British occupation of Bushehr

Occupation of Bushehr
Part of Persian campaign (World War I)
The map of the occupied area taken from the map of Iran and Turan in the Qajar period
Date Declaration of official occupancy: August 8-October 16, 1915 Location Iran, Bushehr Result The first occupation of Bushehr in favor of Iran and the expulsion of the British from Bushehr The second occupation of Bushehr in favor of England The third occupation of Bushehr was in favor of Iran and the victory of popular forces in the Battle of Delvar, but in the end the British assassinated Rais Ali Delvari
Belligerents
Iran South of Iran movement The National Committee of the Guardians of the Independence of Iran	United Kingdom British Raj
Commanders and leaders
Rais Ali Delvari  † Khalou Hossein Bord Khuni Dashti Hossein Chah Kutahi  † Khezrkhan Fooladi  † Esmaeel Khan Qashqayi Qazanfar Borazjani Ahmad Akhgar	Percy Sykes Trevor Olyphant † Ranking † Brooking Nixon Pennington † Thornton †
Units involved
Iranian Gendarmerie Tangestanis fighters Dashtestanis fighters Dashti fighters Chah Kutahis fighters Larestanis fighters Qashqais fighters	16th The Queen's Lancers 96th Infantry Navy combat unit 21st India Horse 11th Rajputs South Persia Rifles
Strength
Iranian boats: Mozaffari Azarbaijan Mazandaran	British Equipments: Artillery About 30 ships including: Juno Pyramus Lorence Dalhousie Airplane
Iran had officially declared neutrality in the World War I.

The Occupation of Bushehr or Bushire Under British Occupation refers to the three times the British army entered Bushehr and occupied this area in Iran during the rule of Qajar dynasty, before and during the World War I.

The importance of Bushehr for Britain

According to Encyclopædia Iranica, since 1763 the British East India Company was present in Bushehr port because it was commercially important. Later, the British had a problem with Karim Khan Zand (the ruler of Iran at the time). Therefore, Britain concentrated its business in the port of Basra, but with the capture of Basra by Karim Khan Zand, the British in 1778 re-established their commercial base in the Persian Gulf in Bushehr and continued to increase their influence in the Gulf for about a century.

The first occupation (1838 AD)

The first occupation of Bushehr was in 1838 (1217 SH - 1254 AH) during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar, when a British ship anchored in front of Bushehr, and 500 people disembarked and settled in Kuti (one of the old neighborhoods of the port of Bushehr), where the house of a British person named Ballews was located. This action of the British was to put the Shah in a tight spot to lift the siege of Herat. This led to an uproar in Bushehr, and after that, the people's groups led by Bagher Khan Tangestani and Sheikh Hassan Ale-Osfoor (religious leader of Bushehr) expelled the British from Bushehr.

The second occupation (1856 AD)

When Dost Mohammad Khan, the then ruler of Kandahar and Kabul, captured Herat in 1855, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered an expedition to Herat. Herat was a city of conflict between Iran, the Russian Empire and Britain. With the capture of Herat by Iran, the then British government declared war on Iran. Because the Iranian government was indifferent to Britain's response, Britain attacked Bushehr in 1856 and occupied it in retaliation and to pressure Iran to leave Herat. At that time, Mohammad Karim Khan Kermani incited the people to defend the British attack by writing a book titled "Naseriyeh".

This occupation ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1857. Iran pledged to withdraw from Herat and recognize Afghanistan, so British troops left Bushehr. It should be noted that on June 12, 1857, while staying in London, Karl Marx wrote an article entitled "The Persian Treaty" and criticized clauses of the Treaty of Paris and blamed Britain for occupying Bushehr and the southern regions.

The third occupation (1915 AD)

British army command center in Bushehr, 1902.

Until the middle of the 19th century, British supremacy in the Persian Gulf relied on the development of Bushehr port. But from the end of this century, the opinion of other countries such as the German Empire was attracted towards Bushehr and they opened consular offices in Bushehr. Iran's trade relations with Germany and the purchase of ships from it were unpleasant for Britain, which had maintained its customs status.

According to documents, Wilhelm Wassmuss arrived in Bushehr in 1913 as the second consul of Germany. With the start of the First World War in 1914, the German consulate was activated to confront the British. In this way, Wassmuss had close relations with the nomads of southern Iran, including with Rais Ali Delvari. On the other hand, Iran declared neutrality to avoid entering the First World War. The rivalry between Britain and Germany finally reached its climax with the arrest of two German consular officials in Bushehr by the British forces. The then government of Iran and the people of Bushehr protested this action.

On August 8, 1915, the forces of the British Army and the colony of British Raj (India) entered Bushehr from land and sea with the support of naval artillery and announced the occupation of Bushehr by issuing a city-wide proclamation. In this announcement, it was stated that Major Arthur Prescott Trevor has taken over all the affairs of the Bushehr government with the position of "Commander of the Military Government on behalf of the British Government". On the other hand, because the Iranian government cannot establish "order and security in the city of Bushehr and its surroundings", Britain was forced to take this action. According to the announcement, this action was "taken by His Majesty's government due to necessity. A necessity due to aboriginal tribes recent unfortunate attack on Bushehr in which two British officers were killed and three soldiers were injured."

Stamp issued with "Bushire Under British Occupation" seal;

Britain's action was the beginning of the series of struggles of the Tangestanis along with the help of Wassmuss against the occupation of Bushehr. One of the noteworthy points in the occupation of Bushehr was that the British sealed the stamps with their desired title. On these stamp it was written: "Bushire Under British Occupation". It is said that until the end of the occupation of Bushehr in October 1915, some types of this stamp were printed.

In this invasion, the British forces disarmed the local Gendarmerie forces of Bushehr, seized three Iranian vessels stationed in the Bushehr port including the Mozaffari frigate, and armed boats named "Azerbaijan" and "Mazandaran". Also the British forces raised the British flag over the seat of government of Bushehr (Amiriyeh Building).

British military actions in Bushehr

The command and logistics center of the British army's operations in Mesopotamia (against the Ottoman Empire) was Bushehr; Therefore, the control of this area was very important for the British. The British blocked the entry bottlenecks to Bushehr by installing trenches, guard posts, artillery and barbed wire. Those who peacefully protested the occupation were arrested and deported to India.

See also

• Capture of Ormuz
• Abadan Crisis
• Treaty of Paris (1857)
• Iran–United Kingdom relations
• British military network in Iran
• Postage stamps of Bushire under British occupation