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== Release versions ==
== Release versions ==
The [[operating environment]] came in two different variants with different names and [[Central processing unit|CPU]] support.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows/286%22 |title=Byte |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1990 |volume=15 |pages=131 |language=en |access-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908021705/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows%2F286%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="os2mus">{{Cite web |last=Necasek |first=Michal |date=June 21, 2011 |title=Windows/386 2.01 |url=http://www.os2museum.com/wp/windows386-2-01 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=OS/2 Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803113714/http://www.os2museum.com/wp/windows386-2-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> The basic edition supported the 8086 mode of the [[80386]] microprocessor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=November 24, 1987 |title=Apple Takes on IBM |volume=6 |pages=170 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |issue=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |access-date=April 18, 2022 |issn=0888-8507 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407091647/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite its configuration, the variant was fully operational on an [[8088]] or [[8086]] processor, although the [[high memory area]] would not be available on an 8086-class processor;<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=September 27, 1988 |title=High-Impact Graphics |volume=7 |pages=38 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |issue=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112502/https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Patton |first1=Carole |last2=Mace |first2=Scott |date=July 4, 1988 |title=Windows Gets More Memory With Upgrade |volume=10 |pages=1 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z4EAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> however, [[expanded memory]] could still be used.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lendino |first=Jamie |date=November 20, 2015 |title=Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective |work=ExtremeTech |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/218336-microsoft-windows-turns-30-a-brief-retrospective |access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Stephen |date=November 9, 1987 |title=Testers laud soon-to-ship Windows/386 |volume=21 |pages=20 |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG Enterprise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OuJCcQkEzEC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> [[IBM]]'s [[IBM PS/2 Model 25|PS/2 Model 25]], which had an option to ship with a "DOS 4.00 and Windows kit" for educational markets, shipped Windows with 8086 hardware.<ref>{{Cite book |title=IBM Personal System 2 and IBM Personal Computer Product Reference |publisher=IBM |year=1988 |series=4 |location=New York |pages=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=August 17, 1987 |title=First Look |volume=9 |pages=44 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> The basic edition would be later renamed to ''Windows/286'' with the release of [[Windows 2.1x|Windows 2.1]] in 1988.<ref name=":0" />
The [[operating environment]] came in two different variants with different names and [[Central processing unit|CPU]] support.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows/286%22 |title=Byte |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1990 |volume=15 |pages=131 |language=en |access-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908021705/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRVAAAAMAAJ&q=infoworld+%22windows%2F286%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=April 13, 1987 |title=First Look |volume=9 |pages=46 |work=InfoWorld |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDwEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> The basic edition supported the 8086 mode of the [[80386]] microprocessor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=November 24, 1987 |title=Apple Takes on IBM |volume=6 |pages=170 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |issue=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |access-date=April 18, 2022 |issn=0888-8507 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407091647/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite its configuration, the variant was fully operational on an [[8088]] or [[8086]] processor, although the [[high memory area]] would not be available on an 8086-class processor;<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=September 27, 1988 |title=High-Impact Graphics |volume=7 |pages=38 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |issue=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702112502/https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Patton |first1=Carole |last2=Mace |first2=Scott |date=July 4, 1988 |title=Windows Gets More Memory With Upgrade |volume=10 |pages=1 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z4EAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> however, [[expanded memory]] could still be used.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lendino |first=Jamie |date=November 20, 2015 |title=Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective |work=ExtremeTech |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/218336-microsoft-windows-turns-30-a-brief-retrospective |access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Stephen |date=November 9, 1987 |title=Testers laud soon-to-ship Windows/386 |volume=21 |pages=20 |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG Enterprise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OuJCcQkEzEC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> [[IBM]]'s [[IBM PS/2 Model 25|PS/2 Model 25]], which had an option to ship with a "DOS 4.00 and Windows kit" for educational markets, shipped Windows with 8086 hardware.<ref>{{Cite book |title=IBM Personal System 2 and IBM Personal Computer Product Reference |publisher=IBM |year=1988 |series=4 |location=New York |pages=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=August 17, 1987 |title=First Look |volume=9 |pages=44 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jsEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> The basic edition would be later renamed to ''Windows/286'' with the release of [[Windows 2.1x|Windows 2.1]] in 1988.<ref name=":0" />


The other variant, named ''Windows/386'', was available as early as September 1987,<ref name="os2mus" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Keefe |first=Patricia |date=April 30, 1990 |title=For many, DOS can still do it |volume=24 |pages=13 |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG Enterprise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tUVCzAncZ0C |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> pre-dating the release of Windows 2.0 in December 1987.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A History of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610182515/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0 |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |website=Microsoft}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Susan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqcxT-y-LsC |title=Across the Divide: Navigating the Digital Revolution as a Woman, Entrepreneur and CEO |publisher=Images Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1864704556 |pages=161}}</ref> It was much more advanced than its other sibling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purcaru |first=Bogdan Ion |title=Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's |year=2014 |pages=415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pavlac |first=Ross |date=December 4, 1989 |title=Computer-Aided Software Engineering |volume=11 |pages=64 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTAEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> It introduced a [[protected mode]] kernel, above which the [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] and applications run as a [[virtual 8086 mode]] task.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=April 7, 2004 |title=A very brief anecdote about Windows 3.0 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20040407-00/?p=39893 |access-date=July 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="MSJWin386">{{cite magazine |author=Ray Duncan |date=September 1987 |title=Character-Oriented Display Services Using OS/2's VIO Subsystem |magazine=[[Microsoft Systems Journal]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |pages=1–15}}</ref>{{rp|p.2}} The variant had fully [[preemptive multitasking]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name="MSJWin386" />{{rp|p.2}} and allowed several [[MS-DOS]] programs to run in parallel in "virtual 8086" CPU mode, rather than always suspending background applications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=William |date=June 26, 1990 |title=Windows |volume=9 |pages=427 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bSfCwxhFmMC |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> With the exception of a few kilobytes of overhead, each DOS application could use any available low memory before Windows was started.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emery Davis |first=Frederic |title=The Windows 3.1 Bible |publisher=Peachpit Press |year=1993 |isbn=1566090156 |location=Pennsylvania |pages=644}}</ref> Windows/386 also provided [[Expanded memory#Software emulation|EMS emulation]],<ref name="os2mus" /> using the memory management features of the i386 to make RAM beyond 640k behave like the banked memory previously only supplied by add-in cards and used by popular DOS applications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosch |first=Winn |date=May 30, 1989 |title=Multitasking Without OS/2 |volume=8 |pages=340 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpsOD9ZeqScC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> There was no support for disk-based [[virtual memory]], so multiple DOS programs had to fit inside the available physical memory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosch |first=Winn |date=November 24, 1987 |title=The Taskmasters: Real 386 Operating Environments |volume=6 |pages=170 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> Users could run more applications on the 386 version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Compton |first=Jason |date=November 2005 |title=Happy Birthday, Windows! |pages=36 |work=Maximum PC |publisher=Future US, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQIAAAAAMBAJ |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=1522-4279}}</ref>
The other variant, named ''Windows/386'', was available as early as September 1987,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keefe |first=Patricia |date=April 30, 1990 |title=For many, DOS can still do it |volume=24 |pages=13 |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG Enterprise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tUVCzAncZ0C |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> pre-dating the release of Windows 2.0 in December 1987.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A History of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610182515/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0 |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |website=Microsoft}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Susan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqcxT-y-LsC |title=Across the Divide: Navigating the Digital Revolution as a Woman, Entrepreneur and CEO |publisher=Images Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1864704556 |pages=161}}</ref> It was much more advanced than its other sibling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purcaru |first=Bogdan Ion |title=Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's |year=2014 |pages=415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pavlac |first=Ross |date=December 4, 1989 |title=Computer-Aided Software Engineering |volume=11 |pages=64 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTAEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> It introduced a [[protected mode]] kernel, above which the [[Graphical user interface|GUI]] and applications run as a [[virtual 8086 mode]] task.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=April 7, 2004 |title=A very brief anecdote about Windows 3.0 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20040407-00/?p=39893 |access-date=July 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="MSJWin386">{{cite magazine |author=Ray Duncan |date=September 1987 |title=Character-Oriented Display Services Using OS/2's VIO Subsystem |magazine=[[Microsoft Systems Journal]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |pages=1–15}}</ref>{{rp|p.2}} The variant had fully [[preemptive multitasking]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name="MSJWin386" />{{rp|p.2}} and allowed several [[MS-DOS]] programs to run in parallel in "virtual 8086" CPU mode, rather than always suspending background applications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=William |date=June 26, 1990 |title=Windows |volume=9 |pages=427 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bSfCwxhFmMC |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> With the exception of a few kilobytes of overhead, each DOS application could use any available low memory before Windows was started.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emery Davis |first=Frederic |title=The Windows 3.1 Bible |publisher=Peachpit Press |year=1993 |isbn=1566090156 |location=Pennsylvania |pages=644}}</ref> Windows/386 also provided [[Expanded memory#Software emulation|EMS emulation]],<ref name=":6" /> using the memory management features of the i386 to make RAM beyond 640k behave like the banked memory previously only supplied by add-in cards and used by popular DOS applications.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Rosch |first=Winn |date=May 30, 1989 |title=Multitasking Without OS/2 |volume=8 |pages=340 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpsOD9ZeqScC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> There was no support for disk-based [[virtual memory]], so multiple DOS programs had to fit inside the available physical memory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosch |first=Winn |date=November 24, 1987 |title=The Taskmasters: Real 386 Operating Environments |volume=6 |pages=170 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> Users could run more applications on the 386 version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Compton |first=Jason |date=November 2005 |title=Happy Birthday, Windows! |pages=36 |work=Maximum PC |publisher=Future US, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQIAAAAAMBAJ |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=1522-4279}}</ref>


Neither of these versions worked with [[DOS memory management|DOS memory managers]] like [[CEMM]] or [[QEMM]] or with [[DOS extender]]s, which have their own extended memory management and run in protected mode as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=March 26, 1990 |title=OS/2: The Right Stuff? |volume=12 |pages=54 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DsEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> This was remedied in version 3.0, which is compatible with [[Virtual Control Program Interface]] (VCPI) in "standard mode" and with [[DOS Protected Mode Interface]] (DPMI) in "386 enhanced" mode.<ref name="os2mus" /><ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2006 |title=New EMM386.exe fixes problem receiving NMI in protected mode |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927175659/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=August 15, 2013 |website=Microsoft Support}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schulman |first=Andrew |date=June 11, 1991 |title=Windows 3.0: All That Memory, All Those Modes |volume=10 |pages=352 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNhQLiJ8TgQC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> Microsoft ended its support for Windows 2.0 on December 31, 2001.<ref name="obsolete-prod">{{cite web |date=July 25, 2011 |title=Obsolete Products |url=http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050814234847/http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts |archive-date=August 14, 2005 |work=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowart |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56647752 |title=Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home |date=2005 |publisher=Que |others=Brian Knittel |isbn=0-7897-3279-3 |edition=3 |location=Indianapolis, Ind. |pages=92 |oclc=56647752 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604163856/https://www.worldcat.org/title/special-edition-using-microsoft-windows-xp-home/oclc/56647752 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Neither of these versions worked with [[DOS memory management|DOS memory managers]] like [[CEMM]] or [[QEMM]] or with [[DOS extender]]s, which have their own extended memory management and run in protected mode as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=March 26, 1990 |title=OS/2: The Right Stuff? |volume=12 |pages=54 |work=Info World |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DsEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=July 9, 2022 |issn=0199-6649}}</ref> This was remedied in version 3.0, which is compatible with [[Virtual Control Program Interface]] (VCPI) in "standard mode" and with [[DOS Protected Mode Interface]] (DPMI) in "386 enhanced" mode.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2006 |title=New EMM386.exe fixes problem receiving NMI in protected mode |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927175659/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137870 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=August 15, 2013 |website=Microsoft Support}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schulman |first=Andrew |date=June 11, 1991 |title=Windows 3.0: All That Memory, All Those Modes |volume=10 |pages=352 |work=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNhQLiJ8TgQC |access-date=July 10, 2022 |issn=0888-8507}}</ref> Microsoft ended its support for Windows 2.0 on December 31, 2001.<ref name="obsolete-prod">{{cite web |date=July 25, 2011 |title=Obsolete Products |url=http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050814234847/http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts |archive-date=August 14, 2005 |work=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowart |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56647752 |title=Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home |date=2005 |publisher=Que |others=Brian Knittel |isbn=0-7897-3279-3 |edition=3 |location=Indianapolis, Ind. |pages=92 |oclc=56647752 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604163856/https://www.worldcat.org/title/special-edition-using-microsoft-windows-xp-home/oclc/56647752 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Features ==
== Features ==
Line 79: Line 79:
=== Legal conflict with Apple ===
=== Legal conflict with Apple ===
{{main|Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.}}
{{main|Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.}}
On March 17, 1988, [[Apple Inc.]] filed a lawsuit against [[Microsoft]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]], accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held on the Macintosh System Software.<ref>{{cite web |title=1980 - 1989: An Industrial Milestone |url=http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507183221/http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=56 |archive-date=May 7, 2006 |access-date=May 7, 2006 |publisher=The Apple Museum}}</ref> Apple claimed the "[[look and feel]]" of the [[Mac OS|Macintosh operating system]], taken as a whole, was protected by [[copyright]] and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=Tech Giant Showdown: Microsoft vs. Apple |url=http://www.newmaconline.com/tech-giant-showdown-microsoft-vs-apple_2010-06-02/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232645/http://www.newmaconline.com/tech-giant-showdown-microsoft-vs-apple_2010-06-02/ |archive-date=2013-11-05 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=NewMac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1988-03-18 |title=Apple Sues Microsoft And Hewlett-Packard |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/business/company-news-apple-sues-microsoft-and-hewlett-packard.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Regan |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLntq7-bWRYC |title=A Brief History of Computing |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2008 |isbn=9781848000841 |location=Cork, Ireland |pages=218}}</ref> The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft on all but 10 of the 189 graphical user interface elements on which Apple sued, and the court found the remaining 10 GUI elements could not be copyrighted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birkinbine |first=Benjamin J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155440332 |title=Incorporating the digital commons: corporate involvement in free and open source software |date=2020 |publisher=University of Westminster Press |isbn=978-1-912656-43-1 |location=London |pages=56 |oclc=1155440332}}</ref>
On March 17, 1988, [[Apple Inc.]] filed a lawsuit against [[Microsoft]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]], accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held on the Macintosh System Software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 17: Apple Sues Microsoft for Copyright Infringement |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/march/17/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Keefe |first=Patricia |date=1990-02-05 |title=Precedents may aid Lotus case |volume=24 |pages=144 |work=Computerworld |publisher=IDG Enterprise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHa3f3JQIkUC |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> Apple claimed the "[[look and feel]]" of the [[Mac OS|Macintosh operating system]], taken as a whole, was protected by [[copyright]] and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=Tech Giant Showdown: Microsoft vs. Apple |url=http://www.newmaconline.com/tech-giant-showdown-microsoft-vs-apple_2010-06-02/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232645/http://www.newmaconline.com/tech-giant-showdown-microsoft-vs-apple_2010-06-02/ |archive-date=2013-11-05 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=NewMac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1988-03-18 |title=Apple Sues Microsoft And Hewlett-Packard |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/business/company-news-apple-sues-microsoft-and-hewlett-packard.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Regan |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLntq7-bWRYC |title=A Brief History of Computing |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2008 |isbn=9781848000841 |location=Cork, Ireland |pages=218}}</ref> The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft on all but 10 of the 189 graphical user interface elements on which Apple sued, and the court found the remaining 10 GUI elements could not be copyrighted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birkinbine |first=Benjamin J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155440332 |title=Incorporating the digital commons: corporate involvement in free and open source software |date=2020 |publisher=University of Westminster Press |isbn=978-1-912656-43-1 |location=London |pages=56 |oclc=1155440332}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 11:34, 16 September 2022

Windows 2.0x
Version of the Microsoft Windows operating system
Logo of Microsoft Windows 2.0x versions
Screenshot of Microsoft Windows 2.0
DeveloperMicrosoft
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Source modelClosed source
Released to
manufacturing		December 9, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-12-09)
Latest release2.03 / December 9, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-12-09)
LicenseCommercial software
Preceded byWindows 1.0x (1985)
Succeeded byWindows 2.1x (1988)
Support status
Unsupported as of December 31, 2001

Windows 2.0 is a major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on December 9, 1987, as a successor to Windows 1.0.

The product includes two different variants, a base edition for 8086 real mode, and Windows/386, an enhanced edition for i386 protected mode. Windows 2.0 differs from its predecessor by allowing users to overlap and resize application windows, while the operating environment also introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and support for 16-color VGA graphics. It also introduced Microsoft Word and Excel, and integrated the Control Panel, while the developer support increased substantially.

Noted as an improvement of its predecessor, Microsoft Windows gained more sales and popularity after the release of the operating environment, although it is also considered to be the incarnation that remained a work in progress. Due to the introduction of overlapping windows, Apple Inc. had filed a lawsuit against Microsoft in March 1988 after accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held, although in the end, the judge ruled in favor of Microsoft. The operating environment was succeeded by Windows 2.1 in May 1988, while Microsoft ended its support on December 31, 2001.

Release versions

The operating environment came in two different variants with different names and CPU support.[1][2] The basic edition supported the 8086 mode of the 80386 microprocessor.[3] Despite its configuration, the variant was fully operational on an 8088 or 8086 processor, although the high memory area would not be available on an 8086-class processor;[4][5] however, expanded memory could still be used.[6][7] IBM's PS/2 Model 25, which had an option to ship with a "DOS 4.00 and Windows kit" for educational markets, shipped Windows with 8086 hardware.[8][9] The basic edition would be later renamed to Windows/286 with the release of Windows 2.1 in 1988.[4]

The other variant, named Windows/386, was available as early as September 1987,[10] pre-dating the release of Windows 2.0 in December 1987.[11][12] It was much more advanced than its other sibling.[13][14] It introduced a protected mode kernel, above which the GUI and applications run as a virtual 8086 mode task.[15][16]: p.2  The variant had fully preemptive multitasking,[7][16]: p.2  and allowed several MS-DOS programs to run in parallel in "virtual 8086" CPU mode, rather than always suspending background applications.[17] With the exception of a few kilobytes of overhead, each DOS application could use any available low memory before Windows was started.[18] Windows/386 also provided EMS emulation,[19] using the memory management features of the i386 to make RAM beyond 640k behave like the banked memory previously only supplied by add-in cards and used by popular DOS applications.[19] There was no support for disk-based virtual memory, so multiple DOS programs had to fit inside the available physical memory.[20] Users could run more applications on the 386 version.[21]

Neither of these versions worked with DOS memory managers like CEMM or QEMM or with DOS extenders, which have their own extended memory management and run in protected mode as well.[22] This was remedied in version 3.0, which is compatible with Virtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) in "standard mode" and with DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) in "386 enhanced" mode.[23][24] Microsoft ended its support for Windows 2.0 on December 31, 2001.[25][26]

Features

Aldus Pagemaker 3.0 on Windows 2.0

Unlike its predecessor, Windows 2.0 allows the user to overlap and resize application windows.[27][28] It has also introduced desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts, and the terminology "minimize" and "maximize", as opposed to "iconize" and "zoom" which was used in Windows 1.0.[29] Support for 16-color VGA graphics, EMS memory, and new capabilities of the i386 CPU in some versions were also added.[30] Windows 2.0 is the last version of Windows that ran solely on floppy disks.[31]

The operating environment is shipped with fifteen programs,[32] and it also introduced graphical programs Microsoft Word and Excel, in order to compete against the then-reigning competitors WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3.[27] Besides Aldus Pagemaker and CorelDRAW,[33] there were not a lot of Windows-compatible applications available for Windows 2.0, although the developer support increased substantially.[27] It is also the first Windows version to integrate the Control Panel and program information files.[34][35]

IBM licensed Windows's GUI for OS/2 as Presentation Manager, and the two companies stated that it and Windows 2.0 would be almost identical.[36]

System requirements

The official system requirements for Windows 2.0 include the following.

Minimum system requirements
Windows 2.01[3][37] Windows 2.03[37][38]
CPU 80286 or 80386 processor
RAM 512 KB of memory
Storage Two double-sided floppy disk drives or a hard disk
Video EGA or VGA adapters
OS MS-DOS 3.0 or higher
Mouse A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required

Windows 2.0 was dependent on the DOS system and random-access memory was restricted to a maximum of 1 MB due to running in real mode.[35]

Reception

Windows 2.0 is considered to be an incremental improvement of its predecessor, although, it is also considered to be the incarnation of Windows that still remained a work in progress.[27][39] Due to its improvements, Microsoft Windows has gained more popularity after its release and its interface is considered to be easier to manage.[40] CNET considered that Windows 2.0 "wasn't much better than Windows 1.0".[41] BYTE magazine listed the variant as among the "distinction" winner of the BYTE Awards in 1989, describing it as a "serious competition for OS/2" as it "taps into the power of the 80386".[42]

The operating environment costed $99.[43] Sales of Microsoft Windows reached one million in 1988, and by January 1990, it had reached less than two million, although Windows 2.0 was not widely used.[44][45] It was succeeded by Windows 2.1, which was released in the United States and Canada in May 1988.[46]

Main article: Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.

On March 17, 1988, Apple Inc. filed a lawsuit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard, accusing them of violating copyrights Apple held on the Macintosh System Software.[47][48] Apple claimed the "look and feel" of the Macintosh operating system, taken as a whole, was protected by copyright and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons.[49][50][51] The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft on all but 10 of the 189 graphical user interface elements on which Apple sued, and the court found the remaining 10 GUI elements could not be copyrighted.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^ Byte. Vol. 15. McGraw-Hill. 1990. p. 131. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
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