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→American Revolution: Expanded description of the battles of Brooklyn & White Plains in 1776, including an extensive quote from biography at Maryland State Archives, in regard to how the 1st Maryland Regiment twice saved "the entire Continental Army"
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==American Revolution==
==American Revolution==
When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began, he was appointed a colonel of the [[1st Maryland Regiment]] in 1776. He led the regiment in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]], where the regiment served with distinction. On December 21, 1777, he commanded 1,500 Delaware and Maryland troops at the [[Continental Army Encampment Site]] to prevent occupation of Wilmington by the British and to protect the flour mills on the Brandywine.<ref name=NRHPnom>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=73000547}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Continental Army Encampment Site |author=Joan M. Norton |date=January 1972}}</ref> For his role at the [[Battle of White Plains]], in which he was twice wounded, Smallwood was promoted to brigadier general. He continued to serve under [[George Washington]] in the [[Philadelphia campaign]], where his regiment again distinguished itself [[Battle of Germantown|at Germantown]]. Thereafter, he quartered at the Foulke house, also occupied by the family of [[Sally Wister]].<ref>Sally Wister, ‘‘Sally Wister's Journal: A True Narrative: Being a Quaker Maiden's Account of Her Experiences with Officers of the Continental Army, 1777–1779’’. Applewood Books, Bedford, Massachusetts, 1994. Entry for October 19, 1777.</ref>
When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began, he was appointed a colonel of the [[1st Maryland Regiment]] in 1776. He led the regiment in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]], where the regiment served with distinction. For his role in the [[Battle of Brooklyn]] on August 27, 1776, when the [[1st Maryland Regiment|Maryland Regiment]] heroically covered the hasty retreat of [[George Washington| Washington's]] Army, Smallwood was promoted to brigadier general. Shortly thereafter, he led his regiment "fighting alongside soldiers from Connecticut, Delaware, and New York" in the [[Battle of White Plains]], when Smallwood was twice wounded but "prevented the destruction of the entire [[Continental Army]]".<ref name=MSA1>{{cite web |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/001100/001134/html/1134bio.html |title=William Smallwood (1732-1792) |author=<!--not stated--> |date=December 20, 2002 |website=msa.maryland.gov |series=Biographical Series |publisher=Maryland State Archives |location=Annapolis, Maryland |access-date=September 10, 2022|quote=Although Smallwood 'waited on [[George Washington |Washington]] and urged the Necessity of attending [his] Troops,' Washington 'refused to discharge' them… Smallwood was therefore absent during the early portions of the [[Battle of Brooklyn]] on August 27, 1776. British soldiers outflanked the American soldiers under [Major Mordecai] Gist’s command in a surprise attack. The Marylanders retreated, fighting their way toward the [[Gowanus Canal |Gowanus Creek]]… Smallwood arrived later in the battle and provided covering fire for the retreating American soldiers with two cannons and some reinforcements… and subsequently faced a deadly British onslaught. The Marylanders led several charges against the British, holding them at bay for a crucial period of time that saved Washington’s army… On October 28, 1776… in the [[Battle of White Plains]], [Gen.] Smallwood’s soldiers once again saved Washington’s army… Positioned on Chatterton’s Hill, the Marylanders charged British soldiers, pushing them back briefly. A series of British counterattacks forced the Marylanders to retreat, but prevented the destruction of the entire [[Continental Army]]. The [[1st Maryland Regiment]] suffered greatly in the battle. Smallwood himself received two 'slight' wounds during the orderly retreat, receiving one in his wrist and another in his hip.}}</ref> On December 21, 1777, he commanded 1,500 Delaware and Maryland troops at the [[Continental Army Encampment Site]] to prevent occupation of Wilmington by the British and to protect the flour mills on the Brandywine.<ref name=NRHPnom>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=73000547}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Continental Army Encampment Site |author=Joan M. Norton |date=January 1972}}</ref> He continued to serve under [[George Washington]] in the [[Philadelphia campaign]], where his regiment again distinguished itself [[Battle of Germantown|at Germantown]]. Thereafter, he quartered at the Foulke house, also occupied by the family of [[Sally Wister]].<ref>Sally Wister, ‘‘Sally Wister's Journal: A True Narrative: Being a Quaker Maiden's Account of Her Experiences with Officers of the Continental Army, 1777–1779’’. Applewood Books, Bedford, Massachusetts, 1994. Entry for October 19, 1777.</ref>
[[File:General George Washington Resigning his Commission.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|''[[General George Washington Resigning His Commission]]'' by [[John Trumbull]], Capitol Rotunda (commissioned 1817) in the [[Maryland State House]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]. The portrait features William Smallwood as the third person behind Washington.<ref name=aoc>{{cite web|title=General George Washington Resigning His Commission|url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/historic-rotunda-paintings/general-george-washington-resigning-his-commission|publisher=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref>]]
[[File:General George Washington Resigning his Commission.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|''[[General George Washington Resigning His Commission]]'' by [[John Trumbull]], Capitol Rotunda (commissioned 1817) in the [[Maryland State House]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]. The portrait features William Smallwood as the third person behind Washington.<ref name=aoc>{{cite web|title=General George Washington Resigning His Commission|url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/historic-rotunda-paintings/general-george-washington-resigning-his-commission|publisher=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref>]]
In 1780 he was a part of General [[Horatio Gates]]' army that was [[Battle of Camden|routed at Camden, South Carolina]]; his brigade was among the formations that held their ground, garnering Smallwood a promotion to major general. Smallwood's accounts of the battle and criticisms of Gates' behavior before and during the battle may have contributed to the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] inquiries into the debacle. Opposed to the hiring and promotion of foreigners, Smallwood objected to working under [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron von Steuben]]. Smallwood briefly commanded the militia forces of North Carolina in late 1780 and early 1781 before returning to [[Maryland]], staying there for the remainder of the war. He resigned from the [[Continental Army]] in 1783 and later that year was elected to serve as the first president of the newly established [[Society of the Cincinnati]] of Maryland.<ref>[https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/about/organization/constituent_societies_maryland The Society of the Cincinnati webpage], accessed January 27, 2021</ref><ref>Metcalf, Bryce (1938). ''Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies'' Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.</ref>
In 1780 he was a part of General [[Horatio Gates]]' army that was [[Battle of Camden|routed at Camden, South Carolina]]; his brigade was among the formations that held their ground, garnering Smallwood a promotion to major general. Smallwood's accounts of the battle and criticisms of Gates' behavior before and during the battle may have contributed to the [[United States Congress|Congressional]] inquiries into the debacle. Opposed to the hiring and promotion of foreigners, Smallwood objected to working under [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron von Steuben]]. Smallwood briefly commanded the militia forces of North Carolina in late 1780 and early 1781 before returning to [[Maryland]], staying there for the remainder of the war. He resigned from the [[Continental Army]] in 1783 and later that year was elected to serve as the first president of the newly established [[Society of the Cincinnati]] of Maryland.<ref>[https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/about/organization/constituent_societies_maryland The Society of the Cincinnati webpage], accessed January 27, 2021</ref><ref>Metcalf, Bryce (1938). ''Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies'' Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.</ref>

Revision as of 15:00, 10 September 2022

For the Canadian politician, see William R. Smallwood.

William Smallwood
4th Governor of Maryland
In office
November 26, 1785 – November 24, 1788
Preceded byWilliam Paca
Succeeded byJohn E. Howard
Personal details
Born1732 (1732)
Charles County, Province of Maryland, British America
Died (aged 59–60)
Marbury, Maryland, U.S.
Resting placeSmallwood State Park
Military service
Allegiance Kingdom of Great Britain
United States United States
Branch/serviceUnited Kingdom Provincial Troops
Continental Army
North Carolina Militia
Years of service1776–1783 (US)
RankLieutenant
Major general (US)
Commands1st Maryland Regiment
North Carolina Militia (1780)
Battles/warsFrench and Indian War
American Revolutionary War

William Smallwood (1732 – February 14, 1792) was an American planter, soldier and politician from Charles County, Maryland.[1] He served in the American Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of major general. He was serving as the fourth Governor of Maryland when the state adopted the United States Constitution.

Early life

Smallwood was born in 1732 to planter Bayne Smallwood (1711–1768)[2] and Priscilla Heaberd Smallwood (born c. 1715).[3][4] He had six siblings: Lucy Heabard Smallwood (born c. 1734), Elizabeth F. Smallwood (born c. 1736), Margaret F. Stoddert (born c. 1738, married Walter Stoddert c. 1760), Heabard Smallwood (born c. 1740), Priscilla Courts (born c. 1742, married John Courts c. 1760), and Eleanor Smallwood.[3] His sister Eleanor and brother Hebard served with him later in the Revolutionary War.[5] His parents sent the boys to England, for their education at Eton. His great-grandfather was James Smallwood, who immigrated in 1664[6] and became a member of the Maryland Assembly in 1692.[7] James' son Bayne (1685–1709) followed him later in the Assembly.[8] Bayne (1711–1775) and his sister Hester were the great-great-grandchildren of Maryland Governor William Stone; Hester (Smallwood) Smith's daughter-in-law Sarah (Butler) Stone was the grandmother of James Butler Bonham and Milledge Luke Bonham. A first cousin of James and Milledge Bonham was Senator Matthew Butler

Smallwood served as an officer during the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War). He was elected to the Maryland provincial assembly.

American Revolution

When the American Revolutionary War began, he was appointed a colonel of the 1st Maryland Regiment in 1776. He led the regiment in the New York and New Jersey campaign, where the regiment served with distinction. For his role in the Battle of Brooklyn on August 27, 1776, when the Maryland Regiment heroically covered the hasty retreat of Washington's Army, Smallwood was promoted to brigadier general. Shortly thereafter, he led his regiment "fighting alongside soldiers from Connecticut, Delaware, and New York" in the Battle of White Plains, when Smallwood was twice wounded but "prevented the destruction of the entire Continental Army".[9] On December 21, 1777, he commanded 1,500 Delaware and Maryland troops at the Continental Army Encampment Site to prevent occupation of Wilmington by the British and to protect the flour mills on the Brandywine.[10] He continued to serve under George Washington in the Philadelphia campaign, where his regiment again distinguished itself at Germantown. Thereafter, he quartered at the Foulke house, also occupied by the family of Sally Wister.[11]

General George Washington Resigning His Commission by John Trumbull, Capitol Rotunda (commissioned 1817) in the Maryland State House in Annapolis. The portrait features William Smallwood as the third person behind Washington.[12]

In 1780 he was a part of General Horatio Gates' army that was routed at Camden, South Carolina; his brigade was among the formations that held their ground, garnering Smallwood a promotion to major general. Smallwood's accounts of the battle and criticisms of Gates' behavior before and during the battle may have contributed to the Congressional inquiries into the debacle. Opposed to the hiring and promotion of foreigners, Smallwood objected to working under Baron von Steuben. Smallwood briefly commanded the militia forces of North Carolina in late 1780 and early 1781 before returning to Maryland, staying there for the remainder of the war. He resigned from the Continental Army in 1783 and later that year was elected to serve as the first president of the newly established Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland.[13][14]

Letter from George Washington to Gen. Smallwood asking for an update on recruiting troops. July 1782.

Governor

Smallwood was elected to Congress in 1784, but before he could take his seat, the Legislature chose him to succeed William Paca as Governor of Maryland. He qualified on November 26, 1785, and served the customary three terms, retiring from his gubernatorial office on November 24, 1788. Smallwood had the misfortune of serving as governor during one of the most difficult periods in the history of the nation. Not only were the Articles of Confederation proving inoperable, but the country also found itself in the midst of an economic depression. In spite of the country's unsettled affairs, Smallwood was responsible for several major accomplishments, including convening the state's convention that ratified the United States Constitution, despite strong opposition to the proposed document in the State.[15]

Gravestone of Gen William Smallwood at his home, Smallwood's Retreat, near Marbury, Maryland


Later years

Smallwood never married. The 1790 census shows that he held 56 slaves and a yearly tobacco crop of 3000 pounds.[16] When he died in 1792 his estate, known as Mattawoman, including his home the Retreat, passed to his sister Eleanor who married Colonel William Grayson of Virginia. William Truman Stoddert, Smallwood's nephew, was orphaned at age 9 and raised by his maternal grandfather, Bayne Smallwood.[4][5][16][17] Stoddert also served in the Maryland Line and was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of Maryland.[18]

Legacy

Local historical signs in Calvert, Maryland, note that General Smallwood occupied the "East Nottingham Friends House" at the intersections of Calvert Road and Brick Meetinghouse Road (near the intersection of 272 and 273) about 6 miles east of Rising Sun, Maryland.[19] During his occupation of the building in 1778, Gen. Smallwood used the building as a hospital. Some of the soldiers who died in the building were buried in the graveyard directly outside.[20] Smallwood frequented the "Cross Keys Inn" (built in 1774), at the time a several-room inn and bar. This building stands as a private residence at the intersection of Calvert Road and Cross Keys Road directly down the hill. His restored plantation home, Smallwood's Retreat, and burial site is located in Smallwood State Park in Marbury, Maryland. Smallwood Church Road leads from the State Park toward Old Durham Church, where he was a vestryman.

Several paintings exist of Smallwood. One hangs in the Old Senate Chamber in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland.[21] The portrait of George Washington resigning within the Maryland State House, which hangs in the US Capitol Rotanda, features Smallwood.

Featured in the Maryland Historical Society is The William Smallwood Collection, 1776–1791, MS. 1875.[22]

Honors


References

  1. ^ "Inventory of Maryland Monuments by County".
  2. ^ Maryland Genealogies: A Consolidation of Articles from the Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol II. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 1980. p. 354. ISBN 0-8063-0886-9.
  3. ^ a b Historical Society of Charles County Genealogical Files, Southern Maryland Studies Center, College of Southern Maryland, La Plata, MD
  4. ^ a b Warfield, J.D., The Founders of Anne Arundel and Howard County Maryland, Kohn And Pollock, p. 237 ff. (1905).
  5. ^ a b Wister, Sarah, The journal and occasional writings of Sarah Wister, Derounian-Stodola, K.Z., ed., Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press (1987)
  6. ^ Maryland Genealogies, pp. 325 and 326
  7. ^ Maryland Genealogies, p 332
  8. ^ Wilstach, Paul, Potomac Landings, Doubleday, Garden City, NJ, p.106 (1920).
  9. ^ "William Smallwood (1732-1792)". msa.maryland.gov. Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. December 20, 2002. Retrieved September 10, 2022. Although Smallwood 'waited on Washington and urged the Necessity of attending [his] Troops,' Washington 'refused to discharge' them… Smallwood was therefore absent during the early portions of the Battle of Brooklyn on August 27, 1776. British soldiers outflanked the American soldiers under [Major Mordecai] Gist's command in a surprise attack. The Marylanders retreated, fighting their way toward the Gowanus Creek… Smallwood arrived later in the battle and provided covering fire for the retreating American soldiers with two cannons and some reinforcements… and subsequently faced a deadly British onslaught. The Marylanders led several charges against the British, holding them at bay for a crucial period of time that saved Washington's army… On October 28, 1776… in the Battle of White Plains, [Gen.] Smallwood's soldiers once again saved Washington's army… Positioned on Chatterton's Hill, the Marylanders charged British soldiers, pushing them back briefly. A series of British counterattacks forced the Marylanders to retreat, but prevented the destruction of the entire Continental Army. The 1st Maryland Regiment suffered greatly in the battle. Smallwood himself received two 'slight' wounds during the orderly retreat, receiving one in his wrist and another in his hip.
  10. ^ Joan M. Norton (January 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Continental Army Encampment Site".
  11. ^ Sally Wister, ‘‘Sally Wister's Journal: A True Narrative: Being a Quaker Maiden's Account of Her Experiences with Officers of the Continental Army, 1777–1779’’. Applewood Books, Bedford, Massachusetts, 1994. Entry for October 19, 1777.
  12. ^ "General George Washington Resigning His Commission". Architect of the Capitol.
  13. ^ The Society of the Cincinnati webpage, accessed January 27, 2021
  14. ^ Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.
  15. ^ Archives of Maryland, accessed January 29, 2021
  16. ^ a b Klapthor, M., and P. Brown, The history of Charles County, Maryland: written in its tercentenary year of 1958 LaPlata, MD, Charles County Tercentenary, Inc., p. 89 (1958).
  17. ^ Morgan, George, The Life of James Monroe, Small, Maynard and Company, Boston, p. 13 (1921).
  18. ^ Metcalf, p. 299.
  19. ^ "Revolutionary War Pension Application of William Beckwith".
  20. ^ "National Register of Historic Places: East Nottingham Meetinghouse". Maryland Historical Trust.
  21. ^ "William Smallwood Portrait". Maryland State Archives Online.
  22. ^ "William Smallwood Collection". Maryland Historical Society.
  23. ^ "Fort Smallwood Park". Anne Arundel County. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Smallwood.
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Maryland
1785 –1788 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Maryland State Senate
1791 		Succeeded by
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