List of macronutrients: Difference between revisions
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===Alcohol=== |
===Alcohol=== |
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Alcohol is not considered as a nutrient. Alcohol does not support growth, maintenance, or repair the body. Alcohol can yield energy, but it inhibits the absorption of vital nutrients such as vitamin B1, vitamin B12, folic acid, and zinc. |
Alcohol is not considered as a nutrient. Alcohol does not support growth, maintenance, or repair the body. Alcohol can yield energy, but it inhibits the absorption of vital nutrients such as vitamin B1, vitamin B12, folic acid, and zinc. Alcohol is “empty calorie”, which means that alcohol does not provide any nutritional benefits to the body. |
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* [[Alcoholic drink#Food energy|Ethanol]] |
* [[Alcoholic drink#Food energy|Ethanol]] |
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Revision as of 21:25, 7 August 2022
This list is a categorization of the most common food components based on their macronutrients. Macronutrients can refer to the chemical substances that humans consume in the largest quantities (See Nutrient)
Macronutrients that provide energy
There are three principal classes of macronutrients: carbohydrate, protein, and fat.[1] Macronutrients are defined as a class of chemical compounds which humans consume in relatively large quantities compared to vitamins and minerals, and which provide humans with energy. Fat has a food energy content of 38 kilojoules per gram (9 kilocalories per gram) and proteins and carbohydrates 17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g).[2]
Water makes up a large proportion of the total mass ingested as part of a normal diet, but it does not provide any nutritional value. Ethanol provides calories, but alcohol is not a nutrient.
Carbohydrates
- Glucose
- Sucrose
- Ribose
- Amylose (a major component of starch)
- Amylopectin
- Maltose
- Galactose
- Fructose
- Lactose
Protein
Essential and non-essential amino acids
Fats
Saturated (i.e., stable)[3] fatty acids
- Acetic acid (C2)
- Propionic acid (C3)
- Butyric acid (C4)
- Valeric acid (C5)
- Caproic acid (C6)
- Caprylic acid (C8)
- Capric acid (C10)
- Lauric acid (C12)
- Myristic acid (C14)
- Pentadecanoic acid (C15)
- Palmitic acid (C16)
- Margaric acid (C17)
- Stearic acid (C18)
- Arachidic acid (C20)
- Behenic acid (C22)
- Lignoceric acid (C24)
- Cerotic acid (C26)
Monounsaturated (i.e., semi-stable) fatty acids
Polyunsaturated (i.e., unstable) fatty acids
- Linoleic acid (LA) - an essential fatty acid
- α-Linolenic acid (ALA) - an essential fatty acid
- Stearidonic acid (SDA)
- Gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA)
- Arachidonic acid (AA)
- Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)
- Timnodonic acid (EPA)
- Clupanodonic acid (DPA)
- Cervonic acid (DHA)
Essential fatty acids
- α-Linolenic acid ALA (18:3) omega-3 fatty acid
- Linoleic acid LA (18:2) omega-6 fatty acid
Alcohol
Alcohol is not considered as a nutrient. Alcohol does not support growth, maintenance, or repair the body. Alcohol can yield energy, but it inhibits the absorption of vital nutrients such as vitamin B1, vitamin B12, folic acid, and zinc. Alcohol is “empty calorie”, which means that alcohol does not provide any nutritional benefits to the body.
Macronutrients that do not provide energy
Water
Water is the most important substance for life on Earth. It provides the medium in which all metabolic processes proceed. As such it is necessary for the absorption of macronutrients, but it provides no nutritional value in and of itself. Water often contains naturally occurring micronutrients such as calcium and salts, and others can be introduced to the water supply such as chlorine and fluoride for various purposes such as sanitation or dental health.
Fiber
Dietary fiber from fruits, vegetables and grain foods. Insoluble dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract, but is important in maintaining the bulk of a bowel movement to avoid constipation.[4] Soluble fiber can be metabolized by bacteria residing in the large intestine.[5][6][7] Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a prebiotic function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria.[8] Bacterial metabolism of soluble fiber also produces short-chain fatty acids like butyric acid, which may be absorbed into intestinal cells as a source of food energy.[5][6][7]
- cellulose
- methyl cellulose
- hemicellulose
- lignans
- plant waxes
- resistant starches
- beta-glucans
- pectins
- natural gums
- inulin
- oligosaccharides
See also
References
- ^ Prentice, Andrew M (October 2005). "Macronutrients as sources of food energy". Public Health Nutrition. 8 (7a): 932–939. doi:10.1079/PHN2005779. PMID 16277812.
- ^ "Chapter 3: Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "Nutrition in Preventative Medicine". Health Science Center, University of Texas. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "High-Fiber Diet - Colon & Rectal Surgery Associates". www.colonrectal.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ a b Vital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM (April 2014). "Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data". mBio. 5 (2): e00889. doi:10.1128/mBio.00889-14. PMC 3994512. PMID 24757212.
- ^ a b Lupton JR (February 2004). "Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (2): 479–82. doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.479. PMID 14747692.
- ^ a b Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN (February 2001). "Prebiotic digestion and fermentation". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73 (2 Suppl): 415S–420S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.415s. PMID 11157351.
- ^ Brownawell AM, Caers W, Gibson GR, Kendall CW, Lewis KD, Ringel Y, Slavin JL (May 2012). "Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals". The Journal of Nutrition. 142 (5): 962–74. doi:10.3945/jn.112.158147. PMID 22457389.