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When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.<ref>Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.</ref> This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the ''pectoralis major ''and ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the ''pectoralis major'' to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the [[subscapularis]], pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the ''[[infraspinatus]]'' and ''[[teres minor]]'', also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.
When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.<ref>Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.</ref> This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the ''pectoralis major ''and ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the ''pectoralis major'' to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the [[subscapularis]], pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the ''[[infraspinatus]]'' and ''[[teres minor]]'', also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.


An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the [[dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] of the [[humeral]] head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a [[farmer's walk]]. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the [[glenohumeral joint]] needed for hand and arm manipulation.<ref name="Potau"/> The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202454/http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the [[dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] of the [[humeral]] head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a [[farmer's walk]]. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the [[glenohumeral joint]] needed for hand and arm manipulation.<ref name="Potau"/> The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |title=Lateral Deltoid Raise - Shoulder Exercise & Workout &#124; MG |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202454/http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the [[acromion]] the humeral head and injuring the [[Supraspinatus muscle|supraspinatus tendon]], there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the [[rotator cuff]]: the [[infraspinatus]] and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3&nbsp;mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.<ref name="Potau"/>
The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the [[acromion]] the humeral head and injuring the [[Supraspinatus muscle|supraspinatus tendon]], there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the [[rotator cuff]]: the [[infraspinatus]] and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3&nbsp;mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.<ref name="Potau"/>

Revision as of 18:45, 23 August 2022

"Delts" redirects here. For the fraternity, see Delta Tau Delta.
Deltoid muscle
Deltoid muscle
Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column
Details
Originthe anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula
Insertiondeltoid tuberosity of humerus
Arterythoracoacromial artery, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex artery
NerveAxillary nerve
Actionsshoulder abduction, flexion and extension
AntagonistLatissimus dorsi
Identifiers
LatinMusculus deltoideus
MeSHD057645
TA98A04.6.02.002
TA22452
FMA32521
Anatomical terms of muscle

The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. It is also known as the 'common shoulder muscle', particularly in other animals such as the domestic cat. Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of muscle fibers, namely the

  1. anterior or clavicular part (pars clavicularis)
  2. posterior or scapular part (pars scapularis)
  3. intermediate or acromial part (pars acromialis)

However, electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the nervous system.[1]

It was previously called the deltoideus (plural deltoidei) and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the Greek capital letter delta (Δ). Deltoid is also further shortened in slang as "delt".

A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of 191.9 grams (6.77 oz) in humans, ranging from 84 grams (3.0 oz) to 366 grams (12.9 oz).[2]

Structure

Previous studies showed that the insertions of the tendons of the deltoid muscle parts formed three discrete sets of muscle fibers, often referred to as "heads":[3]

  1. The anterior or clavicular fibers arise from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.[4] The anterior origin lies adjacent to the lateral fibers of the pectoralis major muscle as do the end tendons of both muscles. These muscle fibers are closely related and only a small chiasmatic space, through which the cephalic vein passes, prevents the two muscles from forming a continuous muscle mass.[5]
    • The anterior deltoids[6][7] are commonly called front delts[8] for short.
  2. Intermediate or acromial fibers arise from the superior surface of the acromion process of the scapula.[4]
    • They are also commonly called lateral deltoid.[6][9] This muscle is also called middle delts,[8] outer delts,[10] or side delts[9] for short.
    • They are also mistakenly called medial deltoid,[11] which is wrong, as their origin is the least medial portion of the deltoid.
  3. Posterior or spinal fibers arise from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.[4]
    • They are commonly called posterior deltoid[6][12] or rear deltoid[13] (rear delts for short[14]).

Fick[15] divided these three groups of fibers, often referred to as parts (Latin: pars) or bands, into seven functional components as did Kapandji and Sakoma Y et al. :[16][17] the anterior part has two components (I and II); the lateral one (III); and the posterior four (IV, V, VI, and VII) components. In standard anatomical position (with the upper limb hanging alongside the body), the central components (II, III, and IV) lie lateral to the axis of abduction and therefore contribute to abduction from the start of the movement while the other components (I, V, VI, and VII) then act as adductors. During abduction most of these latter components (except VI and VII which always act as adductors) are displaced laterally and progressively start to abduct.[16]

Side
Side.
Front
Front.
Back
Back.
Animation
Animation.
Deltoid muscle.
  Anterior part of deltoid (arises from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.)
  Intermediate part of deltoid (arises from the superior surface of the acromion process.)
  Posterior part of deltoid (arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.)

Insertion

From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the deltoid tuberosity on the middle of the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally.

Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. It additionally gives off extensions to the deep brachial fascia. Furthermore, the deltoid fascia contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the medial and lateral intermuscular septa. [18]

Blood supply

The deltoid is supplied by the thoracoacromial artery (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch). (Standring, 2005).

Nerve supply

The deltoid is innervated by the axillary nerve.[19] The axillary nerve originates from the anterior rami of the cervical nerves C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.[20]

Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid.[21] These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus.[21]

The axillary nerve is sometimes damaged during surgical procedures of the axilla, such as for breast cancer. It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.[22]

Function

Deltoid muscle with superior limb in abduction

When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.[23] This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the pectoralis major to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the subscapularis, pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the latissimus dorsi to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the infraspinatus and teres minor, also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.

An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the dislocation of the humeral head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a farmer's walk. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the glenohumeral joint needed for hand and arm manipulation.[2] The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.[24]

The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the acromion the humeral head and injuring the supraspinatus tendon, there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the rotator cuff: the infraspinatus and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3 mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.[2]

Clinical significance

The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and enthesopathy. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, denervation, muscular dystrophy, cachexia and iatrogenic injury. Deltoideal humeral enthesopathy is an exceedingly rare condition related to mechanical stress. Conversely, deltoideal acromial enthesopathy is likely a hallmark of seronegative spondylarthropathies and its detection should probably be followed by pertinent clinical and serological investigation.[25]

Other animals

The deltoid is also found in members of the great ape family other than humans. The human deltoid is of similar proportionate size as the muscles of the rotator cuff in apes like the orangutan, which engage in brachiation and possess the muscle mass needed to support the body weight by the shoulders. In other apes, like the common chimpanzee, the deltoid is much larger than in humans, weighing an average of 383.3 gram compared to 191.9 gram in humans. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in knuckle walking apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight.[2]

The deltoid muscle is a main component of both the bat and pterosaur wing musculature,[26] but in crown-group birds it is strongly reduced, as they favour sternum attached muscles. Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus.[27]

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deltoid muscle.
  • Standring, S. (2005). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
  1. ^ Brown, JM; Wickham, JB; McAndrew, DJ; Huang, XF (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007. PMID 16458022.
  2. ^ a b c d Potau, JM; Bardina, X; Ciurana, N; Camprubí, D. Pastor JF; de Paz, F. Barbosa M. (2009). "Quantitative Analysis of the Deltoid and Rotator Cuff Muscles in Humans and Great Apes". Int J Primatol. 30 (5): 697–708. doi:10.1007/s10764-009-9368-8. S2CID 634575.
  3. ^ The Anatomy of the Shoulder Muscles Archived 2017-05-26 at the Wayback Machine: "The Deltoid is a three-headed muscle that caps the shoulder. The three heads of the Deltoid are the Anterior, Intermediate, and Posterior."
  4. ^ a b c "Deltoid Muscle". Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. December 2011. Retrieved January 2012.
  5. ^ Leijnse, J N A L; Han, S-H; Kwon, Y H (December 2008). "Morphology of deltoid origin and end tendons – a generic model". J Anat. 213 (6): 733–742. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01000.x. PMC 2666142. PMID 19094189.
  6. ^ a b c Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Deltoid Muscle - NCBI Bookshelf
  7. ^ Anterior Deltoid
  8. ^ a b Pick up your delts from Muscle and Fitness: "target point: front/middle delts"
  9. ^ a b Lateral deltoid
  10. ^ The Best Exercise for Outer Delts on LiveStrong.com in 2011
  11. ^ Shoulders Anatomy Archived 2012-04-28 at the Wayback Machine by Yu Yevon
  12. ^ Posterior Deltoid
  13. ^ Rear Deltoid Stretch
  14. ^ Lee Hayward - Rear delts
  15. ^ Fick, R. (1911). Handbuch der Anatomie und Mekanik der Gelenke. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
  16. ^ a b Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
  17. ^ Sakoma, Yoshimasa; Sano, Hirotaka; Shinozaki, Nobuhisa; Itoigawa, Yoshiaki; Yamamoto, Nobuyuki; Ozaki, Toshifumi; Itoi, Eiji (2011). "Anatomical and functional segments of the deltoid muscle". Journal of Anatomy. 218 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01325.x. PMC 3042752. PMID 21118198.
  18. ^ Rispoli, Damian M.; Athwal, George S.; Sperling, John W.; Cofield, Robert H. (2009). "The anatomy of the deltoid insertion" (PDF). J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 18 (3): 386–390. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.012. PMID 19186076. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-04.
  19. ^ Anatomy photo:03:03-0103 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
  20. ^ "Deltoid muscle". Kenhub. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  21. ^ a b Brown, J M M; Wickham, J B; McAndrew, D J; Huang, X F (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 17 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007. PMID 16458022.
  22. ^ Avis, Duncan; Power, Dominic (2018-03-26). "Axillary nerve injury associated with glenohumeral dislocation". EFORT Open Reviews. 3 (3): 70–77. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170003. ISSN 2058-5241. PMC 5890131. PMID 29657847.
  23. ^ Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.
  24. ^ "Lateral Deltoid Raise - Shoulder Exercise & Workout | MG". Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
  25. ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on deltoideal enthesopathy available at ShoulderUS.com
  26. ^ Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150611.
  27. ^ Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; et al. (2018). ""(13 March 2018). "Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 923. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8. PMC 5849612. PMID 29535376.
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