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'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en}}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael''', was an American citizen and a [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media|title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |date=2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref>
'''David Allen Bawden''' (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),<ref name="obituary">{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Father David A. Bawden |url=https://www.davidsonfuneral.com/obituary/father-david-bawden?lud=567DBD3E5EB0CE7C300BDF852AC09EFE |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=www.davidsonfuneral.com |publisher=Davidson Funeral Home |language=en}}</ref> who took the name '''Pope Michael''', was an American citizen and a [[Conclavism|conclavist]] claimant to the [[papacy]]. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary">{{Cite AV media|title=Pope Michael |people=Fairholm, Adam (director) |type=Documentary |date=2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b96WxyxPfOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b96WxyxPfOY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref>


In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958.<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref> In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.
In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six [[laity|laypeople]], including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the [[Catholic Church]] had [[Apostasy|apostatized]] from the Catholic faith since [[Vatican II]], and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1958.<ref name="Melton 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |title=Catholic Church (Pope Michael I) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement |date=1994 |location=Detroit |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |isbn=978-0-8103-8818-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000melt_l0j4/page/n15/mode/2up |page=1}}</ref> In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an [[Independent Catholic]] bishop.


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Line 53: Line 53:
Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on October 9, 1958, were [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernists]], heretics, and [[apostates]], and that, therefore, their elections were [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|invalid]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite book|title=What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America|first=Thomas|last=Frank|author-link=Thomas Frank|chapter=Antipopes among us|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217 217–224]|publisher=Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-7339-3|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217}}</ref> He considered them to have incurred ''[[latae sententiae]]'' (automatic) [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]] for violating not only [[Pope Pius X]]'s laws on modernism, but also the laws of God.<ref name="Frank" />
Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on October 9, 1958, were [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernists]], heretics, and [[apostates]], and that, therefore, their elections were [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|invalid]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite book|title=What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America|first=Thomas|last=Frank|author-link=Thomas Frank|chapter=Antipopes among us|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217 217–224]|publisher=Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-7339-3|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithk00fran/page/217}}</ref> He considered them to have incurred ''[[latae sententiae]]'' (automatic) [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]] for violating not only [[Pope Pius X]]'s laws on modernism, but also the laws of God.<ref name="Frank" />


On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other former adherents of the SSPX held a [[papal conclave]] at the Bawden family's thrift store in [[Belvue, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/><ref name="Allen 2004">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John L. |title=Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election |date=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Image/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-50453-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/conclavepolitics0000alle/page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–3}}</ref> Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group elects area man pope |url=https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up |work=Kansas State Collegian |agency=Associated Press |volume=96 |number=164 |date=19 July 1990 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin|title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind|year=2011|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMm30y9a1G0C&pg=PA104|isbn=9780674059016}}</ref> He styled himself "Michael I" after [[Saint Michael the Archangel]].<ref name="Fruhling 1990">{{cite news |last1=Fruhling |first1=Larry |title=Papal pretender twits the real one |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7878844/pope-michael/ |work=The Des Moines Register |date=4 November 1990 |pages=1}}</ref> Bawden had invited hundreds of [[Independent Catholic]] bishops and [[sedevacantists]] to the election, but none attended.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php|url-status=live|access-date=March 24, 2021|website=Vatican in Exile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110029/https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php |archive-date=January 16, 2021 }}</ref> As Bawden had never been ordained a priest, he was unable to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].<ref name="Allen 2004"/>
On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other former adherents of the SSPX held a [[papal conclave]] at the Bawden family's thrift store in [[Belvue, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/><ref name="Allen 2004">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John L. |author-link=John L. Allen Jr. |title=Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election |date=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Image/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-50453-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/conclavepolitics0000alle/page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–3}}</ref> Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group elects area man pope |url=https://archive.org/details/KSULKSColl198990V96N154166/page/n91/mode/2up |work=Kansas State Collegian |agency=Associated Press |volume=96 |number=164 |date=19 July 1990 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin |author-link=Robin Fox |title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind|year=2011|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMm30y9a1G0C&pg=PA104|isbn=9780674059016}}</ref> He styled himself "Michael I" after [[Saint Michael the Archangel]].<ref name="Fruhling 1990">{{cite news |last1=Fruhling |first1=Larry |title=Papal pretender twits the real one |url= |work=The Des Moines Register |date=4 November 1990 |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7878844/pope-michael/ 1A], [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132253416/ 9A]}}</ref> Bawden had invited hundreds of [[Independent Catholic]] bishops and [[sedevacantists]] to the election, but none attended.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php|url-status=live|access-date=March 24, 2021|website=Vatican in Exile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110029/https://www.vaticaninexile.com/frequently_asked_questions.php |archive-date=January 16, 2021 }}</ref> As Bawden had never been ordained a priest, he was unable to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].<ref name="Allen 2004"/>


==Later years and death==
==Later years and death==


After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.<ref name="Allen 2004"/> In 1993 they relocated to [[Delia, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/> His father died in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Bawden, Kennett |url=http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |website=Rossville Kansas Genealogy }}</ref> Bawden established a presence on the internet as an [[antipope|alternative claimant to the papacy]];<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Last |first1=Jonathan V. |title=God on the Internet |work=[[First Things]] |date=December 2005 |issue=158 |pages=34-40 |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |issn=1047-5141 |language=en}}</ref> in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary"/> He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.<ref name="oral history"/> In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, ''Pope Michael''.<ref>{{citation|work=[[First Things]]|publisher=Institute on Religion and Public Life|title=We have a Pope, but not that one|author=David Mills|author-link=David Mills (editor)|date=February 28, 2012|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Leven |first1=Benjamin |title=Die vielen Körper des Papstes: „Die zwei Päpste“ und „The New Pope“ |url=https://www.herder.de/hk/hefte/archiv/2020/2-2020/die-vielen-koerper-des-papstes-die-zwei-paepste-und-the-new-pope/ |work=Herder Korrespondenz |volume=74 |issue=2 |date=February 2020 |pages=25–28}}</ref>
After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.<ref name="Allen 2004"/> In 1993 they relocated to [[Delia, Kansas]].<ref name="Melton 1994"/> His father died in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Bawden, Kennett |url=http://genealogy.rossvillelibrary.org/showmedia.php?mediaID=250 |website=Rossville Kansas Genealogy |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Bawden established a presence on the internet as an [[antipope|alternative claimant to the papacy]];<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Last |first1=Jonathan V. |author-link=Jonathan V. Last |title=God on the Internet |work=[[First Things]] |date=December 2005 |issue=158 |pages=34-40 |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/12/god-on-the-internet |issn=1047-5141 |language=en}}</ref> in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".<ref name="documentary"/> He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.<ref name="oral history"/> In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, ''Pope Michael''.<ref>{{citation|work=[[First Things]]|publisher=Institute on Religion and Public Life|title=We have a Pope, but not that one|last=Mills |first=David |author-link=David Mills (editor)|date=February 28, 2012|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/02/we-have-a-pope-but-not-that-one/}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Leven |first1=Benjamin |title=Die vielen Körper des Papstes: „Die zwei Päpste“ und „The New Pope“ |url=https://www.herder.de/hk/hefte/archiv/2020/2-2020/die-vielen-koerper-des-papstes-die-zwei-paepste-und-the-new-pope/ |work=Herder Korrespondenz |volume=74 |issue=2 |date=February 2020 |pages=25–28}}</ref>


Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an [[Independent Catholic]] ''[[episcopi vagantes|episcopus vagans]]'', Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the [[Carlos Duarte Costa|Duarte-Costa]] and [[Old Catholic]] episcopal lineages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jarvis|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|title=God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB|year=2018|publisher=Apocryphile Press|pages=169|isbn=9781947826908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LPwAEACAAJ&q=god+land+and+freedom}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Phil |title=Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile |url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Bawden said that he was able to [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|validly]] confect Catholic sacraments, offer the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, because the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages are valid in the eyes of the church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bawden |first1=David |title=Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael |url=http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |website=Pope Michael |date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref>
Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an [[Independent Catholic]] ''[[episcopi vagantes|episcopus vagans]]'', Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the [[Carlos Duarte Costa|Duarte-Costa]] and [[Old Catholic]] episcopal lineages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jarvis|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author)|title=God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB|year=2018|publisher=Apocryphile Press|pages=169|isbn=9781947826908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LPwAEACAAJ&q=god+land+and+freedom}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Phil |title=Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile |url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2012/01/13/kansas-pope-leads-flock-exile/16445661007/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Bawden said that he was able to [[Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)|validly]] confect Catholic sacraments, offer the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, because the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages are valid in the eyes of the church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bawden |first1=David |title=Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael |url=http://pope-michael.com/pope-michael/summary-of-the-position/validity-of-the-ordination-and-consecration-of-pope-michael/ |website=Pope-Michael.com |date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref>


On July 10, 2022, the conclave's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.<ref name="sick">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1546136634772652035 |title=Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma.}} </ref> Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="died">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1554621541937291264 |title=Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP}}</ref>
On July 10, 2022, the conclave's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.<ref name="sick">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1546136634772652035 |title=Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma.}} </ref> Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="died">{{Cite tweet |author=#Vatican in Exile |user=Francis5Domini3 |number=1554621541937291264 |title=Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:11, 4 August 2022

David Bawden
Papacy beganJuly 16, 1990
Papacy endedAugust 2, 2022
Opposed toJohn Paul II
Benedict XVI
Francis
Orders
OrdinationDecember 11, 2011
by Robert Biarnesen
ConsecrationDecember 11, 2011
by Robert Biarnesen
Personal details
Born(1959-09-22)September 22, 1959
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
DiedAugust 2, 2022(2022-08-02) (aged 62)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Ordination history
History
Diaconal ordination
Ordained byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011
Priestly ordination
Ordained byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated byRobert Biarnesen
DateDecember 11, 2011

David Allen Bawden (September 22, 1959 – August 2, 2022),[1] who took the name Pope Michael, was an American citizen and a conclavist claimant to the papacy. He stated in 2009 that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".[2]

In 1990 Bawden was elected pope by a group of six laypeople, including himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the Catholic Church had apostatized from the Catholic faith since Vatican II, and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958.[3] In 2011, he was ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop by an Independent Catholic bishop.

Early life and education

Bawden was born in 1959 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Clara (née Barton) and Kennett Bawden.[1][4][5] He attended elementary school and high school in Oklahoma City.[4] He had one brother.[5]

Bawden's parents were Traditionalist Catholics who rejected Vatican II.[6] In the mid-1970s, he and his family became followers of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX).[7] Bawden entered the SSPX seminary in Écône, Switzerland, in 1977, then transferred to Saint Joseph's Priory in Armada, Michigan. He was dismissed in 1978.[6][7] His family subsequently moved to St. Marys, Kansas, where the SSPX ran Saint Mary's Academy and College. Bawden worked for the school and his brother attended it.[8] In 1981 Bawden broke with the SSPX.[3] Prior to claiming the papacy, he worked as a real estate agent and furniture maker.[9]

Claim to the papacy

See also: Conclavism

Bawden believed that all the popes since the death of Pope Pius XII on October 9, 1958, were modernists, heretics, and apostates, and that, therefore, their elections were invalid.[10] He considered them to have incurred latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication for violating not only Pope Pius X's laws on modernism, but also the laws of God.[10]

On July 16, 1990, Bawden, his parents, and three other former adherents of the SSPX held a papal conclave at the Bawden family's thrift store in Belvue, Kansas.[3][11] Bawden, then aged 30, was elected pope.[12][13] He styled himself "Michael I" after Saint Michael the Archangel.[9] Bawden had invited hundreds of Independent Catholic bishops and sedevacantists to the election, but none attended.[14] As Bawden had never been ordained a priest, he was unable to celebrate Mass.[11]

Later years and death

After the election, Bawden continued living at home with his parents.[11] In 1993 they relocated to Delia, Kansas.[3] His father died in 1995.[15] Bawden established a presence on the internet as an alternative claimant to the papacy;[16] in 2009 he stated that he had approximately 30 "solid followers".[2] He supported himself through donations and by republishing out-of-print religious literature.[7] In 2010, the independent filmmaker Adam Fairholm released a feature-length documentary about him, Pope Michael.[17][18]

Bawden announced that he had been ordained a priest and then consecrated a bishop on December 11, 2011, by an Independent Catholic episcopus vagans, Bishop Robert Biarnesen of the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic episcopal lineages.[19][20] Bawden said that he was able to validly confect Catholic sacraments, offer the Mass, ordain other men to the priesthood, and consecrate them as bishops, because the Duarte-Costa and Old Catholic lineages are valid in the eyes of the church.[21]

On July 10, 2022, the conclave's Twitter account posted that Bawden had to have emergency surgery and was in a coma.[22] Bawden died on August 2, 2022, in Kansas City, Missouri.[1][23]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Obituary for Father David A. Bawden". www.davidsonfuneral.com. Davidson Funeral Home. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Fairholm, Adam (director) (2010). Pope Michael (Documentary). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Melton, J. Gordon (1994). "Catholic Church (Pope Michael I)". Encyclopedia of American Religions: Fourth Edition Supplement. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8103-8818-5.
  4. ^ a b Seba, Erwin (July 23, 1990). "'Pope' explains theological conflicts". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 165. pp. 1, 5.
  5. ^ a b Henning, Sarah (October 17, 2009). "The gospel of Pope Michael: Kansan stakes own claim to Catholic Church". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Brisendine, Steve (May 30, 2005). "Despite few followers, 'Pope Michael' holds to beliefs". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Bawden, David; Asadi, Torang (September 2, 2010). Pope Michael Oral History. Religious Studies Department, University of Kansas.
  8. ^ Crumbo, Christine (August 17, 1990). "Kansas worshippers secede, elect pope". Miami Herald. Knight-Ridder News Service.
  9. ^ a b Fruhling, Larry (November 4, 1990). "Papal pretender twits the real one". The Des Moines Register. pp. 1A, 9A.
  10. ^ a b Frank, Thomas (2004). "Antipopes among us". What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. Macmillan. pp. 217–224. ISBN 978-0-8050-7339-3.
  11. ^ a b c Allen, John L. (2004). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. New York: Image/Doubleday. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-385-50453-9.
  12. ^ "Group elects area man pope". Kansas State Collegian. Vol. 96, no. 164. Associated Press. July 19, 1990. p. 8.
  13. ^ Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674059016.
  14. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Vatican in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  15. ^ "Obituary: Bawden, Kennett". Rossville Kansas Genealogy. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  16. ^ Last, Jonathan V. (December 2005). "God on the Internet". First Things. No. 158. pp. 34–40. ISSN 1047-5141.
  17. ^ Mills, David (February 28, 2012), "We have a Pope, but not that one", First Things, Institute on Religion and Public Life
  18. ^ Leven, Benjamin (February 2020). "Die vielen Körper des Papstes: „Die zwei Päpste" und „The New Pope"". Herder Korrespondenz. Vol. 74, no. 2. pp. 25–28.
  19. ^ Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: the true story of ICAB. Apocryphile Press. p. 169. ISBN 9781947826908.
  20. ^ Anderson, Phil (January 13, 2012). "Kansas 'pope' leads a flock in exile". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  21. ^ Bawden, David (November 2, 2016). "Validity of The Ordination and Consecration of Pope Michael". Pope-Michael.com. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  22. ^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (July 10, 2022). "Please keep His Holiness Pope Michael in your prayers. He had emergency brain surgery this evening. Blood was found on the brain. For the time being he is being kept in a coma" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  23. ^ #Vatican in Exile [@Francis5Domini3] (August 3, 2022). "Today at 10:18 Pope Michael passed on into eternity. RIP" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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