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=== Construction ===
=== Construction ===
On October 1, 1898, bidding began on the construction of the new monitors, with the [[Newport News Shipbuilding|Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]] ultimately being contracted to build Arkansas for a price of $860,000.<ref name=":0" /> Despite reports stating that she would be laid down in early 1899,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 8, 1899 |title=Work on Battleships and Monitors |pages=10 |work=[[Virginian-Pilot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1899 |title=WORK IN OUR YARD AT PRESENT |pages=5 |work=[[The Sun (New York City)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 28, 1899 |title=BUILDING MANY SHIPS |pages=2 |work=[[The Washington Weekly Post]]}}</ref> construction wouldn’t begin on ''Arkansas'' until August of that year, with its keel being laid in November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 22, 1899 |title=THE MONITOR ARKANSAS |pages=4 |work=[[The Evening Times (Washington D.C.)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1899 |title=MONITOR ARKANSAS |pages=1 |work=[[Daily Arkansas Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=United States Navy |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=rXijAAAAMAAJ&q=USS+Ozark&redir_esc=y |title=Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels, 1911- |date=1914 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=53 |language=en}}</ref> Her sister ships, [[USS Florida (BM-9)|Florida]], [[USS Wyoming (BM-10)|Wyoming]], and [[USS Nevada (BM-8)|Connecticut]] (later Nevada), had all begun being built much earlier, though the construction on these three would also be slow as all companies contracted had many other projects. Newport News Shipbuilding in particular had many ships in the process of being built, such as the [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnought]] battleships [[USS Kearsarge (BB-5)|Kearsarge]], [[USS Kentucky (BB-6)|Kentucky]], [[USS Illinois (BB-7)|Illinois]], and [[USS Missouri (BB-11)|Missouri]], as well as six commercial vessels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 25, 1899 |title=AMERICA'S NEW NAVY |pages=6 |work=[[Transcript-Telegram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 1, 1899 |title=OUR FLAG ON THE OCEAN |pages=8 |work=[[Muncie Evening Press]]}}</ref>
On October 1, 1898, bidding began on the construction of the new monitors, with the [[Newport News Shipbuilding|Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]] ultimately being contracted to build Arkansas for a price of $860,000, though this was later increased to $960,000 following the aforementioned changes to monitors design.<ref name=":0" /> Despite reports stating that she would be laid down in early 1899,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 8, 1899 |title=Work on Battleships and Monitors |pages=10 |work=[[Virginian-Pilot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1899 |title=WORK IN OUR YARD AT PRESENT |pages=5 |work=[[The Sun (New York City)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 28, 1899 |title=BUILDING MANY SHIPS |pages=2 |work=[[The Washington Weekly Post]]}}</ref> construction wouldn’t begin on ''Arkansas'' until August of that year, with its keel being laid in November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 22, 1899 |title=THE MONITOR ARKANSAS |pages=4 |work=[[The Evening Times (Washington D.C.)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1899 |title=MONITOR ARKANSAS |pages=1 |work=[[Daily Arkansas Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=United States Navy |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=rXijAAAAMAAJ&q=USS+Ozark&redir_esc=y |title=Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels, 1911- |date=1914 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=53 |language=en}}</ref> Her sister ships, [[USS Florida (BM-9)|Florida]], [[USS Wyoming (BM-10)|Wyoming]], and [[USS Nevada (BM-8)|Connecticut]] (later Nevada), had all begun being built much earlier, though the construction on these three would also be slow as all companies contracted had many other projects. Newport News Shipbuilding in particular had many ships in the process of being built, such as the [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnought]] battleships [[USS Kearsarge (BB-5)|Kearsarge]], [[USS Kentucky (BB-6)|Kentucky]], [[USS Illinois (BB-7)|Illinois]], and [[USS Missouri (BB-11)|Missouri]], as well as six commercial vessels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 25, 1899 |title=AMERICA'S NEW NAVY |pages=6 |work=[[Transcript-Telegram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 1, 1899 |title=OUR FLAG ON THE OCEAN |pages=8 |work=[[Muncie Evening Press]]}}</ref>


=== Launch ===
=== Launch ===

Revision as of 15:30, 21 August 2022

For other ships with the same name, see USS Arkansas and USS Ozark.

USS Arkansas (M-7), fitting out at Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., 1 July 1902. Her armament is completely installed and the ship is only four months away from commissioning. The ship in the background is the battleship Missouri.
History
United States
Name
  • Arkansas (1899–1909)
  • Ozark (1909–1922)
Namesake
Ordered4 May 1898
Awarded11 October 1899
BuilderNewport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia
Cost$1,110,025 (hull and machinery)
Laid down18 November 1899
Launched10 November 1900
Sponsored byBobbie Newton Jones
Acquired8 September 1902
Commissioned28 October 1902
Decommissioned20 August 1919
RenamedOzark, 2 March 1909
Identification
Honors and
awards		Mexican Service Medal
FateSold, 26 January 1922
General characteristics
TypeArkansas-class monitor
Displacement
  • 3,225 long tons (3,277 t) (standard)
  • 3,356 long tons (3,410 t) (full load)
Length
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draft12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) (mean)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed
  • 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) (design)
  • 12.03 kn (22.28 km/h; 13.84 mph) (on trial)
Complement13 officers 209 men
Armament
Armor

The second USS Arkansas, was a single-turreted "New Navy" monitor and one of the last monitors built for the United States Navy. Arkansas was ordered on 4 May 1898 and awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company on 11 October 1899.[1] She was laid down just over a month later on 18 November 1899. Arkansas was launched almost a year later on 10 November 1900, sponsored by Bobbie N. Jones;[2] but not commissioned for another two years, on 28 October 1902,[3] with Commander Charles E. Vreeland in command.[2]

This last class of monitors had been designed and built because of public demand for coastal defense before the Spanish–American War. By the time they were built and commissioned their purpose had passed. They didn't fit into the Navy's new purpose and so they bounced around from one different assignment to another. In 1909, the ship was renamed Ozark so that her name could be used for a new battleship. Ozark and her sisters were refitted as submarine tenders in 1913 because of their low freeboards.[4]

Design

Main article: Arkansas-class monitor

The Arkansas-class monitors had been designed to combine a heavy striking power with easy concealment and negligible target area. They had a displacement of 3,225 long tons (3,277 t; 3,612 short tons), measured 255 ft 1 in (77.75 m) in overall length, with a beam of 50 ft 1 in (15.27 m) and a draft of 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m). She was manned by a total crew of 13 officers and 209 men.[5]

Arkansas was powered by two vertical triple expansion engines driving two screw propellers with steam generated by four Thornycroft boilers.[6] The engines in Arkansas were designed to produce 2,400 indicated horsepower (1,800 kW) with a top speed of 12.5 kn (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph), however, on sea trials she was only able to produce 1,739 ihp (1,297 kW) with a top speed of 12.03 kn (22.28 km/h; 13.84 mph).[7] Arkansas was designed to provide a range of 2,360 nautical miles (4,370 km; 2,720 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph).[5]

The ship was armed with a main battery of two 12-inch (305 mm)/40 caliber guns, either Mark 3 or Mark 4, in a Mark 4 turret.[8][9][5] The secondary battery consisted of four 4-inch (102 mm)/50 caliber Mark 7 guns[10] along with three 57 mm (2.2 in) Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder guns. The main belt armor was 11 in (280 mm) in the middle tapering to 5 in (130 mm) at the ends. The armor on the gun turrets was between 10 and 9 in (250 and 230 mm), with 11 to 9 in (280 to 230 mm) barbettes. Arkansas also had a 1.5 in (38 mm) thick deck.[5]

Construction

Ozark (M-7) in October 1915, Pensacola, Florida.

Background

The story of Arkansas would first begin on May 4, 1898, when the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Appropriations Act of 1898. The act included the appropriation of 5 million dollars to build a new class of four new Monitors for the Navy, each to cost a maximum of $1,250,000.[11] This came about from the call for more coastal defense vessels in the lead-up to and during the Spanish-American War. While the war with Spain almost guaranteed Congress would authorize their construction, as the act was passed less than two weeks after the war was declared, it would also be this conflict that nearly derailed the new monitors entirely. Less than a month after the ships were successfully contracted, reports were received from Rear Admiral William T. Sampson that sharply criticized the Monitors under his command in the lead-up to and during the Bombardment of San Juan.[12] Sampson reported that the Monitors were inefficient due to their slow speed, which greatly hindered his operations, and he noted the poor accuracy of there guns, all of which convinced him operations would have gone smoother had the monitors not been sent out at all.[13][14]

In November, Secretary of the Navy John D. Long responded to the criticism by ordering all construction of the monitors to be halted while new changes were to be decided upon. Fortunately, the new ships were just beginning to be built, so any modifications wouldn't be hard to implement. In the end, very few changes would actually be made to the original designs with the biggest being a relatively slight increase in displacement and coal capacity, as well as lengthening the ship by another 30 feet.[15][16]

Construction

On October 1, 1898, bidding began on the construction of the new monitors, with the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company ultimately being contracted to build Arkansas for a price of $860,000, though this was later increased to $960,000 following the aforementioned changes to monitors design.[12] Despite reports stating that she would be laid down in early 1899,[17][18][19] construction wouldn’t begin on Arkansas until August of that year, with its keel being laid in November.[20][21][22] Her sister ships, Florida, Wyoming, and Connecticut (later Nevada), had all begun being built much earlier, though the construction on these three would also be slow as all companies contracted had many other projects. Newport News Shipbuilding in particular had many ships in the process of being built, such as the pre-dreadnought battleships Kearsarge, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri, as well as six commercial vessels.[23][24]

Launch

A year after her keel was laid, she was launched at Newport News on November 10, 1900.[22] Reportedly 5,000 people viewed the launch, which was attended by Governors Jones and Tyler, both of Arkansas and Virginia respectively. Bobbie Newton Jones, the daughter of the Arkansas Governor, sponsored the ship. Arkansas was released from the slipways at 11:33, and, as the ship slowly slid into the James River, Ms. Jones proceeded to break the champagne bottle against the bow of the ship and stated, “I christen thee Arkansas.”[25][26] Arkansas entered the water without “leaning starboard or port” according to one account, and the launch was a success.[27]

Sea Trials

Construction of Arkansas would continue steadily throughout 1901, with the ship being described as roughly halfway completed by spring.[28][29][30] Aside from a strike at the Newport News Shipyard in the summer, which resulted in extra guards being posted around the various ships in construction, including Arkansas, work would continue unabated for another year.[31][32] On April 15, 1902, Arkansas underwent her first dock trial which was a success, with her machinery operating without any major problems.[33][34] Her building test took place on July 17th, in which she was taken to the outskirts of the Virginia Capes for a few hours, and again all machinery was reported as working and the ship managed a speed slightly higher than the required 11 ½ knots.[35][36] On August 6th, Arkansas had its official speed trial at the Barren Island course in the Chesapeake bay, averaging a speed of slightly over 12.2 knots for over an hour, surpassing the minimum speed needed for the trail by .7 knots.[37][38][39]

Commissioning

With the completion of all of her trials, Arkansas was turned over to the Navy on September 6 and taken to the Portsmouth Naval Yard where she arrived shortly thereafter.[40][41][42] Arkansas was placed under the command of Charles E. Vreeland, who had been assigned to the ship in August to oversee its fitting.[43] Prior to this Vreeland had served on a number of ships and was a member of the Board of Inspection and Survey, after which he became a commander.[44][45] On October 28, 1902, Arkansas was officially commissioned into the United States Navy after a small ceremony in the afternoon, which ended with the American Flag being raised over the ship.[46] Despite having her Keel laid down months after her sister ships she would be the first of the Arkansas-Class Monitors to enter the Navy.[22]

Service History

After shakedown, Arkansas' first duty was with the US Naval Academy in 1902 as an instruction and cruise ship for midshipmen. She was then assigned to the Coast Squadron, North Atlantic Fleet, and cruised off the east coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the West Indies from 1903 to 1906. In 1906 she was once again assigned to the Naval Academy for instructional purposes until 1909.[2]

She was renamed Ozark, 2 March 1909, so her name could be used for the new battleship USS Arkansas. She was assigned to the District of Columbia Naval Militia from 26 June 1910 until 6 March 1913, when she was recalled to the Norfolk Naval Yard to begin refitting, later that month, as a submarine tender. Ozark began her new duties as a tender on 12 July. In April 1914, Ozark participated in the United States occupation of Mexico, during the "Tampico Affair", which later made her sailors eligible for the Mexican Service Medal. On 13 October 1915, she arrived in New London, Connecticut, where the Navy established its first submarine base.[2]

Ozark was ordered to SubDiv 6, Atlantic Fleet, 6 April 1917 and soon proceeded back to Tampico, Mexico where she cruised off the coast protecting American and Allied shipping interests. She sailed for New Orleans, 18 December 1918, after which she cruised off Key West, Central America and the Panama Canal Zone.[2]

She returned to Hampton Roads 23 June 1919 and then on to Philadelphia, on 20 August, where she was decommissioned. When the US Navy went to two letter designators in 1920 she was redesignated BM-7 on 17 July. Ozark was sold, 26 January 1922 for scrapping.[2][47]

References

  1. ^ Ships' Data 1914, pp. 52–53.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Ford 2008.
  3. ^ Ships' Data 1914.
  4. ^ Friedman 1985, pp. 409, 411.
  5. ^ a b c d Friedman 1985, p. 452.
  6. ^ Ships' Data 1914, p. 50.
  7. ^ Ships' Data 1914, pp. 49–50.
  8. ^ Friedman 2011.
  9. ^ DiGiulian 12"/40 2015.
  10. ^ DiGiulian 4"/50 2015.
  11. ^ "theNavyCWO.com - Naval Appropriations Act of 1898". www.thenavycwo.com. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  12. ^ a b "BIDS FOR MONITORS". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2 October 1898. p. 4.
  13. ^ "THE SAMPSON REPORT". The Inquirer (Lancaster, Pennsylvania). 5 November 1898. p. 12.
  14. ^ "SAMPSON'S REPORT". Fall River Daily Evening News. 28 October 1898. p. 5.
  15. ^ "FOUR NEW MONITORS WILL BE LONGER THAN WAS AT FIRST EXPECTED". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 18 November 1898. p. 6.
  16. ^ "CONSTRUCTION OF MONITORS". The San Francisco Call. 24 November 1898. p. 9.
  17. ^ "Work on Battleships and Monitors". Virginian-Pilot. 8 January 1899. p. 10.
  18. ^ "WORK IN OUR YARD AT PRESENT". The Sun (New York City). 26 January 1899. p. 5.
  19. ^ "BUILDING MANY SHIPS". The Washington Weekly Post. 28 March 1899. p. 2.
  20. ^ "THE MONITOR ARKANSAS". The Evening Times (Washington D.C.). 22 August 1899. p. 4.
  21. ^ "MONITOR ARKANSAS". Daily Arkansas Gazette. 22 November 1899. p. 1.
  22. ^ a b c Dept, United States Navy (1914). Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels, 1911-. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 53.
  23. ^ "AMERICA'S NEW NAVY". Transcript-Telegram. 25 April 1899. p. 6.
  24. ^ "OUR FLAG ON THE OCEAN". Muncie Evening Press. 1 February 1899. p. 8.
  25. ^ "MONITOR ARKANSAS". Arkansas Democrat. 10 November 1900. p. 1.
  26. ^ "LAUNCHING OF MONITOR ARKANSAS". Virginian-Pilot. 11 November 1900. p. 1.
  27. ^ ""ARKANSAS" IS LAUNCHED". Daily Arkansas Gazette. 11 November 1900. p. 1.
  28. ^ "LIVE TOPICS AROUND TOWN". The Evening Times (Washington D.C.). 19 March 1901. p. 5.
  29. ^ "STATUS OF WARSHIPS". The Philadelphia Times. 15 May 1901. p. 7.
  30. ^ "VARIOUS NOTS OF THE NAVY". The Honolulu Advertiser. 17 May 1901. p. 3.
  31. ^ "NEWPORT NEWS SHIPYARD". The Baltimore Sun. 18 June 1901. p. 8.
  32. ^ "GUARDING THE BATTLESHIPS". The Atlanta Constitution. 1 July 1901. p. 1.
  33. ^ "AMONG THE WARSHIPS". Richmond Dispatch. 15 April 1902. p. 2.
  34. ^ "WANT LARGER SHIPS". The Daily Times (Richmond, Virginia). 15 April 1902. p. 3.
  35. ^ "NEWPORT NEWS". The Norfolk Landmark. 18 July 1902. p. 1.
  36. ^ "BUILDERS' TRIAL OF MONITOR ARKANSAS". [[The Evening Times (Washington D.C.). 18 July 1902. p. 2.
  37. ^ "MONITOR ARKANSAS". The Commercial Appeal. 7 August 1902. p. 3.
  38. ^ "MONITOR ARKANSAS EXCEEDS SPEED LIMIT". The Evening Times (Washington D.C.). 8 August 1902. p. 3.
  39. ^ "MONITOR ARKANSAS EXCEEDS THE DEMANDS". Richmond Dispatch. 8 August 1902. p. 3.
  40. ^ "A NEW NAVAL DEPARTURE". Richmond Dispatch. 7 September 1902. p. 11.
  41. ^ "New Monitor Arkansas Arrives". The Norfolk Landmark. 7 September 1902. p. 2.
  42. ^ "Arkansas Delivered". The Daily Times (Richmond, Virginia). 9 September 1902. p. 8.
  43. ^ "Newport News Officials". Richmond Dispatch. 2 August 1902. p. 2.
  44. ^ "Vreeland (DE-1068)". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  45. ^ "WILL GO INTO COMMISSION". Evening Star (Washington D.C.). 13 October 1902. p. 2.
  46. ^ "ARKANSAS COMMISSIONED". Virginian-Pilot. 29 October 1902. p. 8.
  47. ^ Yarnall 2016.

Bibliography

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