1975 New Zealand general election: Difference between revisions
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The '''1975 New Zealand general election''' was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the [[38th New Zealand Parliament|38th session]] of the [[New Zealand Parliament]]. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds{{sfn|Levine & Lodge|1976|p=?}} and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected. The election took fifteen months after the death of popular [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] Prime Minister Norman Kirk, leaving his party significantly weakened politically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title='Citizens for Rowling', 1975 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/34039/citizens-for-rowling-1975 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> The result was a landslide defeat for the Labour Party under [[Bill Rowling]] to [[Robert Muldoon]]'s resurgent [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]], which had moved considerably further rightward under his mantle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alves |first=Dora |date=1991 |title=U.S.-New Zealand Relations: The National Government of New Zealand |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645307 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=1061–1078 |doi=10.2307/2645307 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Muldoon {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/robert-muldoon |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz}}</ref> Muldoon focused on the economy, law and order and immigration controls, all of which he argued had been weakened under Labour. Muldoon controversially exploited the scapegoating of [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]] migrants by the media and public in the aftermath of [[1973–1975 recession|the 1973-75 recession]],<ref name="National Party advertisment" /> gaining support by promising a crackdown on migrants.<ref name=":0">''Pacific History''. Coutts, Brent. </ref> He promised a return to an intensified [[Dawn Raids (New Zealand)|Dawn Raids]], something that would prove crucial to the rise of the [[Polynesian Panthers|Polynesian Panther]] movement.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The '''1975 New Zealand general election''' was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the [[38th New Zealand Parliament|38th session]] of the [[New Zealand Parliament]]. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds{{sfn|Levine & Lodge|1976|p=?}} and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected. |
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Although they did not win any seats under the unproportionable [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] electoral system, the [[Values Party]] gave their best ever performance at this election; winning 83,241 votes, it was over triple their gains at [[1972 New Zealand general election|the last election]], and 5.19% of the total vote (meaning they would have broken the threshold to get into parliament under New Zealand's [[Mixed-member proportional representation|current electoral system]].) Despite the elecoNational would not win |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Revision as of 07:05, 22 July 2022
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All 87 seats for New Zealand House of Representatives 44 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the election. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1975 New Zealand general election was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the 38th session of the New Zealand Parliament. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds[1] and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected. The election took fifteen months after the death of popular Labour Party Prime Minister Norman Kirk, leaving his party significantly weakened politically.[2] The result was a landslide defeat for the Labour Party under Bill Rowling to Robert Muldoon's resurgent National Party, which had moved considerably further rightward under his mantle.[3][4] Muldoon focused on the economy, law and order and immigration controls, all of which he argued had been weakened under Labour. Muldoon controversially exploited the scapegoating of Pasifika migrants by the media and public in the aftermath of the 1973-75 recession,[5] gaining support by promising a crackdown on migrants.[6] He promised a return to an intensified Dawn Raids, something that would prove crucial to the rise of the Polynesian Panther movement.[6]
Although they did not win any seats under the unproportionable first-past-the-post electoral system, the Values Party gave their best ever performance at this election; winning 83,241 votes, it was over triple their gains at the last election, and 5.19% of the total vote (meaning they would have broken the threshold to get into parliament under New Zealand's current electoral system.) Despite the elecoNational would not win
Background
The incumbent Labour Party, following the sudden death of Labour leader Norman Kirk, was led by Bill Rowling, a leader who was characterised as being weak and ineffectual by some political commentators. Labour's central campaign was the so-called "Citizens for Rowling" petition which attacked National leader Robert Muldoon's forthright leadership style. This campaign was largely seen as having backfired on Labour.
The National Party responded with the formation of "Rob's Mob". As former Minister of Finance in the previous National government, Muldoon focused on the economic impact of Labour's policies; National's campaign advertising suggested that Labour's recently introduced compulsory personal superannuation scheme would result in the government owning the New Zealand economy by using the worker's money, akin to a communist state. Muldoon argued that his New Zealand superannuation scheme could be funded from future taxes rather than an additional tax on current wages.
In July 1974, Muldoon as opposition leader had promised to cut immigration and to "get tough" on law and order issues. He criticized the Labour government's immigration policies for contributing to the economic recession and a housing shortage which undermined the New Zealand "way of life."
During the 1975 general elections, the National Party had also played an electoral advertisement that was later criticized for stoking negative racial sentiments about Polynesian migrants.[5]
The campaign also achieved notoriety due to an infamous television commercial featuring "Dancing Cossacks", which was produced by Hanna Barbera on behalf of National's ad agency Colenso.[7]
A consummate orator and a skilled television performer, Muldoon's powerful presence on screen increased his popularity with voters.[8]
MPs retiring in 1975
Four National MPs and Three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 37th Parliament.
Opinion polling
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Poll | Date[nb 1] | National | Labour | Social Credit | Values | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 election result | 29 Nov 1975 | 47.59 | 39.56 | 7.43 | 5.19 | 8.03 |
| NRB | Nov 1975 | 46 | 44 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Nov 1975 | 44 | 43 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| NRB | Sep 1975 | 52 | 39 | 5 | 4 | 13 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1975 | 51 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Jul 1975 | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| TVNZ Heylen | May 1975 | 49 | 42 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| NRB | Mar 1975 | 46 | 42 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Feb 1975 | 48 | 46 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| NRB | Nov 1974 | 44 | 44 | 7 | 4 | Tie |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1974 | 45 | 47 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| NRB | May 1974 | 44 | 44 | 5 | 5 | Tie |
Results
The final results saw National won 55 seats, and Labour 32 seats. Thus Robert Muldoon replaced Bill Rowling as Prime Minister, ending the term of the Third Labour government, and beginning the term of the Third National government. The party seat numbers were an exact opposite of the 1972 election. No minor parties won seats, though the election saw the best ever result for New Zealand's first green political party, Values. There were 1,953,050 electors on the roll, with 1,603,733 (82.11%) voting.
While Muldoon would be re-elected twice, this would be the only time between 1969 and 1990 that National polled more votes than Labour.
Notable electorate results included the election of two Māori MPs to general seats; the first time that any Māori had been elected to a non-Māori electorate since James Carroll in 1893. The MPs in question were Ben Couch in Wairarapa and Rex Austin in Awarua.
In Palmerston North and Western Hutt, Labour was first on election night but lost when special votes were counted.
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| Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | Change | |
| National | 87 | 763,136 | 47.59 | 55 | +23 | |
| Labour | 87 | 634,453 | 39.56 | 32 | -23 | |
| Social Credit | 87 | 119,147 | 7.43 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Values | 87 | 83,241 | 5.19 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Socialist Unity | 15 | 408 | 0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent | 67 | 3,756 | 0.23 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Total | 415 | 1,603,733 | 87 | |||
Votes summary
The table below shows the results of the 1975 general election:
Key
Table footnotes:
- ^ These are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released.
- ^ David Lange came third for Labour in Hobson
- ^ Henry May was first on election night, but lost when special votes were included
Notes
- ^ Levine & Lodge 1976, p. ?.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "'Citizens for Rowling', 1975". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Alves, Dora (1991). "U.S.-New Zealand Relations: The National Government of New Zealand". Asian Survey. 31 (11): 1061–1078. doi:10.2307/2645307. ISSN 0004-4687.
- ^ "Robert Muldoon | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ a b National Party advertisement (documentary). TVNZ Television New Zealand, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 1975.
- ^ a b Pacific History. Coutts, Brent.
- ^ "Dancing Cossacks political TV ad". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ^ Atkinson 2003, pp. 188f.
- ^ "Historical Pollling Data 1974–2021". Patrick Leyland. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Calderwood, David (2010). Not a Fair Go: A History and Analysis of Social Credit's Struggle for Success in New Zealand's Electoral System (PDF) (MA). University of Waikato. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ Norton 1988, pp. ?.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 358.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 382.
References
- Atkinson, Neill (2003). Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.
- Chapman, George (1980). The Years of Lightning. Wellington: AH & AW Reed. ISBN 0-589-01346-7.
- Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
- Levine, Stephen; Lodge, Juliet (1976). The New Zealand General Election of 1975. Wellington: Price Milburn for New Zealand University Press. ISBN 0-7055-0624-X.
- Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
External links
- Mr Nathan the National candidate for Island Bay below a defaced poster (photo)
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