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All three cases were dismissed by the High Court on 30 March 2020 in a closed-door judgement by Justice [[See Kee Oon]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/high-court-rejects-all-three-challenges-against-section-377a |title=High Court dismisses challenges against law that criminalises sex between men |date=30 March 2020|newspaper=The Straits Times |location= Singapore |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52098362|title=Singapore court upholds gay sex ban|date=30 March 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/singapore-court-rejects-challenge-to-gay-sex-ban |title=Singapore court rejects challenge to gay sex ban |date=30 March 2020|work=The Guardian |access-date=30 March 2020 |location= London}}</ref>
All three cases were dismissed by the High Court on 30 March 2020 in a closed-door judgement by Justice [[See Kee Oon]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/high-court-rejects-all-three-challenges-against-section-377a |title=High Court dismisses challenges against law that criminalises sex between men |date=30 March 2020|newspaper=The Straits Times |location= Singapore |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52098362|title=Singapore court upholds gay sex ban|date=30 March 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/singapore-court-rejects-challenge-to-gay-sex-ban |title=Singapore court rejects challenge to gay sex ban |date=30 March 2020|work=The Guardian |access-date=30 March 2020 |location= London}}</ref>


On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] announced Singapore would table the motion to repeal [[Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)|Section 377A]], effectively decriminalising it.
On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] announced that the Singaporean Parliament will table the motion to repeal [[Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)|Section 377A]], effectively decriminalising it.


==Recognition of same-sex relationships==
==Recognition of same-sex relationships==

Revision as of 11:29, 25 August 2022

This article is about LGBT rights in Singapore. For general LGBT topics in Singapore, see LGBT in Singapore.

LGBTQ rights in Singapore
Singapore
Status
  • Illegal for men
  • (ruled unenforceable by apex court; repeal pending),[1]
  • legal for women.[2][3]
Penalty
  • Up to 2 years jail, caning and fines
  • (Unenforced for private consensual acts between adults, repeal pending.)[α][1]
Gender identitySex reassignment surgery legal[4]
MilitaryYes, limited roles
Discrimination protectionsProtections from incitement of religiously motivated anti-LGBT harassment and violence.[5]
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo
AdoptionLimited to single adoption
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Singapore face some challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Same-sex sexual activity between males is de jure illegal under the colonial-era Section 377A of the Penal Code, even when consensual and in private. The law has been de facto unenforced for decades. Sexual activity between women is legal. In February 2022, the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court reaffirmed that 377A cannot be used to prosecute men for having sex with other men,[1][6][7] and that it is "unenforceable in its entirety".[7]

On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Government intended to repeal Section 377A of the Penal Code, effectively ending criminalisation both de facto and de jure.[3][8][9] On 22 August 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam added that the Constitution would be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage instead of the judiciary, which is the Supreme Court of Singapore, leaving open the possibility for Parliament to legalise same-sex marriages or civil unions through a simple majority.[10]

Singaporean society is generally regarded as conservative. Despite this, LGBT events such as Pink Dot have taken place every year since 2009 without interference and with increasing attendance. In line with worldwide trends,[11] attitudes towards members of the LGBT community are slowly changing and becoming more accepting and tolerant, especially among young people.[12] In 2022, an Ipsos survey found that 44% of Singapore residents supported the retention of 377A.[13]

Same-sex marriages are currently not recognised in the country, including the adoption of children by same-sex couples, although a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won a landmark appeal to adopt a child that he had fathered through a surrogate.[14] There are protections against anti-gay violence and aggravated discrimination, with Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam stating that "LGBTQ persons, non-LGBTQ persons, we are all equal. We are not any lesser by reason of our sexual preferences."[5][15]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Singapore law inherited from the British Empire prohibited sodomy regardless of sex. As such, heterosexual and homosexual anal or oral sex was illegal. In 2007, such sexual activity was legalised for heterosexuals and lesbians, but not between men.[2][16] The punishment is two years' imprisonment.

Attorney-General Lucien Wong declared in 2018 that he still had the legal power to prosecute under Singapore's Section 377A. This statement was made amid public debate over the law and in response to opinions of former attorneys-general that the public prosecutor had, in effect, been limited from pursuit of such cases. Wong said that while "the public prosecutor did not pursue cases between consenting adults and in private places as it was not in the public interest" an attorney-general could direct that such a prosecution be mounted, "if reports are lodged with police, particularly in relation to minors". The statement was made prior to the ruling by the Singapore Court of Appeals that the section was unenforceable as a proscription of same-sex sexual activity. Public indecency and protection of minors were the only cases pursued under the section from 2007, even prior to the ruling.[17][18][19]

In June 2019, at the Smart Nation Summit, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong reiterated that Singapore would keep Section 377A "for some time" saying, "Whatever your sexual orientation is, you're welcome to come and work in Singapore... You know our rules in Singapore. It is the way this society is: We are not like San Francisco, neither are we like some countries in the Middle East. [We are] something in between, it is the way the society is."[20][21]

While Singapore courts ruled in 2022 that section 377A was entirely unenforceable as regards private consensual same-sex sexual activity, police are able to act on reports of public indecency (public acts by persons of any gender) from the community. Prosecution under this section of any matters involving minors is also still possible.[1] All recent prosecutions under the section—between 2007 and 2013—were incidences of these types.[22][6][7][17][18][19]

On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced at the National Day Rally that the Government intended to repeal section 377A, noting that there would be significant risk of the law being struck down in future legal challenges "on the grounds that it breaches Article 12 of the Constitution – the Equal Protection provision".[3][9][8] Lee added that the repeal would be deliberated through Parliament.[9]

Statutes

See also: Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)

After an exhaustive Penal Code review in 2007, oral and anal sex were legalised between opposite-sex persons and between women. The changes meant that oral and anal sex between consenting heterosexual and female homosexual adults were no longer offences. However, Section 377A, which deals with these sexual acts, continued to criminalise them between consenting men. Despite this, the section has not been enforced since at least 2007. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong stated amid the debates on the changes to the section that the law would not be proactively enforced.[1] The parliamentary debates and the prime minister's statement played a role in the 2022 ruling of the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court that the law was unenforeable.[2][16][1]

LGBT rights protesters at a Human Rights Day seminar organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Singapore in December 2014

In his concluding speech on the debate over the partial repeal of Section 377A, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong told MPs before the vote that "Singapore is basically a conservative society... The family is the basic building block of this society. And by a family in Singapore, we mean one man, one woman, marrying, having children and bringing up children within that framework of a stable family unit."[23]

Section 377A ("Outrages on decency")

Section 377A states that: "Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or abets the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years."[24] According to the United States Department of State,[25] and Human Dignity Trust,[26] the last attempted prosecution for consensual same-sex sexual activity occurred in 2010. Section 377A remains enforced in narrow circumstances. Between 2007 and 2013, all nine convictions under 377A provisions,[22] involved minors or public acts of gross indecency.[27]

Section 354 of the Penal Code ("Outrage of Modesty")

Section 354 provides that if any person uses criminal force on any person intending to outrage, or knowing it would be likely to outrage, the modesty of that person, he shall be imprisoned for a maximum of two years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any two of such punishments. Crimes charged under section 354 require some physical contact involved.[28]

Section 294 of the Penal Code

If the victim of an entrapment operation uses a symbolic gesture to signal intention to have sexual activity with the police decoy, he can be tried under Section 294 of the Penal Code, which covers the commission of any obscene act in any public place to the annoyance of others, subject to a maximum of three months imprisonment, a fine, or both.[29]

Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act

Section 19 (soliciting in a public place) of the Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act, which covers both prostitution and soliciting "for any other immoral purpose", can be used to prosecute homosexual activities. This offence carries a fine of up to $1,000, doubling on a subsequent conviction, including a jail term not exceeding six months.[citation needed]

According to documentation by National University of Singapore sociologist Laurence Leong Wai Teng, from 1990 to 1994, there were 11 cases where gay men were charged for soliciting. They were fined between $200 and $500.[30]

Decriminalisation efforts

Human rights activists have been calling for and pushing for the repeal of Section 377A, arguing that it infringes on privacy, the right to life and personal liberty, the two latter being constitutionally protected.[31] In 2007, the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) called for the repeal of Section 377A.[32]

In 2012, Tan Eng Hong was found in the company of another man, and was initially charged with Section 377A but later pled guilty to a lesser charge. Tan decided to pursue his case against Section 377A on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Articles 9, 12, and 14 of Singapore Constitution.[33] These articles guarantee the right to life and personal liberty, and provide that all people are entitled to equal protection before the law.[34] In deciding whether an appeal of Tan's case could be heard in the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal found that Section 377A may "arguably" violate the right to equality before law as offered in Article 12. The ruling however did not go into the merits of the case on technical grounds.[33][35]

Tan's case was heard in the Supreme Court jointly with another appeal challenging Section 377A, and a ruling was given on 29 October 2014. The ruling upheld the country's ban on same-sex relations between consenting adult men. The court held that Section 377A does not violate Articles 9 and 12 of the Singapore Constitution. The applicant's attorney argued that Section 377A criminalises a group of people for an innate attribute, though the court concluded that "there is, at present, no definitive conclusion" on the "supposed immutability" of homosexuality. The court ultimately held that law reforms permitting private homosexual sex were a question for the Singapore Parliament to address.[22]

In September 2018, following the high-profile repeal of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code by the Supreme Court of India, more than 50,000 people, including a former attorney-general and several former diplomats, signed a petition called "READY4REPEAL" urging the repeal of Section 377A as part of a major penal code review. However, government officials at the time refused to do so.[36] Diplomat Tommy Koh and former Attorney-General Walter Woon have called on members of the LGBT community to challenge the law.[37]

Soon after the repeal of Section 377 in India in 2018, a Singaporean DJ, Johnson Ong Ming, filed a suit with the High Court arguing that Singapore's Section 377A is "in violation of human dignity". Section 377 of India Penal Code and Section 377A of Singapore Penal Code are effectively identical, as both were put in place by the British Empire, raising hopes in Singapore that the discriminatory law would be struck down as well.[31] Singapore's High Court gave the petitioner until 20 November to submit his arguments.[38][39][40][36]

In November 2018, LGBT rights activist Bryan Choong Chee Hong filed another case with the Supreme Court, arguing that Section 377A is "inconsistent" with portions of Singapore's Constitution, and "is therefore void". According to court documents, the petitioner argues that Section 377A is inconsistent with Article 9, Article 12, and Article 14 of the Constitution.[41][42][43][44]

A third legal challenge was launched in September 2019 by Roy Tan Seng Kee, a retired medical doctor. Tan stated in a statement that, "by institutionalising discrimination, it alienates [LGBT people] from having a sense of belonging and purposeful place in our society, and prevents them from taking pride in Singapore's achievements."[45]

All three cases were dismissed by the High Court on 30 March 2020 in a closed-door judgement by Justice See Kee Oon.[46][47][48]

On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Singaporean Parliament will table the motion to repeal Section 377A, effectively decriminalising it.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Singapore

Singapore currently does not recognise same-sex relationships in any form (such as marriage, civil unions or domestic partnerships).[49] In the National Day Rally for 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that while section 377A will be repealed, the current heterosexual definition of marriage may be enshrined in the Constitution of Singapore.[3][9][8]

On 22 August 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam clarified that the Constitution will be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage, instead of the judiciary, which is the Supreme Court of Singapore, leaving open the possibility for Parliament to change the definition of marriage through a simple majority in the future, such as legalising same-sex marriages or civil unions.[10] He added that the definition of marriage will not be enshrined in the Constitution, stating that "any political party or group that wants to push for same-sex marriage will be able to do so." – if they have a simple majority.[10]

Adoption and parenting

In December 2018, the sole exception[further explanation needed] was permitted when a gay Singaporean won the right to adopt a child he had fathered in the United States through a surrogate. The Singapore High Court overturned a 2017 ruling in which a district judge had ruled the man could not legally adopt his son because he was conceived through in vitro fertilization (which is only limited to heterosexual married couples) and brought to term through surrogacy, which is banned.[50][14]

In January 2019, in response, the Minister for Social and Family Development, Desmond Lee, told the Parliament that he was looking to strengthen Singapore's adoption laws to prevent more same-sex adoption cases and that it did not support "the formation of family units with children of homosexual parents through institutions and processes such as adoption".[51][52] However, this statement has not been made into a law. Under Singapore law, children born out of wedlock are considered illegitimate, and thus are not eligible for certain social benefits, unless the child is legally adopted.[53]

Discrimination protections

No laws exist specifically protecting LGBT Singaporeans from discrimination in the workplace, housing or any other relevant areas. Previous attempts claim damages for alleged discriminatory conduct in such fields have been dismissed in Singaporean courts.[54]

In 2019, the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act was amended to protect the LGBT community from religiously-motivated violence. Legal action can be taken against a religious group or its members for urging violence against certain "target groups". The Explanatory Statement states: "The target group need not be confined to persons who practise a certain religion. The target group may be made up of atheists, individuals from a specific racial community, who share a similar sexual orientation, or have a certain nationality or descent like foreign workers or new citizens."[5]

In 2022, Home Affairs and Law Minister K. Shanmugam confirmed that now LGBT people were protected against threats or acts of violence.[15]

Military service

Prior to 2003, homosexuals were barred from being employed in "sensitive positions" within the Singapore Civil Service.[55] In the past, some conscripts in National Service were encouraged to attend conversion therapy. Some Singaporean conscripts who declare their homosexuality have been excluded from officer training, and others are refused security clearances needed to perform certain roles in the army.[56]

Conversion therapy

In January 2006, the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) granted S$100,000 (US$61,500) to Liberty League, an organisation affiliated with the "ex-gay" movement, to promote conversion therapy. The organization says it "promotes gender and sexual health for the individual, family and society".[57] However, due to pressure from gay rights activists, Liberty League returned this grant to the ministry, and the organisation has been defunct since 2014.[58]

In May 2020, then-Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong indicated the government's position against conversion therapy in a written reply to a question from Nominated Member of Parliament Anthea Ong. The reply reads, "(The Ministry of Health) expects doctors and other healthcare professionals to practice according to evidence-based best practice and clinical ethics, and to consider and respect patients’ preferences and circumstances (including sexual orientation) when providing care... members of the public can submit a formal complaint to the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) if a doctor is acting unethically or providing inappropriate treatment."[59] Nevertheless, he added in a separate statement that the Ministry of Health had not received any such complaint from self-declared LGBTQ patients in the past three years.[60]

Living conditions

Despite the legal conditions in the country, Singaporean government representatives have previously spoken positively of the conditions faced by LGBT citizens at a United Nations anti-discrimination committee, stating that "homosexuals are free to lead their lives and pursue their social activities. Gay groups have held public discussions and published websites, and there are films and plays on gay themes and gay bars and clubs in Singapore."[22]

Media

The Singapore Media Development Authority prohibits the "promotion or glamorization of the homosexual lifestyle" on television and the radio. Among other things, this means that advertisements targeting the LGBT community, such as those for treatment of HIV/AIDS, are not allowed to be broadcast.[61]

In July 2019, Singaporean rapper Joshua Su, better known as The G3sha, came out as gay in a new song titled "I'm OK" that highlights his childhood, the homophobia he faced, and coming to terms with his sexuality.[62][63] Days later, he pulled out of a TEDx radio talk in protest after he was censored and asked not to make "sensitive" comments about his sexuality. Reports indicate that another Singapore gay rights activist was barred from speaking in 2018 at a TEDx radio talk.[64]

Public opinion

A 2005 poll by the Nanyang Technological University found that 69% of Singaporeans viewed homosexuality negatively, whilst 23% positively. In 2010, these numbers had changed to 64.5% negatively and 25% positively.[12]

According to 2013 polling by the Institute of Policy Studies, 78% of Singaporeans opposed same-sex marriage.[65]

A 2018 opinion poll found that 55% of Singaporeans supported Section 377A. On the other hand, a third of Singaporeans declared themselves more accepting of same-sex relationships and human rights than five years prior.[66]

In 2019, a poll conducted by YouGov with 1,033 respondents showed that about one-third (34%) of Singaporeans backed same-sex partnerships, while 43% opposed their legalization, and the remaining 23% were uncertain. Support was more notable among younger respondents: 50% of people aged 18 to 34 supported civil partnerships and 20% were opposed. In contrast, only 22% of those aged 55 and over supported. 41% of university degree holders agreed with the legalisation of same-sex partnerships, whereas only 26% of respondents without a university degree were in favour. Of those who considered themselves "very much" religious, only 23% supported civil partnerships. 51% of people who considered themselves "not at all" religious expressed support. Apart from irreligious people, majority support for same-sex partnerships was also found in respondents who identified as LGBT (71% against 22%) and those who personally knew a person in a same-sex relationship (52% against 33%).[67][68][69][70]

A survey conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies between August 2018 and January 2019 revealed that Singaporean society was still largely conservative but becoming more liberal on LGBT rights. The survey showed that more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, a rise of about 10% from 2013. Around 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (up from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (up from 24% in 2013).[71][72]

A 2019 poll conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies found that opposition to same-sex marriage in Singapore had fallen to 60%, down from 74% in 2013. The poll also found that nearly six in ten Singaporeans aged between 18 and 25 believed same-sex marriage is not wrong.[73]

In June 2019, an online survey conducted by Yahoo Singapore asked 887 Singaporeans how they would react to a number of LGBT-related situations. When asked about an LGBT family member coming out, 53% of the respondents said they would react negatively: 14% expressed a "strongly negative" response, while 39% reported a "somewhat negative" reaction. When asked about a colleague coming out, 53% reported a positive reaction, while 46% reported a negative reaction. When asked about the marriage of Li Huanwu—the grandson of Singapore's founding prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew—to his partner, Heng Yirui, 54% reacted negatively to the marriage. Meanwhile, 46% reacted positively to it. When asked about Pink Dot SG, 55% of respondents said that they strongly or somewhat support Pink Dot Singapore, but the remaining 45% opposed it. 80% of Singaporeans agreed that LGBT people face discrimination.[74][75][76]

In June 2019, an online survey conducted by Blackbox Research revealed that 56% of Singaporeans were opposed to other countries following Taiwan's example in legalising same-sex marriage, while 44% answered "yes". When asked on how they felt that more than 300 same-sex couples were married in Taiwan the first week after the new law was passed, about 49% of those surveyed felt positive about the statement, with 14% feeling "strongly positive" and 35% feeling "somewhat positive". Conversely, 51% responded negatively to this, 20% felt "strongly negative" and 31% were "somewhat negative". The respondents were also asked about how they felt concerning the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Bhutan. About 55% of respondents felt positive, with 15% feeling "strongly positive" and 40% were "somewhat positive". Conversely, about 44% responded negatively, 11% felt "strongly negative" and 33% felt "somewhat negative".[77]

In 2022, an Ipsos survey found that only 44% of Singapore residents support the retention of section 377A. Furthermore, 20% oppose the law its entirety, up from 12% in the last 2018 survey. For the remaining 36%, 32% said they neither support nor oppose the law, while 4% preferred not to say.[13]

Demographics

In May 2019, a study by the National University of Singapore estimated that there were 210,000 men who have sex with men in Singapore. The study estimates were more than double the previous estimates of 90,000 MSM, and said they could be at risk of a concentrated epidemic of HIV.[78][79]

Pink Dot

Pink Dot SG is an annual event that started in 2009 in support of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in Singapore. In recent years, record crowds of approximately 28,000 have attended the rally, with a heavy bent toward younger demographics.[80] On 29 June 2019, during the 11th Pink Dot, Lee Hsien Yang, the brother of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, as well as his wife and second son Li Huanwu and Li's husband, Heng Yirui, attended the event.[81] On 18 June 2022, People's Action Party (PAP) MP Henry Kwek attended the 14th Pink Dot. Kwek's attendance was the first time that a MP from the governing PAP has physically shown their support for the event.[82][83]

Summary table

Acceptablility Notes
Legal same-sex sexual activity No / Yes Males: Penalties exist under Section 377A of the Penal Code; unenforced since 2007. S377A ruled "unenforceable in its entirety" by apex court in 2022.[α][16] Announced in August 2022, the repeal of Section 377A is pending a formal reading in the Singapore Parliament.[3][9][8]

Females: Legal for females.[16]

Equal age of consent No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Yes Specifically, protection against incitement of anti-gay aggravated harrassment and violence.[5][15]
Same-sex marriages No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No However, in 2018, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner won an appeal to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation Yes
Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve in the military Yes However, gaining a high security clearance may be affected.
Right to change legal gender Yes
Access to IVF for lesbians Yes [84]
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No (Illegal for all couples regardless of sexual orientation)[85]
MSMs allowed to donate blood No

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Cases involving minors, or public indecency which is reported to authorities, actionable under S 377A; police do not proactively investigate matters under this section.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Lum, Selina (28 February 2022). "Court of Appeal rules Section 377A stays but cannot be used to prosecute men for having gay sex". The Straits Times. Singapore.
  2. ^ a b c "Singapore reforms sex laws - but not for homosexuals". The Guardian. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e Yuen-C, Tham (21 August 2022). "NDR 2022: Govt will repeal Section 377A, decriminalise sex between men". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  4. ^ Chan Meng Choo (2011). "First sex reassignment surgery". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d Elangovan, Navene (14 October 2019). "New legislation protects LGBTQ community from religiously motivated violence but law is 'same for all'". Today. Singapore. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  6. ^ a b Lum, Selina (28 February 2022). "Section 377A stays on the books, but cannot be used to prosecute men for having gay sex, rules Court of Appeal". AsiaOne. Singapore. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Tang, Louisa. "Apex court dismisses challenges to Section 377A, says it's 'unenforceable' and poses no threat of prosecution". Today. Singapore. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Sim, Dewey (21 August 2022). "Singapore to lift ban on gay sex, amend constitution to ban marriage equality". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Singapore will decriminalize sex between men, prime minister says". Reuters. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Yuen-C, Tham (22 August 2022). "Section 377A: Constitution will be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage, says Shanmugam". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
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  12. ^ a b Mokhtar, Faris (15 September 2018). "The Big Read: With a house still divided over 377A, time to seek common ground". Today. Singapore. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  13. ^ a b Yuen-C, Tham (16 June 2022). "Support for Section 377A drops as attitudes towards same-sex relationships shift, survey finds". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  14. ^ a b Tan, Yvette (17 December 2018). "Gay Singaporean man wins landmark appeal to adopt surrogate child". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  15. ^ a b c Min, Ang Hwee. "'Everyone will be protected here' regardless of community and social, religious or sexual 'beliefs': Shanmugam". CNA. Retrieved 28 June 2022. LGBTQ persons, non-LGBTQ persons, we are all equal. We are not any lesser by reason of our sexual preferences.
  16. ^ a b c d "Section 377A in Singapore and the (De)Criminalization of Homosexuality" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2019. Section 377A only criminalizes sex between males, but not between females.
  17. ^ a b Wong, Jonathan (2 October 2018). "Government has not curbed public prosecutor's discretion for Section 377A: A-G Lucien Wong". The Straits Times. Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  18. ^ a b "Section 377A: Public Prosecutor retains 'full prosecutorial discretion', says Attorney-General". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  19. ^ a b Glauert, Rik (2 October 2018). "Singapore has not curbed power of anti-gay law, says Attorney General". Gay Star News. London. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  20. ^ Glauert, Rik (27 June 2019). "Singapore will keep anti-gay law Section 377A 'for some time' says PM". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  21. ^ Maria, Anna (28 June 2019). "PM Lee: Whatever your sexual orientation, you're welcome to work in Singapore". The Independent News. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d "Gay rights in Singapore: On permanent parole". The Economist. London. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Global Rights/Commonwealth, Stage 1, Appendix 3". Alex Au. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  24. ^ "Penal Code - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  25. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2020). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020: Singapore. United States Department of State (Report).
  26. ^ "Singapore: Enforcement". Human Dignity Trust.
  27. ^ THIO Li-ann (2022). "Rightism, reasonableness, and review: Section 377A of the Penal Code and the Question of Equality – PART TWO". Singapore Academy of Law Journal. 34 (92).
  28. ^ "Section 354 Penal Code". Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Section 294". Penal Code - Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
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