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{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Defense.gov News Photo 970309-N-8421M-002.jpg
| Ship image = Defense.gov News Photo 970309-N-8421M-002.jpg
| image alt =
|Ship caption=
| Ship caption =
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{{Infobox ship class overview
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=
|Name=
|Builders=[[Kherson|Kherson Shipyard]], refitted at [[Dalian|Dalian Shipyard]]
|Builders=*[[Kherson Shipyard]]
*[[Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company]]
|Operators=* {{navy|CHN}}
|Operators= {{navy|CHN}}
|Class before=[[Type 905 replenishment tanker|Type 905]]
|Class after=[[Type 903 replenishment ship|Type 903]]
|Class before=[[Type 905 replenishment oiler]]
|Class after=[[Type 903 replenishment ship]]
|Subclasses=
|Subclasses=
|Cost=
|Cost=
|Built range=
|Built range=
|In service range=
|In service range=
|In commission range=1996-Present
|In commission range=1996-present
|Total ships building=
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=
|Total ships planned=
|Total ships completed=1
|Total ships completed=
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships active=1
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=
|Total ships lost=
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships preserved=
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = People's Republic of China
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|China|naval}}
| Ship name = ''Qinghaihu''
| Ship namesake =
| Ship ordered =
| Ship awarded =
| Ship builder =
| Ship original cost =
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number =
| Ship laid down = January 1989{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship launched = April 1992{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship sponsor =
| Ship christened =
| Ship completed =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship commissioned = 2 June 1996{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship recommissioned =
| Ship decommissioned =
| Ship maiden voyage =
| Ship in service =
| Ship out of service =
| Ship renamed =
| Ship reclassified =
| Ship refit =
| Ship struck =
| Ship reinstated =
| Ship homeport =
| Ship identification = [[Hull number]]: 885{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship motto =
| Ship nickname =
| Ship honors =
| Ship captured =
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = Active
| Ship notes =
| Ship badge =
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
| Hide header =
|Header caption=
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|Komandarm Fedko|oiler}}{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship class=
| Ship displacement = 37,594 tons (full load){{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship type= [[Replenishment ship]]
| Ship length = {{convert|178.9|m}}{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship tonnage=
| Ship beam = {{convert|25.3|m}}{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship displacement=37,000 tonnes
| Ship height =
|Ship length= {{convert|188.9|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|25.33|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|11|m}}{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship height=
| Ship draft =
| Ship depth =
|Ship draught={{convert|10.41|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship draft=
| Ship hold depth =
|Ship depth=
| Ship decks =
|Ship hold depth=
| Ship deck clearance =
|Ship decks=
| Ship ramps =
|Ship deck clearance=
| Ship ice class =
|Ship ramps=
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion = *1 x Bryansk-[[Burmeister & Wain]] 6DKRN74/160-3 diesel engine;{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
|Ship ice class=
*1 shaft;{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=* 1 Burmeister & Wain diesel {{convert|10,600|hp|abbr=on|0|lk=in}}
*Total output: {{convert|10,600|bhp|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
| Ship sail plan =
* 1 shaft
|Ship speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
| Ship speed = {{convert|16.4|kn}}{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
| Ship range = {{convert|18,000|nmi}} at {{convert|14.6|kn}}{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
| Ship endurance =
|Ship complement=125
| Ship test depth =
|Ship sensors=
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity = 9630 tons of [[fuel oil]]{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
| Ship troops =
| Ship complement = 125{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
| Ship crew =
| Ship time to activate =
|Ship aircraft=1 [[Aérospatiale Super Frelon|Z-8]] [[helicopter]]
| Ship sensors =
|Ship aircraft facilities=[[Hangar]] and flight deck
|Ship notes=
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament =
| Ship armour =
| Ship armor =
| Ship aircraft = 1 x [[Harbin Z-8]]{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship aircraft facilities = Hangar and flight deck{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
| Ship notes =
}}
}}
|}
|}


'''''Qinghaihu''''' is a {{sclass|Komandarm Fedko|oiler|0}} [[replenishment oiler]] of the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN). [[Ukraine]] sold the incomplete ship in 1992 to the [[People's Republic of China]], where it was completed and commissioned in 1996.{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
The '''Type 908''' ([[NATO reporting name]] '''''Fusu'''''-class, also known as '''''Nancang'''''-class) replenishment ship is a class of multi-product [[replenishment oiler]]s commissioned into the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]].<ref>[http://www.haijun360.com/news/BGJ/2011/629/116292139502F96ED1G7319DG53D3FH.html Type 908 AOR]</ref> The first Type 908 replenishment ship, ''Qinghaihu'', was originally laid down for the [[Soviet Navy]] as a [[Komandarm Fedko-class oiler|''Komandarn Fedko''-class]] merchant [[tanker (ship)|tanker]], but construction was halted due to insufficient funds. The ship was then purchased by China as an incomplete vessel in 1993 from post-Soviet Ukraine. The ship has a near sister ship ({{INS|Jyoti|A58|6}}) operating with the [[Indian Navy]]. After significant refit, the ship was consecutively renamed ''Qinghaihu'' (885), formerly ex ''Nancang'' (Nanyun 953) and ex-''Vladimir Peregudov''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/nancang.htm|title=Nancang Underway Replenishment Ship (AOR)|work=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=March 4, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/support/nancang.asp|title=NANCANG CLASS FLEET REPLENISHMENT SHIP|work=SinoDefence.com|access-date=March 4, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320001357/http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/support/nancang.asp|archive-date=March 20, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/|title=World Navies Today: Chinese Fleet Support & General Logistics Auxiliaries|work=World Navies Today|access-date=March 4, 2007}}</ref>


In Chinese service, the ship was previously known as ''Nancang'' (953).{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}} The ship's class has the [[NATO reporting name]] '''Fuso'''.<ref name="oni_2020_PLAN_ID_Guide">{{Cite report |author=United States Navy Office of Naval Intelligence |author-link=Office of Naval Intelligence |date=19 February 2020 |title=PLA Navy Identification Guide |url=https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2020_China_Recce_Poster_UNCLAS.jpg?ver=2020-02-19-081430-327 |access-date=29 July 2020 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227035831/https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2020_China_Recce_Poster_UNCLAS.jpg?ver=2020-02-19-081430-327 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Type 908 AOR is the second generation Chinese replenishment ship that is outfitted with a total of six cranes, four oil refuelling stations, and two stores stations. This allows the ship to replenish three [[warship]]s simultaneously. The ship, through her helicopter facilities, is able to replenish warships operating nearby via [[vertical replenishment]] (VERTREP).


==Background==
==Design==
The superstructure is modified with a deckhouse forward of the bridge and a working area built over the fuel cargo tanks. The stern is [[sponson]]ed for the helicopter pad; a small hangar is also installed.{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
The Type 908 was the second stage in Chinese replenishment ship development and construction. Although considered somewhat successful, the first [[Type 905 replenishment tanker]] (''Fuqing'' class) could not completely satisfy the requirements of the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN). One of the primary drawbacks of this class was that they are mainly for replenishment of liquid supplies, i.e. fuel and water. These ships of the first stage of the development of Chinese replenishment ships could only replenish extremely limited dry supplies, and are virtually incapable of resupply of ammunition, because the Chinese industry at the time lacked the capability to provide sounding safety measures for resupplying and storing ammunition with fuels. This is one of the two primary constrains that despite the fact that on August 28, 1977, the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] ordered the resumption of the development of fleet replenishment ship that is capable of one-stop replenishment, (i.e. being capable of resupply ammunition, fuels, water, and solid supplies together by a single ship, a concept first pioneered by [[United States Navy]]), the project was eventually put on hold.


There are four fuel and two solid store transfer stations. Refueling may be conducted from the stern.{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}}
The other primary constrain was budget constraints as Chinese economy was near the verge of total collapse resulting from the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Eventually, as the [[economic reform in the People's Republic of China]] in 1979 rapidly improved the [[Economy of China|Chinese economy]], the second stage of the development of the Chinese fleet replenishment ship was resumed in 1988, after around a decade of dormancy. PLAN had a lot of expectations for the new class of ship: in addition to being capable of one-stop replenishment, the new ship was also required to be capable of serving as a [[hospital ship]]. However, to meet such high expectation of PLAN, costs was driven up multiple times. As the design was completed, the price of the proposed new ship exceeded what PLAN could afford and the project was in danger of being cancelled again.


==Origin==
==History==
The ship was laid down in January 1989 by the [[Soviet Union]] at the [[Kherson Shipyard]] as ''Vladimir Peregudov''.{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}} In 1992, China bought the incomplete ship from Ukraine for $10 million.{{sfn|Wertheim|2013|p=134}} According to Zhang Gang, chief designer of the replenishment oiler {{HTMS|Similan}}, the purchase was made after the Chinese effort to design a new replenishment ship - ultimately the [[Type 903 replenishment ship]] - was delayed due to cost; the PLAN requirement was for one large replenishment per fleet, and it only had two [[Type 905 replenishment oiler]]s.{{sfn|Sheldon-Duplaix|2017|p=100}}
Just as the second stage of the development of the Chinese fleet replenishment ship was about to be yet again put on hold, there was an unexpected turn of fortune that saved the project from being scrapped. After the [[breakup of Soviet Union]] at the end of 1991, [[Ukraine]] was eager to sell a half completed replenishment ship built for the Soviet navy. Originally laid down as Soviet Ship ''Vladimir Peregudov'', a ''Komandam Fedko''-class merchant tanker, the ship was modified as a replenishment ship for the [[Soviet Navy]], but building work was halted due to insufficient funding. Chinese were interested in the ship and the original chief designer of the proposed second generation Chinese replenishment ship, [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] academician Zhang Wende (张文德) was named as the head of the Chinese delegation and chief negotiator, and his team was sent to Ukraine to evaluate the ship intended for the former Soviet navy.


The ship sailed nearly complete to [[Dalian]], China in 1993, and completed by the [[Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company]]. She was commissioned into the PLAN in 1996 and assigned to the [[South Sea Fleet]].{{sfn|Saunders|2015|p=161}}
The Chinese delegation discovered that the main engine and the generator had been already installed, but not the pipes, cables and wires, overall they considered the ship was in excellent condition. Upon returning China, Zhang Wende and his colleagues strongly suggested to the Chinese authorities to buy the ship, and they were sent to Ukraine for the second time to finalize the deal. Because many of the subsystems of the ship were built in [[Saint Petersburg]], some of Zhang Wende's team members were also sent to Russia to secure the purchase of these subsystems, which they completed successfully. On November 6, 1992, the deal was formally signed by China and Ukraine, and the original funding for developing the second generation domestic Chinese replenishment ship was diverted to purchase the uncompleted ship for the former-Soviet Navy.


==Development==
==See also==
*{{INS|Jyoti|A58}}, a ''Komandarm Fedko'' bought by [[India]]
On May 1, 1993, the uncompleted former Soviet naval ship was towed to [[Dalian]] shipyard from Ukrainian [[Kherson]] shipyard. In addition to the hull and subsystems, China also purchased the design, which was immediately modified to meet the Chinese needs. Chinese Academy of Sciences academician Zhang Wende (张文德), the original chief designer of the second generation domestic Chinese replenishment ship was named as the chief designer and the program manager of this conversion project. The deputy general designer is Mr. Huang Wei (黄蔚), another general engineer of the 701st Institute of [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]] (CSIC).<ref>[http://www.cssc.net.cn/component_news/news_detail.php?id=18415 deputy general designer]</ref><ref>[http://www.shkjdw.gov.cn/mtjx/520994.shtml deputy general designer of the ship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717155608/http://www.shkjdw.gov.cn/mtjx/520994.shtml |date=July 17, 2015 }}</ref> On May 8, 1996, it entered Chinese service in [[South Sea Fleet]], where it has remained until today. The [[pennant number]] was originally Nanyun (南运)-953, but later changed to 885, with name ''Qinghaihu'' (青海湖), and this upgraded ship became the second generation Chinese replenishment ship, replacing the originally planned indigenous one.


==References==
The conversion project was deemed successful and worthy but Chinese, who had gained important insights on Soviet design principle, core technologies, important subsystems, layout, and other expertise that were difficult for Chinese to obtain, and these valuable knowledge would later help China in designing its next generation replenishment ships. The most important gain, however, was financial. The original funding that was insufficient to develop a proposed indigenous 2nd generation Chinese replenishment ship was not only enough to buy the uncompleted former Soviet ship, but also had enough left to cover the following conversion work. One of the primary areas of improvement of the original former-Soviet design was in damage control, which was woefully inadequate (Rumored due to its original civilian merchant tanker design). Some of the interior wiring was exposed, and the ship's battle damage control system was very limited, with a near absence of internal damage limitation, insufficient fire-suppression system and water-tight locks. Incorporate the experienced gained from the rework of [[Type 053 frigate]]s exported to [[Royal Thai Navy]], the damage control of the ship was upgraded to western (mostly German and American) standards. There are a total of four transfer stations, with dry cargo transfer station followed by liquid cargo transfer station, which is exactly the opposite of arrangement of other replenishment ships in Chinese service, which is the major reason for China to indigenously develop the third generation replenishment ship.<ref name=Type908>[http://news.ifeng.com/mil/4/detail_2011_05/23/6564266_3.shtml Type 908 replenishment ship]</ref> A total of 9,630 tons of fuel can be carried, and with other dry cargoes such as food and ammunition, the total provision Type 908 can supply is 23,000 tons.<ref name=Type908/>
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
==General characteristics==
*{{cite book |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Stephan |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2015-2016 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=2015 |isbn=978-0710631435}}
*Length: 188.9m
*{{cite book |last=Sheldon-Duplaix |first=Alexandre |title=China's Evolving Surface Fleet |date=2017 |series=CSMI Red Book |volume=14 |publisher=[[Naval War College|United States Naval War College]] |chapter=China’s Auxiliary Fleet: Supporting a Blue-Water Navy in the Far Seas? |isbn=978-1-935352-45-7}}
*Beam: 25.33 m
*{{cite book |last=Wertheim |first=Eric |title=The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems |date=2013 |edition=16 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn= 978-1591149545}}
*Displacement: 37,000 tonnes full load
*Aircraft: 1 [[Aérospatiale Super Frelon|Z-8]] [[helicopter]]
*Complement: 125
*Cargo Capacity:
** 23,000 tons fuel and general cargo

==References==
{{reflist|2}}


{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=uncollapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fusu Class Replenishment Ship}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fusu Class Replenishment Ship}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Chinese ship ''Qinghaihu''}}
[[Category:Fusu-class replenishment ships]]
[[Category:Fusu-class replenishment ships]]
[[Category:Auxiliary replenishment ship classes]]
[[Category:Auxiliary replenishment ship classes]]

Revision as of 02:58, 17 September 2022

Class overview
Builders
Operators People's Liberation Army Navy
Preceded byType 905 replenishment oiler
Succeeded byType 903 replenishment ship
In commission1996-present
History
People's Republic of China
NameQinghaihu
Laid downJanuary 1989[1]
LaunchedApril 1992[1]
Commissioned2 June 1996[1]
IdentificationHull number: 885[1]
StatusActive
General characteristics
Class and typeKomandarm Fedko-class oiler[1]
Displacement37,594 tons (full load)[1]
Length178.9 metres (587 ft)[1]
Beam25.3 metres (83 ft)[1]
Draught11 metres (36 ft)[1]
Propulsion
Speed16.4 knots (30.4 km/h; 18.9 mph)[2]
Range18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km; 21,000 mi) at 14.6 knots (27.0 km/h; 16.8 mph)[2]
Capacity9630 tons of fuel oil[1]
Complement125[1]
Aircraft carried1 x Harbin Z-8[1]
Aviation facilitiesHangar and flight deck[1]

Qinghaihu is a Komandarm Fedko-class replenishment oiler of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Ukraine sold the incomplete ship in 1992 to the People's Republic of China, where it was completed and commissioned in 1996.[1]

In Chinese service, the ship was previously known as Nancang (953).[1] The ship's class has the NATO reporting name Fuso.[3]

Design

The superstructure is modified with a deckhouse forward of the bridge and a working area built over the fuel cargo tanks. The stern is sponsoned for the helicopter pad; a small hangar is also installed.[2]

There are four fuel and two solid store transfer stations. Refueling may be conducted from the stern.[2]

History

The ship was laid down in January 1989 by the Soviet Union at the Kherson Shipyard as Vladimir Peregudov.[1] In 1992, China bought the incomplete ship from Ukraine for $10 million.[2] According to Zhang Gang, chief designer of the replenishment oiler HTMS Similan, the purchase was made after the Chinese effort to design a new replenishment ship - ultimately the Type 903 replenishment ship - was delayed due to cost; the PLAN requirement was for one large replenishment per fleet, and it only had two Type 905 replenishment oilers.[4]

The ship sailed nearly complete to Dalian, China in 1993, and completed by the Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company. She was commissioned into the PLAN in 1996 and assigned to the South Sea Fleet.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Saunders 2015, p. 161.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Wertheim 2013, p. 134.
  3. ^ United States Navy Office of Naval Intelligence (19 February 2020). PLA Navy Identification Guide (Report). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  4. ^ Sheldon-Duplaix 2017, p. 100.

Sources

  • Saunders, Stephan, ed. (2015). Jane's Fighting Ships 2015-2016. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710631435.
  • Sheldon-Duplaix, Alexandre (2017). "China's Auxiliary Fleet: Supporting a Blue-Water Navy in the Far Seas?". China's Evolving Surface Fleet. CSMI Red Book. Vol. 14. United States Naval War College. ISBN 978-1-935352-45-7.
  • Wertheim, Eric (2013). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (16 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591149545.
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