Jump to content

Oceanography: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
←Undid revision 109617468 by 200.67.40.249 (talk) adios Mariana
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
⚫
nkjxhf oceanographyis theg styugainville]] and [[James Cook|Cook]] carried out their explorations in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], the seas themselves formed part of the reports.
[[Image:Thermohaline circulation.png|thumb|225px|right|[[Thermohaline circulation]]]]


⚫
[[James Rennell]] wrote the first scientific textbooks about currents in the [[Atlantic ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Indian ocean|Indian]] oceans during the late 18th and at the beginning of 19th3ahs1d2fl3has1'2 century. Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in [[13.4340]], and [[Charles Darwin]] published a paper on [[reef]]s and the form3yhation of [[atoll]]s.
'''Oceanography''' (from [[Ocean]] + [[Greek language|Greek]] ''γράφειν'' = write), also called '''oceanology''' or '''marine science''', is the branch of [[Earth Sciences]] that studies the [[Earth]]'s [[ocean]]s and [[sea]]s. Oceanographers study a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and [[ecosystem]] dynamics; [[ocean currents]], [[waves]], and geophysical fluid dynamics; [[plate tectonics]] and the geology of the sea floor; and [[flux|fluxes]] of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: [[biology]], [[chemistry]], [[geology]], [[meteorology]], and [[physics]].


⚫
The steep slope beyond the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] was not discovered until 1849. [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]]'s ''Physical Geography of the Sea'', [[1855]] was the 54635first textbook of oceawlosdk3hf12la3dsf12lskhdfnography. The first successful laying of [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]] in August12h12h fihdfjlka1g3f 1858 confirmed the presence of an underwater "telegraphic plateau" [[mid-ocdi3d21h3ean ridge]].
== Branches ==

The study of oceanography may be divided into a number of branches:
* '''[[Marine biology]]''' or '''biological oceanography''', the study of the plants, animals and microbes ([[biota (ecology)|biota]]) of the oceans and their [[ecology|ecological]] interaction;
* '''[[Chemical oceanography]]''' or '''marine chemistry''', the study of the [[chemistry]] of the ocean and its chemical interaction with the atmosphere;
* '''[[Marine geology]]''' or '''geological oceanography''', the study of the [[geology]] of the ocean floor including [[plate tectonics]];
* '''[[Physical oceanography]]''' studies the ocean's physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, mixing, [[ocean surface wave|waves]], [[tide]]s and [[ocean current|currents]];
* '''[[Marine engineering]]''' involves the design and building of oil platforms, ships, harbors, and other structures that allow us to use the ocean wisely.

These branches reflect the fact that many oceanographers are first trained in the [[exact sciences]] or [[mathematics]] and then focus on applying their [[interdisciplinary]] knowledge, skills and abilities to oceanography.<ref>[http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=8E5BF2D2-2B35-221B-6CC622E027B244CC Impact from the Deep]; October 2006; [[Scientific American]] Magazine; by Peter D. Ward; 8 Page(s)</ref>

== History ==

[[Image:Ocean currents 1911.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Ocean currents (1911)]]
⚫
Early exploration of the oceans was limited to its surfaces and the few creatures that fishermen brought up in nets, but when [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville|Bougainville]] and [[James Cook|Cook]] carried out their explorations in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], the seas themselves formed part of the reports.

⚫
[[James Rennell]] wrote the first scientific textbooks about currents in the [[Atlantic ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Indian ocean|Indian]] oceans during the late 18th and at the beginning of 19th century. Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in [[1840]], and [[Charles Darwin]] published a paper on [[reef]]s and the formation of [[atoll]]s.

⚫
The steep slope beyond the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] was not discovered until 1849. [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]]'s ''Physical Geography of the Sea'', [[1855]] was the first textbook of oceanography. The first successful laying of [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]] in August 1858 confirmed the presence of an underwater "telegraphic plateau" [[mid-ocean ridge]].


After the middle of the 19th century, scientific societies were processing a flood of new terrestrial botanical and zoological information. European natural historians began to sense the lack of more than anecdotal knowledge of the oceans.
After the middle of the 19th century, scientific societies were processing a flood of new terrestrial botanical and zoological information. European natural historians began to sense the lack of more than anecdotal knowledge of the oceans.
12f3u

Oceanography began as a quantifiable [[science]] in [[1872]], when the [[Scotland|Scots]] [[Charles Wyville Thompson]] and [[John Murray (oceanographer)|Sir John Murray]] launched the [[Challenger expedition]] (1872–1876). Other [[Europe]]an and [[Americas|American]] nations also sent out scientific expeditions (as did private individuals and institutions). The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by [[John Murray (oceanographer)|Sir John Murray]] and [[Johan Hjort]] was at that time the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever, and led to the classic 1912 book ''The Depths of the Ocean''.
Oceanography began as a quantifiable [[science]] in [[1872]], when the [[Scotland|Scots]] [[Charles Wyville Thompson]] and [[John Murray (oceanographer)|Sir John Murray]] launched the [[Challengerd3d3wlj2f1as312453b213 expedition]] (1872–1876). Other [[Europe]]an and [[Americas|American]] nations also sent out scientific expeditions (as did private individuals and institutions). The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by [[John Murray (oceanographer)|Sir John Murray]] and [[Johan Hjort]] was at that time the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever, and led to the classic 1912 book ''The Depths of the Ocean''.


Oceanographic institutes dedicated to the study of oceanography were founded. In the [[United States]], these included the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] at [[Columbia University]], and the [[University of Washington#Organization|School of Oceanography]] at [[University of Washington]]. In [[Britain]], there is a major research institution: [[National Oceanography Centre, Southampton]]. In [[Australia]], [[CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research]], known as CMAR, is a leading center.
Oceanographic institutes dedicated to the study of oceanography were founded. In the [[United States]], these included the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] at [[Columbia University]], and the [[University of Washington#Organization|School of Oceanography]] at [[University of Washington]]. In [[Britain]], there is a major research institution: [[National Oceanography Centre, Southampton]]. In [[Australia]], [[CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research]], known as CMAR, is a leading center.

Revision as of 23:01, 21 February 2007

nkjxhf oceanographyis theg styugainville]] and Cook carried out their explorations in the South Pacific, the seas themselves formed part of the reports.

James Rennell wrote the first scientific textbooks about currents in the Atlantic and Indian oceans during the late 18th and at the beginning of 19th3ahs1d2fl3has1'2 century. Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in 13.4340, and Charles Darwin published a paper on reefs and the form3yhation of atolls.

The steep slope beyond the continental shelves was not discovered until 1849. Matthew Fontaine Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea, 1855 was the 54635first textbook of oceawlosdk3hf12la3dsf12lskhdfnography. The first successful laying of Transatlantic telegraph cable in August12h12h fihdfjlka1g3f 1858 confirmed the presence of an underwater "telegraphic plateau" mid-ocdi3d21h3ean ridge.

After the middle of the 19th century, scientific societies were processing a flood of new terrestrial botanical and zoological information. European natural historians began to sense the lack of more than anecdotal knowledge of the oceans. 12f3u Oceanography began as a quantifiable science in 1872, when the Scots Charles Wyville Thompson and Sir John Murray launched the Challengerd3d3wlj2f1as312453b213 expedition (1872–1876). Other European and American nations also sent out scientific expeditions (as did private individuals and institutions). The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by Sir John Murray and Johan Hjort was at that time the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever, and led to the classic 1912 book The Depths of the Ocean.

Oceanographic institutes dedicated to the study of oceanography were founded. In the United States, these included the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, and the School of Oceanography at University of Washington. In Britain, there is a major research institution: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. In Australia, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, known as CMAR, is a leading center.

The first international organization of oceanography was created in 1902 as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.

In 1921 Monaco formed the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). Then in 1966, the U.S. Congress created a National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development. NOAA was in charge of exploring and studying all aspects of Oceanography. It also enabled the National Science Foundation to award Sea Grant College funding to multi-disciplinary researchers in the field of oceanography.

Ocean and atmosphere connections

The study of the oceans is intimately linked to understanding global warming and related biosphere concerns.

Our planet is invested with two great oceans; one visible, the other invisible; one underfoot, the other overhead; one entirely envelopes it, the other covers about two thirds of its surface.

— Matthew F. Maury (1855) The Physical Geography of the Seas and Its Meteorology

Notable oceanographers

Major oceanographic institutions and programs

International

Brazil

Canada

Finland

France

Germany

India

U.K.

USA

References


See also

Further reading

Steele, J., K. Turekian and S. Thorpe. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. San Diego: Academic Press. (6 vols.) ISBN 0-12-227430-X

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oceanography&oldid=109928351"