrales, Gauteriales and Phallales form a monophyletic group and eventually diffierentation of Nidulariales and Tulostomatales within the euagarics clade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Binder |first1=Manfred |last2=Bresinsky |first2=Andreas |date=January 2002 |title=Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/15572536.2003.11833251 |journal=Mycologia |language=en |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1080/15572536.2003.11833251 |pmid=21156480 |s2cid=19801273 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> This species was first described in 1980 in a collection from Tasmania.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dring |first=D. M. |date=1980 |title=Contributions towards a Rational Arrangement of the Clathraceae |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4117008 |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–ii |doi=10.2307/4117008|jstor=4117008 }}</ref> The young fungus erupts from a suberumpent egg by forming into four to seven elongated slender arms initially erect and attached at the top. The arms then unfold to reveal a pinkish-red interior covered with a dark-olive spore-containing [[gleba]]. In maturity it smells like putrid flesh. Recently, ''C. archeri'' var. ''alba'' with white tentacles or arms has been reported from the Shola Forests in the Western Ghats, Kerala, India.<ref name=Mohanan2011 >{{cite book |title=''Macrofungi of Kerala''| author=Mohanan, C. |year= 2011 |publisher =Kerala Forest Research Institute |location= Kerala, India.|isbn =978-81-85041-73-5}}</ref> |
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== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
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''Clathrus Archeri'' grows in 2 distinct stages, first an egg stage followed by the fungal “arms” emerging. |
''Clathrus Archeri'' grows in 2 distinct stages, first an egg stage followed by the fungal “arms” emerging. During the egg stage Clathrus Archeri forms a white ball-like egg shape, usually 2–3 cm in diameter.<ref name=":2" /> Next, the thallus emerges from the egg in a sharfish-like shape with 4-6 arms on average (up to 8).<ref name=":2" /> Each arm can grow up to 10 cm in length and is coated in gleba on the upper surface. Fruiting bodies produce a red-orange color due to the production of carotenoids. Fungal spores are oblong, smooth, and 3.5-6 x 1.5-2 µm in size.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=David |last2=Burk |first2=William R. |date=May 1982 |title=Clathrus Archeri , A Stinkhorn New to North America |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00275514.1982.12021535 |journal=Mycologia |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=501–504 |doi=10.1080/00275514.1982.12021535 |issn=0027-5514}}</ref> It is hypothesized that the strong putrid smell of the gleba support evidence of coevolution with some angiosperm flowers called sapromyiophilous flowers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=S.D. |last2=Jürgens |first2=A. |date=October 2010 |title=Convergent evolution of carrion and faecal scent mimicry in fly-pollinated angiosperm flowers and a stinkhorn fungus |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0254629910001894 |journal=South African Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=796–807 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2010.07.012}}</ref> |
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In a laboratory setting Clathrus Archeri was found to grow best in 26℃ on a Compost agar (CA) media with a pH of 6.0.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mykchaylova |first=Oksana |date=January 2022 |title=MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CULTURE CLATHRUS ARCHERI(PHALLACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358234688 |journal=Polish Journal of Natural Science |volume=36 |pages=283–298 |via=https://www.researchgate.net}}</ref> |
In a laboratory setting Clathrus Archeri was found to grow best in 26℃ on a Compost agar (CA) media with a pH of 6.0.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mykchaylova |first=Oksana |date=January 2022 |title=MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CULTURE CLATHRUS ARCHERI(PHALLACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358234688 |journal=Polish Journal of Natural Science |volume=36 |pages=283–298 |via=https://www.researchgate.net}}</ref> Under these conditions, the thallus grew an average of 2.9mm a day over 4 weeks and in a radial shape. Clathrus Archeri produces white and fluffy mycelium and eventually turns a pink color. Mycelia strands are 0.5 to 1.5mm in diameter and branch in a tree-like manner. Fungal hyphae create irregularly shaped vesicles that contain lipids. On the surface of the hyphae calcium oxalate crystals are secreted. It is hypothesized that this outer layer of crystals creates a protective hydrophobic layer around the hyphae.<ref name=":1" /> ''Clathrus Archeri'' forms unstable perforate septal pore caps, this may suggest that perforation formation in ''Phallomycetidae'' begins later in comparison to similar groups.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hibbett |first1=D. S. |title=14 Agaricomycetes |date=2014 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_14 |work=Systematics and Evolution |pages=373–429 |editor-last=McLaughlin |editor-first=David J. |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_14 |isbn=978-3-642-55317-2 |access-date=2022-05-07 |last2=Bauer |first2=R. |last3=Binder |first3=M. |last4=Giachini |first4=A. J. |last5=Hosaka |first5=K. |last6=Justo |first6=A. |last7=Larsson |first7=E. |last8=Larsson |first8=K. H. |last9=Lawrey |first9=J. D. |editor2-last=Spatafora |editor2-first=Joseph W.}}</ref> |
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== Ecology == |
== Ecology == |
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''Clathrus archeri'' grows best in environments rich in decaying vegetation. |
''Clathrus archeri'' grows best in environments rich in decaying vegetation. The fungus is a saprotroph. It is most commonly found in leaf litter or mulch below vegetation. The most abundant acid secreted by the fungus is oxalic acid, this acid binds to metal cations and increases the bioavailability of some minerals.<ref name=":1" /> Fungal mycelium exhibits calcium pooling which changes soil pH and availability of phosphorus for surrounding flora.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Habitat == |
== Habitat == |
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Common in environments with abundant decaying organic matter. |
Common in environments with abundant decaying organic matter. ''Clathrus archeri'' is most commonly found in leaf litter, mulch, woodlands, and grasslands. Saprophytes prefer areas with high moisture or water, access to oxygen, neutral pH, and low-medium temperatures. |
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== Geographic Distribution == |
== Geographic Distribution == |
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The species is believed to be endemic southern Africa, New Zealand and Australia, but has been spreading to other continents and is often invasive.<ref name=":0" /> |
The species is believed to be endemic southern Africa, New Zealand and Australia, but has been spreading to other continents and is often invasive.<ref name=":0" /> ''Clathrus archeri'' now has a global distribution and has been naturalized in Europe and North America. It was first discovered in the UK over a century ago (~1914) and has spread across much of Europe. ''Clathrus archeri'' was likely introduced via wool fabric in supplies for WWI. As climate changes drives niche habitat lost, ''Clathrus archeri'' is expected to become threatened in Australia but is expected to expand to northeast Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pietras |first1=Marcin |last2=Kolanowska |first2=Marta |last3=Selosse |first3=Marc-André |date=2021-03-01 |title=Quo vadis? Historical distribution and impact of climate change on the worldwide distribution of the Australasian fungus Clathrus archeri (Phallales, Basidiomycota) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01669-w |journal=Mycological Progress |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=299–311 |doi=10.1007/s11557-021-01669-w |s2cid=232378205 |issn=1861-8952}}</ref> The expansion of in ''Clathrus archeri'' Europe is further supported by its invasion into 2 new Romanian sites in July 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bîrsan |first1=Ciprian |last2=Cojocariu |first2=Ana |last3=Cenușă |first3=Elena |date=2014-09-22 |title=Distribution and Ecology of Clathrus archeri in Romania |url=https://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/article/view/9389 |journal=Notulae Scientia Biologicae |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=288–291 |doi=10.15835/nsb639389 |issn=2067-3264}}</ref> Furthermore, ''Clathrus archeri'' has been found in 90 sites in Poland as of 2013, 65% of which are located in forests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Szczepkowski |first=Andrzej |date=April 2012 |title=Obce gatunki sromotnikowatych Phallaceae w lasach Polski |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264810233 |journal=Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej |volume=33 |pages=279–295 |via=www.researchgate.net}}</ref> Recent modeling studies in Poland like expect the alien species occur in areas with a thick layer of snow, which does not melt in winter, at higher altitudes, where the water deficit is low.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bîrsan |first1=Ciprian |last2=Mardari |first2=Constantin |last3=Copoţ |first3=Ovidiu |last4=Tănase |first4=Cătălin |date=2021 |title=Modelling the potential distribution and habitat suitability of the alien fungus Clathrus archeri in Romania |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=1821-21582102241B |journal=Botanica Serbica |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=241–250 |doi=10.2298/BOTSERB2102241B |s2cid=240201318 |issn=1821-2158}}</ref> |
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== Unique Characteristics == |
== Unique Characteristics == |
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''Clathrus archeri'' produces compounds similar to the scent of rotting flesh. |
''Clathrus archeri'' produces compounds similar to the scent of rotting flesh. This compound production supports evidence of convergent evolution between fungi and angiosperms. This scent is used by the fungus to attract flies to serve as agents for spore dispersal. ''Clathrus archeri'' is not known to be toxic, however, consuming this fungus would not be enjoyable. Due to the rotting stench of stinkhorns, culinary application is not a common thought. There is also no record of the fungus being treated as a delicacy. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 01:53, 17 July 2022
| Clathrus archeri | |
|---|---|
| |
| Octopus stinkhorn (Clathrus archeri) with suberumpent eggs | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | C. archeri
|
| Binomial name | |
| Clathrus archeri | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Clathrus archeri | |
|---|---|
 | Glebal hymenium |
 | No distinct cap |
 | Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable |
| Lacks a stipe |
 | Spore print is olive-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Clathrus archeri (synonyms Lysurus archeri, Anthurus archeri, Pseudocolus archeri), commonly known as octopus stinkhorn or devil's fingers,[2] is a fungus which has a global distribution. Using rDNA, Geastrales, Gauteriales and Phallales form a monophyletic group and eventually diffierentation of Nidulariales and Tulostomatales within the euagarics clade.[3] This species was first described in 1980 in a collection from Tasmania.[4] The young fungus erupts from a suberumpent egg by forming into four to seven elongated slender arms initially erect and attached at the top. The arms then unfold to reveal a pinkish-red interior covered with a dark-olive spore-containing gleba. In maturity it smells like putrid flesh. Recently, C. archeri var. alba with white tentacles or arms has been reported from the Shola Forests in the Western Ghats, Kerala, India.[5]
Morphology
Clathrus Archeri grows in 2 distinct stages, first an egg stage followed by the fungal “arms” emerging. During the egg stage Clathrus Archeri forms a white ball-like egg shape, usually 2–3 cm in diameter.[6] Next, the thallus emerges from the egg in a sharfish-like shape with 4-6 arms on average (up to 8).[6] Each arm can grow up to 10 cm in length and is coated in gleba on the upper surface. Fruiting bodies produce a red-orange color due to the production of carotenoids. Fungal spores are oblong, smooth, and 3.5-6 x 1.5-2 µm in size.[6] It is hypothesized that the strong putrid smell of the gleba support evidence of coevolution with some angiosperm flowers called sapromyiophilous flowers.[7]
In a laboratory setting Clathrus Archeri was found to grow best in 26℃ on a Compost agar (CA) media with a pH of 6.0.[8] Under these conditions, the thallus grew an average of 2.9mm a day over 4 weeks and in a radial shape. Clathrus Archeri produces white and fluffy mycelium and eventually turns a pink color. Mycelia strands are 0.5 to 1.5mm in diameter and branch in a tree-like manner. Fungal hyphae create irregularly shaped vesicles that contain lipids. On the surface of the hyphae calcium oxalate crystals are secreted. It is hypothesized that this outer layer of crystals creates a protective hydrophobic layer around the hyphae.[8] Clathrus Archeri forms unstable perforate septal pore caps, this may suggest that perforation formation in Phallomycetidae begins later in comparison to similar groups.[9]
Ecology
Clathrus archeri grows best in environments rich in decaying vegetation. The fungus is a saprotroph. It is most commonly found in leaf litter or mulch below vegetation. The most abundant acid secreted by the fungus is oxalic acid, this acid binds to metal cations and increases the bioavailability of some minerals.[8] Fungal mycelium exhibits calcium pooling which changes soil pH and availability of phosphorus for surrounding flora.[8]
Habitat
Common in environments with abundant decaying organic matter. Clathrus archeri is most commonly found in leaf litter, mulch, woodlands, and grasslands. Saprophytes prefer areas with high moisture or water, access to oxygen, neutral pH, and low-medium temperatures.
Geographic Distribution
The species is believed to be endemic southern Africa, New Zealand and Australia, but has been spreading to other continents and is often invasive.[7] Clathrus archeri now has a global distribution and has been naturalized in Europe and North America. It was first discovered in the UK over a century ago (~1914) and has spread across much of Europe. Clathrus archeri was likely introduced via wool fabric in supplies for WWI. As climate changes drives niche habitat lost, Clathrus archeri is expected to become threatened in Australia but is expected to expand to northeast Europe.[10] The expansion of in Clathrus archeri Europe is further supported by its invasion into 2 new Romanian sites in July 2013.[11] Furthermore, Clathrus archeri has been found in 90 sites in Poland as of 2013, 65% of which are located in forests.[12] Recent modeling studies in Poland like expect the alien species occur in areas with a thick layer of snow, which does not melt in winter, at higher altitudes, where the water deficit is low.[13]
Unique Characteristics
Clathrus archeri produces compounds similar to the scent of rotting flesh. This compound production supports evidence of convergent evolution between fungi and angiosperms. This scent is used by the fungus to attract flies to serve as agents for spore dispersal. Clathrus archeri is not known to be toxic, however, consuming this fungus would not be enjoyable. Due to the rotting stench of stinkhorns, culinary application is not a common thought. There is also no record of the fungus being treated as a delicacy.
References
- ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Clathrus archeri (devil's fingers)
- ^ Binder, Manfred; Bresinsky, Andreas (January 2002). "Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors". Mycologia. 94 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/15572536.2003.11833251. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 21156480. S2CID 19801273.
- ^ Dring, D. M. (1980). "Contributions towards a Rational Arrangement of the Clathraceae". Kew Bulletin. 35 (1): 1–ii. doi:10.2307/4117008. JSTOR 4117008.
- ^ Mohanan, C. (2011). Macrofungi of Kerala. Kerala, India.: Kerala Forest Research Institute. ISBN 978-81-85041-73-5.
- ^ a b c Arora, David; Burk, William R. (May 1982). "Clathrus Archeri , A Stinkhorn New to North America". Mycologia. 74 (3): 501–504. doi:10.1080/00275514.1982.12021535. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ a b Johnson, S.D.; Jürgens, A. (October 2010). "Convergent evolution of carrion and faecal scent mimicry in fly-pollinated angiosperm flowers and a stinkhorn fungus". South African Journal of Botany. 76 (4): 796–807. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.07.012.
- ^ a b c d Mykchaylova, Oksana (January 2022). "MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CULTURE CLATHRUS ARCHERI(PHALLACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA)". Polish Journal of Natural Science. 36: 283–298 – via https://www.researchgate.net.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|via= - ^ Hibbett, D. S.; Bauer, R.; Binder, M.; Giachini, A. J.; Hosaka, K.; Justo, A.; Larsson, E.; Larsson, K. H.; Lawrey, J. D. (2014), McLaughlin, David J.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (eds.), "14 Agaricomycetes", Systematics and Evolution, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 373–429, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_14, ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2, retrieved 2022-05-07
- ^ Pietras, Marcin; Kolanowska, Marta; Selosse, Marc-André (2021-03-01). "Quo vadis? Historical distribution and impact of climate change on the worldwide distribution of the Australasian fungus Clathrus archeri (Phallales, Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 20 (3): 299–311. doi:10.1007/s11557-021-01669-w. ISSN 1861-8952. S2CID 232378205.
- ^ Bîrsan, Ciprian; Cojocariu, Ana; Cenușă, Elena (2014-09-22). "Distribution and Ecology of Clathrus archeri in Romania". Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 6 (3): 288–291. doi:10.15835/nsb639389. ISSN 2067-3264.
- ^ Szczepkowski, Andrzej (April 2012). "Obce gatunki sromotnikowatych Phallaceae w lasach Polski". Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej. 33: 279–295 – via www.researchgate.net.
- ^ Bîrsan, Ciprian; Mardari, Constantin; Copoţ, Ovidiu; Tănase, Cătălin (2021). "Modelling the potential distribution and habitat suitability of the alien fungus Clathrus archeri in Romania". Botanica Serbica. 45 (2): 241–250. doi:10.2298/BOTSERB2102241B. ISSN 1821-2158. S2CID 240201318.