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== Events ==
== Events ==


===1301-1309===
===1301–1309===
[[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|[[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], described as the wealthiest individual in history <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]
[[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|[[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], described as the wealthiest individual in history <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]
* [[1305]]-[[1314]]: The [[Trials of the Knights Templar]]. The [[Knights Templar]] arrested and tried. [[Jacques de Molay]], the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
* [[1305]]–[[1314]]: The [[Trials of the Knights Templar]]. The [[Knights Templar]] arrested and tried. [[Jacques de Molay]], the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
* [[1309]]: King [[Jayanegara]] succeeds [[Raden Wijaya|Kertarajasa Jayawardhana]] as ruler of [[Majapahit]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp18">Ricklefs (1991), page 18</ref>
* [[1309]]: King [[Jayanegara]] succeeds [[Raden Wijaya|Kertarajasa Jayawardhana]] as ruler of [[Majapahit]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp18">Ricklefs (1991), page 18</ref>
* [[1309]]–[[1377]]: The [[Avignon papacy]] transfers the seat of the Popes from [[Italy]] to [[France]]
* 1309–[[1377]]: The [[Avignon papacy]] transfers the seat of the Popes from [[Italy]] to [[France]].


===[[1310s]]===
===[[1310s]]===
* The [[Great Famine of 1315-1317]] kills millions of people in [[Europe]].
* The [[Great Famine of 1315-1317|Great Famine of 1315–1317]] kills millions of people in [[Europe]].
* [[1318]]–[[1330]]: An [[Italy|Italian]] Franciscan friar, [[Odoric of Pordenone|Mattiussi]], visited Sumatra, Java, and [[Banjarmasin]] in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of [[Majapahit]].
* [[1318]]–[[1330]]: An [[Italy|Italian]] Franciscan friar, [[Odoric of Pordenone|Mattiussi]], visited Sumatra, Java, and [[Banjarmasin]] in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of [[Majapahit]].


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* [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
* [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
* [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
* [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
* [[1328]]-[[1333]]: [[Wang Dayuan]], a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], visited [[Luzon]] & [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]], many places in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]], and reached [[Dhofar]] and [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>
* 1328–[[1333]]: [[Wang Dayuan]], a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], visited [[Luzon]] & [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]], many places in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]], and reached [[Dhofar]] and [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>
* Beginning of the [[Renaissance]] in Italy.


===[[1330s]]===
===[[1330s]]===
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[[Image:Burying Plague Victims of Tournai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Burying coffins of [[Black Death]] victims in [[Tournai]].]]
[[Image:Burying Plague Victims of Tournai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Burying coffins of [[Black Death]] victims in [[Tournai]].]]
* [[1345]]–[[1346]]: The French recruit troops and ships in [[Genoa]], [[Monaco]], and [[Nice]].
* [[1345]]–[[1346]]: The French recruit troops and ships in [[Genoa]], [[Monaco]], and [[Nice]].
* [[1346]]: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by [[Philip VI of France]] in The [[Battle of Crécy]], a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the [[longbow]] as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
* 1346: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by [[Philip VI of France]] in The [[Battle of Crécy]], a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the [[longbow]] as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.
* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Jenny |date=2020-07-06 |title=Plague was one of history’s deadliest diseases—then we found a cure |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague |url-status=live |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>
* [[1347]]: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
* 1347: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.
* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.


===[[1350s]]===
===[[1350s]]===
* [[1350]]: [[Uthong|Ramathibodi I]] establishes the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].
* [[1350]]: [[Uthong|Ramathibodi I]] establishes the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].
* [[1350]]: [[Hayam Wuruk]], styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" /> Under its military commander [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
* 1350: [[Hayam Wuruk]], styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" /> Under its military commander [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
* [[1353]]: [[Fa Ngum]] established the [[Lan Xang]] kingdom in Laos.
* [[1353]]: [[Fa Ngum]] established the [[Lan Xang]] kingdom in Laos.
* [[1356]]: The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of the Holy Roman Empire headed by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] issues the [[Golden Bull of 1356]], establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the [[Prince-elector|electoral college]] to elect future emperors.
* [[1356]]: The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of the Holy Roman Empire headed by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] issues the [[Golden Bull of 1356]], establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the [[Prince-elector|electoral college]] to elect future emperors.
* [[1356]]: The Diet of the Hansa is held in [[Lübeck]], formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the [[Hanseatic League]].
* 1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in [[Lübeck]], formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the [[Hanseatic League]].
* [[1357]]: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)|Treaty of Berwick]], thus ending the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].
* [[1357]]: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)|Treaty of Berwick]], thus ending the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].
* [[1357]]: In the [[Battle of Bubat]], the [[Sunda Kingdom|Sundanese]] royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of [[Gajah Mada]]; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi]], who committed suicide.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973|edition=5th reprint|year=1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* 1357: In the [[Battle of Bubat]], the [[Sunda Kingdom|Sundanese]] royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of [[Gajah Mada]]; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi]], who committed suicide.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973|edition=5th reprint|year=1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>


=== [[1360s]] ===
=== [[1360s]] ===
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* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s and not resolved until 1417.
* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s and not resolved until 1417.
*[[1378]]: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
*1378: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
* [[1378]]–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].
* 1378–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].


===[[1380s]]===
===[[1380s]]===
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*[[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
*[[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], leading to the [[Lollardy]] movement in [[England]].
* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], leading to the [[Lollardy]] movement in [[England]].
* [[1381]]: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
* 1381: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
*[[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
*[[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
*[[1382]]: [[Barquq]] rise to power to start the [[Burji dynasty]], the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
*1382: [[Barquq]] rise to power to start the [[Burji dynasty]], the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
* [[1385]]: [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between [[Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. Portugal maintains independence.
* [[1385]]: [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between [[Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. Portugal maintains independence.
* [[1385]]: [[Union of Krewo]] between [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].
* [[1385]]: [[Union of Krewo]] between [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].
* [[1389]]: [[Battle of Kosovo]] between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; [[Prince Lazar]], Sultan [[Murad I]] and [[Miloš Obilić]] are killed.
* [[1389]]: [[Battle of Kosovo]] between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; [[Prince Lazar]], Sultan [[Murad I]] and [[Miloš Obilić]] are killed.
* [[1389]]: [[Wikramawardhana]] succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
* 1389: [[Wikramawardhana]] succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />


===1390-1400===
===1390–1400===
[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.]]
[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.|336x336px]]
* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
* [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
* [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
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* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
* [[1397]]: Reign of [[Chimalpopoca]] begins as the third ''[[tlatoani]]'' of [[Tenochtitlan]].
* 1397: Reign of [[Chimalpopoca]] begins as the third ''[[tlatoani]]'' of [[Tenochtitlan]].


=== Undated ===
=== Undated ===
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* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]], is built.
* Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints ''Monk Sewing'' (attributed) in the [[Kamakura period]] ([[Cleveland Museum of Art|Cleveland Museum]] collection).
* Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints ''Monk Sewing'' (attributed) in the [[Kamakura period]] ([[Cleveland Museum of Art|Cleveland Museum]] collection).
* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]].
* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]] as evidence by the [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]].
* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of non-cemented, dressed stone. Research suggests the city's population to be between less than 10,000 to 18,000 at its peak.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chirikure, S. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=e0178335 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278335C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178335 |pmc=5470674 |pmid=28614397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="contested">{{cite book |last=Kuklick |first=Henrika |title=Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-299-13124-1 |editor=George W. Stocking |pages=135–170 |chapter=Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa}}</ref>
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is between 10,000 and 40,000.


==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#14th century}}
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#14th century}}
* Music of the [[Ars nova]]
* Music of [[Ars nova]]
⚫
* Foundation of the [[University of Cracow|University of Kraków]]
* The technique of [[knitting]]
⚫
* Chinese text the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by [[Jiao Yu]] describes [[fire lance]]s, [[fire arrow]]s ([[rocket]]s), [[Multiple rocket launcher|rocket launcher]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[naval mine]]s, [[bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, [[cannon]]s, and hollow [[cast iron]] [[Round shot|cannonball]]s filled with [[gunpowder]], and their use to set ablaze enemy camps
⚫
* Foundation of the [[University of Cracow]]
⚫
* Chinese text the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by [[Jiao Yu]] describes [[fire lance]]s, [[fire arrow]]s ([[rocket]]s), [[Multiple rocket launcher|rocket launcher]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[naval mine]]s, [[bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, [[cannon]]s, and hollow [[cast iron]] [[Round shot|cannonball]]s filled with [[gunpowder]], and their use to set ablaze enemy camps.
* First [[pound lock]] in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174854/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock Pound lock]</ref>
* First [[pound lock]] in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174854/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock Pound lock]</ref>


Revision as of 14:50, 27 August 2022

Millennium
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Categories:
Births – Deaths
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Tamerlane The Conqueror, the founder of the Timurid Empire.

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 (MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire.[citation needed] West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity.

In Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives – wiping out one third of the European population[1] – while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV, King of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III, King of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire.

In Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.[citation needed] Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the Arab world, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions. In India, the Bengal Sultanate got divided from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.[2] The Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe.

In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a huge producer of gold, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of medieval times, and perhaps the wealthiest ever.[3][4]

Events

1301–1309

Mansa Musa I of Mali, described as the wealthiest individual in history [3][4]

1310s

1320s

Europe in 1328

1330s

The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate.

1340s

Burying coffins of Black Death victims in Tournai.

1350s

1360s

This 14th-century statue from Tamil Nadu, present day India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

1370s

1380s

The Portuguese interregnum, Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese and Castilians in 1385.

1390–1400

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.

Undated

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

See also: Timeline of historic inventions § 14th century

References

  1. ^ Black Death, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. ^ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
  3. ^ a b Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018
  4. ^ a b Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Money.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 18
  6. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  7. ^ Howard, Jenny (2020-07-06). "Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases—then we found a cure". National Geographic. Retrieved 2022-08-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
  9. ^ Drs. R. Soekmono; et al. (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.
  10. ^ Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.
  11. ^ Chirikure, S.; et al. (2017). "What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800)". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0178335. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1278335C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178335. PMC 5470674. PMID 28614397.
  12. ^ Kuklick, Henrika (1991). "Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa". In George W. Stocking (ed.). Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 135–170. ISBN 978-0-299-13124-1.
  13. ^ Pound lock
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