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The '''siege of Aintab'''<ref>Şimşir, Bilâl, ''İngiliz Belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919–1938'', Volume 3, Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, p. 168.</ref><ref>''Documents on British foreign policy, 1919-1939'', London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1970, vol. 15, p. 155.</ref> ({{lang-fr|Les Quatres Sièges d'Aïntab<ref>Abadie.''Opérations au Levant - Les 4 sièges d'Aïntab (1920-1921)'' Paris:Charles-Lavauzelle et Cie, 1922 (french).</ref>}}) or '''Siege of Antep''' ({{lang-tr|Antep Kuşatması}}) was a military engagement between the [[Turkish National Forces]] and the French [[Army of the Levant]] occupying the city of Aintab (present-day [[Gaziantep]]) during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (specifically its southern front, known as the [[Franco-Turkish War]]).
The '''Siege of Aintab'''<ref>Şimşir, Bilâl, ''İngiliz Belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919–1938'', Volume 3, Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, p. 168.</ref><ref>''Documents on British foreign policy, 1919-1939'', London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1970, vol. 15, p. 155.</ref> ({{lang-fr|Les Quatres Sièges d'Aïntab}}<ref>Abadie.''Opérations au Levant - Les 4 sièges d'Aïntab (1920-1921)'' Paris:Charles-Lavauzelle et Cie, 1922 (french).</ref>; {{lang-tr|Antep Kuşatması}}) was a military engagement between the [[Turkish National Forces]] and the French [[Army of the Levant]] occupying the city of Aintab (present-day [[Gaziantep]]) during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (specifically its southern front, known as the [[Franco-Turkish War]]).


Fighting began in April 1920, when French forces opened fire on city. It ended with the Kemalist defeat and the city's surrender to the French military forces on 9 February 1921. <ref>Gesar, A. "Agony of a City: The 314 Days of Aintab," Pts. 1–2, ''[[Armenian Review]]'' 30/2-3 (Summer-Autumn 1977): pp. 115–147, 265–281.</ref>
Fighting began in April 1920, when French forces opened fire on city. It ended with the Kemalist defeat and the city's surrender to the French military forces on 9 February 1921. <ref>Gesar, A. "Agony of a City: The 314 Days of Aintab," Pts. 1–2, ''[[Armenian Review]]'' 30/2-3 (Summer-Autumn 1977): pp. 115–147, 265–281.</ref>

Revision as of 00:05, 7 September 2022

Siege of Aintab
Part of the Franco-Turkish War

After the siege of Aïntab and the Turkish surrender of February 8, 1921, the Turkish authorities of the city presented themselves to General de Lamothe, commanding the 2nd division.
Date1 April 1920 – 8 February 1921[1]
Location
Aintab, Aleppo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Result French victory[2]
Belligerents
Kuva-yi Milliye

 France

Commanders and leaders
"Kılıç" Ali Bey
Şahin Bey
Şefik "Özdemir" Bey
Colonel Kenan Bey		 French Third Republic Henri Gouraud
French Third Republic General Quérette
French Third Republic Général Goubeau
Armenia Colonel Flye Sainte-Marie
French Third Republic Colonel Abadie
French Third Republic Colonel Andréa
Strength
Total force:[3][4][Note 1]
2.920 militia fighters,
6 machine guns,[5]
3 mountain guns[5]		 Total force:[3][4][Note 2]
12,000 French soldiers,[6]
1,500 Armenian soldiers,[Note 3]
4 tanks, 11 artillery batteries, 1,400 military animals,[5] 6 aircraft, 1 mobile hospital[5]
Casualties and losses
6,317 killed (mostly civilians)[7]
over 2000 prisoners
1400 guns
10 machine guns		 on 10 September: 1200 French soldiers, including 4 high rank officers, killed according to French Army sources[5]

The Siege of Aintab[8][9] (Template:Lang-fr[10]; Template:Lang-tr) was a military engagement between the Turkish National Forces and the French Army of the Levant occupying the city of Aintab (present-day Gaziantep) during the Turkish War of Independence (specifically its southern front, known as the Franco-Turkish War).

Fighting began in April 1920, when French forces opened fire on city. It ended with the Kemalist defeat and the city's surrender to the French military forces on 9 February 1921. [11]

However, despite their victory, the French ultimately decided to retreat from the city leaving it to the Kemalist forces on 20 October 1921 in accordance with the Treaty of Ankara.[12]

According to Ümit Kurt, born in modern-day Gaziantep and an academic at Harvard’s Center for Middle East Studies,

"The famous battle of Aintab against the French … seems to have been as much the organised struggle of a group of genocide profiteers seeking to hold onto their loot as it was a fight against an occupying force. The resistance … sought to make it impossible for the Armenian repatriates to remain in their native towns, terrorising them [again] in order to make them flee. In short, not only did the local … landowners, industrialists and civil-military bureaucratic elites lead to the resistance movement, but they also financed it in order to cleanse Aintab of Armenians."[13]

Timeline

1920

  • 1 - 16 April: 1st Turkish siege
  • 30 April - 23 May: 2nd Turkish siege
  • 30 May - 18 June: 1920 armistice
  • 29 July - 10 August: 3rd Turkish siege
  • 11 August: beginning of French siege
  • 21 November - 18 December: Goubeau column participation

1921

  • 7 February: last exit attempt
  • 8 February: sending of a city parliamentary mission - cease fire
  • 9 February: capitulation

Notes

  1. ^ 2.070 armed and 850 unarmed fighters (=2.920)
  2. ^ In April 1920 the French forces consisted of 4,500 soldiers. With the arrival of Goubeau 4th division on 20 November 1920 the French siege force increased to: 13 infantry battalions and 1.5 cavalry regiment (=12,000 soldiers). After Goubeau's departure on 18 December the french force decreased to: 9 infantry battalions (four of which with less than 300 fighters) and 2 cavalry squadrons (=6500 soldiers). There are still 6000 men at the end of the siege
  3. ^ On 29 October 1919 the third battalion and the staff of the French Armenian legion (lieutenant-colonel Flye Sainte-Marie) were the bulk of the hastily assembled French force assigned to relieve Aintab British garrison. On 13 November, the third battalion (except 2 machine gun platoons) left the city. On 30 April 1920, Flye Sainte-Marie and French Armenian legion last soldiers went away. The French Armenian legion was dissolved on 1 September 1920.

References

  1. ^ Sabahattin Selek, Millî Mücadele II: İstiklâl Harbi (Yeni Türk Devletinin kuruluşu), p. 19.
  2. ^ Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 24, Western Society for French History, 1997, p. 206.
  3. ^ a b Article about the Siege of Aintab Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine haber7, Serkan Bilge, 25.12.2008
  4. ^ a b "Gaziantep şehitlerinin anısı Savaş Müzesi'nde yaşatılıyor," Yeni Şafak, 14.08.2008 (in Turkish)
  5. ^ a b c d e Kilis'in Antep Müdafaasındaki Yeri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi (Atatürk Research Center): Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Number 31, Edition: 11, March 1995 (in Turkish)
  6. ^ Kerr, Stanley E. The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1973, p. 222. ISBN 978-0-87395-200-2.
  7. ^ Bir 'mecbur adam'ın romanı, Radikal, 08.01.2010 (in Turkish)
  8. ^ Şimşir, Bilâl, İngiliz Belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919–1938, Volume 3, Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, p. 168.
  9. ^ Documents on British foreign policy, 1919-1939, London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1970, vol. 15, p. 155.
  10. ^ Abadie.Opérations au Levant - Les 4 sièges d'Aïntab (1920-1921) Paris:Charles-Lavauzelle et Cie, 1922 (french).
  11. ^ Gesar, A. "Agony of a City: The 314 Days of Aintab," Pts. 1–2, Armenian Review 30/2-3 (Summer-Autumn 1977): pp. 115–147, 265–281.
  12. ^ Ümit Kurt, The Armenians of Aintab, Harvard University Press, 2021, p. 27
  13. ^ Ümit Kurt, Destruction of Aintab Armenians and Emergence of the New Wealthy Class: Plunder of Armenian Wealth in Aintab (1890s-1920s), Ph.D. Dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA, Strassler Center of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 19 April 2016, quoted in Robert Fisk, "A beautiful mosque and the dark period of the Armenian genocide", The Independent, 15 October 2016

Further reading

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