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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Short description|Variety of grape}}
{{Short description|Variety of grape}}
{{Infobox grape variety
{{Infobox grape variety
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'''Norton''', is grown in the [[Midwestern United States]], [[Mid-Atlantic States]], northeastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including ''V. aestivalis'' and ''V. vinifera''.<ref>{{cite journal|authors= Ed Stover, Malli Aradhya, Judy Yang, John Bautista, Gerald S Dangl|url=https://cuisinedocbox.com/Wine/66537638-Investigations-into-the-origin-of-norton-grape-using-ssr-markers.html] |title=Investigations into the Origin of 'Norton' Grape using SSR Marker|journal=Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. |volume=122|year=2009|pages=19–24}}</ref>
'''Norton''', is grown in the [[Midwestern United States]], [[Mid-Atlantic States]], northeastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including ''V. aestivalis'' and ''V. vinifera''.<ref>{{cite journal|authors= Ed Stover, Malli Aradhya, Judy Yang, John Bautista, Gerald S Dangl|url=https://cuisinedocbox.com/Wine/66537638-Investigations-into-the-origin-of-norton-grape-using-ssr-markers.html] |title=Investigations into the Origin of 'Norton' Grape using SSR Marker|journal=Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. |volume=122|year=2009|pages=19–24}}</ref>


Norton was first cultivated in [[Richmond, Virginia]], and is the official grape of the State of [[Missouri]], and is considered the cornerstone of the [[Missouri wine]] industry.<ref name=gans/><ref>A. Garfunkel [http://www.saucemagazine.com/a/233 "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets"] Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |title=Missouri's state grape grows in stature and popularity - Columbia Missourian |access-date=2009-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225001750/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton [[cultivar]] during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.<ref name="gans">{{cite web |author1=Stefanie Gans |title=The Ultimate Guide To Understanding Virginia Wine |url=https://northernvirginiamag.com/food/drinks/2019/09/26/want-to-understand-virginia-wine-know-the-4-main-grapes/ |publisher=Northern Virginia Magazine |access-date=6 April 2022 |date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
Norton was first cultivated in [[Richmond, Virginia]], and is the official grape of the State of [[Missouri]], and is considered the cornerstone of the [[Missouri wine]] industry.<ref name=gans/><ref>A. Garfunkel [http://www.saucemagazine.com/a/233 "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets"] Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |title=Missouri's state grape grows in stature and popularity – Columbia Missourian |access-date=2009-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225001750/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/11/25/missouris-grape-grows-popularity/ |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton [[cultivar]] during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.<ref name="gans">{{cite web |author1=Stefanie Gans |title=The Ultimate Guide To Understanding Virginia Wine |url=https://northernvirginiamag.com/food/drinks/2019/09/26/want-to-understand-virginia-wine-know-the-4-main-grapes/ |publisher=Northern Virginia Magazine |access-date=April 6, 2022 |date=September 26, 2019}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:120 Year Old Norton Cynthiana Grapevine.JPG|thumb|A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.]]
[[File:120 Year Old Norton Cynthiana Grapevine.JPG|thumb|A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.]]


The Norton cultivar was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were [[seedling]]s of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the [[seed]] which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild [[vine]] of ''Vitis aestivalis''.<ref name=gans/><ref name="Ambers">{{cite web | author=Rebecca and Clifford Ambers | title=American Wine Society Journal | work=Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape | url=http://chateau-z.com/downloads/AWS-V36-No3-2004.pdf|access-date=2006-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Norton">{{cite web | author=Paul L. Roberts | title=The Wineman International | work=Norton, America’s True Grape ...Whence, and Whither? | url=http://www.thewineman.com/nortongrape.htm | access-date=2006-03-06}}</ref> Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable. <ref name="Hammers">{{cite journal | last1=Hammers | first1=Mia | last2=Sapkota | first2=Surya | last3=Chen | first3=Li-Ling | last4=Hwang | first4=Chin-Feng | title=Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived "Norton" and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana | journal=Molecular Breeding| volume=37 | issue=5 | date=2017-04-27 | issn=1380-3743 | doi=10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6 | page=64| s2cid=37724086 }}</ref>
The Norton cultivar was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were [[seedling]]s of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the [[seed]] which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild [[vine]] of ''Vitis aestivalis''.<ref name=gans/><ref name="Ambers">{{cite web | author=Rebecca and Clifford Ambers | title=American Wine Society Journal | work=Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape | url=http://chateau-z.com/downloads/AWS-V36-No3-2004.pdf|access-date=2006-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Norton">{{cite web | author=Paul L. Roberts | title=The Wineman International | work=Norton, America's True Grape ...Whence, and Whither? | url=http://www.thewineman.com/nortongrape.htm | access-date=2006-03-06}}</ref> Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable.<ref name="Hammers">{{cite journal | last1=Hammers | first1=Mia | last2=Sapkota | first2=Surya | last3=Chen | first3=Li-Ling | last4=Hwang | first4=Chin-Feng | title=Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived "Norton" and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana | journal=Molecular Breeding| volume=37 | issue=5 | date=April 27, 2017 | issn=1380-3743 | doi=10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6 | page=64| s2cid=37724086 }}</ref>


This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like [[Ohio (wine)|Ohio]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Norton"/> Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and [[Concord grape]]s were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.
This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like [[Ohio (wine)|Ohio]] in the United States.<ref name="Norton"/> Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and [[Concord grape]]s were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.


In the [[21st century]], United States [[winery|wineries]] along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes, such as at Chrysalis Vineyards in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], which has {{convert|69|acre|ha}} of Norton grapes.<ref name=gans/>
In the 21st century, United States [[winery|wineries]] along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes, such as at Chrysalis Vineyards in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], which has {{convert|69|acre|ha}} of Norton grapes.<ref name=gans/>


==Anthocyanin content==
==Anthocyanin content==
Notable for deep blue-purple [[pigment]]ation, the skin of Norton grapes has a higher content of total [[anthocyanin]]s (888&nbsp;mg per 100 g) than other purple grape [[cultivar]]s, [[Concord (grape)|Concord]] or [[Marechal Foch (grape)|Marechal Foch]] grapes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA |title=Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=52 |issue=22 |pages=6779–86 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15506816 |doi=10.1021/jf040087y}}</ref>
Notable for deep blue-purple [[pigment]]ation, the skin of Norton grapes has a higher content of total [[anthocyanin]]s (888&nbsp;mg per 100 g) than other purple grape [[cultivar]]s, [[Concord (grape)|Concord]] or [[Marechal Foch (grape)|Marechal Foch]] grapes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA |title=Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=52 |issue=22 |pages=6779–86 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15506816 |doi=10.1021/jf040087y}}</ref>


Anthocyanins are the largest group of [[water-soluble]] pigments in the plant kingdom and belong to the family of compounds known as [[polyphenols in grape|polyphenol]]s. Major sources of anthocyanins are [[Blueberry|blueberries]], [[Cherry|cherries]], [[Raspberry|raspberries]], [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[blackcurrant]]s, purple grapes, and red [[wine]]. Anthocyanins are under [[basic research]] to understand if they have any biological role in humans.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web | url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids | title=Flavonoids | publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis | work=Micronutrient Information Center | date=2016 | access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mazza GJ |title=Anthocyanins and heart health |journal=[[Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=369–74 |year=2007 |pmid=18209270 |url=http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/4/434369.pdf |access-date=2009-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225134422/http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/4/434369.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Anthocyanins are the largest group of [[water-soluble]] pigments in the plant kingdom and belong to the family of compounds known as [[polyphenols in grape|polyphenol]]s. Major sources of anthocyanins are [[Blueberry|blueberries]], [[Cherry|cherries]], [[Raspberry|raspberries]], [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[blackcurrant]]s, purple grapes, and red wine. Anthocyanins are under [[basic research]] to understand if they have any biological role in humans.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web | url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids | title=Flavonoids | publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis | work=Micronutrient Information Center | date=2016 | access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mazza GJ |title=Anthocyanins and heart health |journal=[[Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=369–74 |year=2007 |pmid=18209270 |url=http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/4/434369.pdf |access-date=2009-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225134422/http://www.iss.it/publ/anna/2007/4/434369.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 09:04, 19 September 2022

Norton
Grape (Vitis)
Norton grapes growing on the vine
Color of berry skinNoir
SpeciesV. vinifera, V. aestivalis hybrid
Notable regionsMissouri USA
BreederDaniel Norborne Norton
VIVC number3304

Norton, is grown in the Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, northeastern Georgia. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including V. aestivalis and V. vinifera.[1]

Norton was first cultivated in Richmond, Virginia, and is the official grape of the State of Missouri, and is considered the cornerstone of the Missouri wine industry.[2][3][4] Dr. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton cultivar during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.[2]

History

A bottle of Norton wine sits next to what is believed to be a 170-year-old Norton/Cynthiana grapevine in Hermann, MO.

The Norton cultivar was introduced by Dr. Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were seedlings of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the seed which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild vine of Vitis aestivalis.[2][5][6] Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable.[7]

This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like Ohio in the United States.[6] Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American Vitis labrusca grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and Concord grapes were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibition, the wine industry in the eastern half of North America never recovered to the same degree that California's wine industry did.

In the 21st century, United States wineries along the east coast and throughout the midwest are re-cultivating and producing wines from Norton grapes, such as at Chrysalis Vineyards in Middleburg, Virginia, which has 69 acres (28 ha) of Norton grapes.[2]

Anthocyanin content

Notable for deep blue-purple pigmentation, the skin of Norton grapes has a higher content of total anthocyanins (888 mg per 100 g) than other purple grape cultivars, Concord or Marechal Foch grapes.[8]

Anthocyanins are the largest group of water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom and belong to the family of compounds known as polyphenols. Major sources of anthocyanins are blueberries, cherries, raspberries, strawberries, blackcurrants, purple grapes, and red wine. Anthocyanins are under basic research to understand if they have any biological role in humans.[9][10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Investigations into the Origin of 'Norton' Grape using SSR Marker". Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 122: 19–24. 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Stefanie Gans (September 26, 2019). "The Ultimate Guide To Understanding Virginia Wine". Northern Virginia Magazine. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  3. ^ A. Garfunkel "Norton: Missouri’s State Grape Harbors Juicy Little Secrets" Sauce Magazine May 31, 2004
  4. ^ "Missouri's state grape grows in stature and popularity – Columbia Missourian". Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  5. ^ Rebecca and Clifford Ambers. "American Wine Society Journal" (PDF). Daniel Norborne Norton and the Origins of the Norton Grape. Retrieved September 6, 2006.
  6. ^ a b Paul L. Roberts. "The Wineman International". Norton, America's True Grape ...Whence, and Whither?. Retrieved March 6, 2006.
  7. ^ Hammers, Mia; Sapkota, Surya; Chen, Li-Ling; Hwang, Chin-Feng (April 27, 2017). "Constructing a genetic linkage map of Vitis aestivalis-derived "Norton" and its use in comparing Norton and Cynthiana". Molecular Breeding. 37 (5): 64. doi:10.1007/s11032-017-0644-6. ISSN 1380-3743. S2CID 37724086.
  8. ^ Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA (November 2004). "Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (22): 6779–86. doi:10.1021/jf040087y. PMID 15506816.
  9. ^ "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  10. ^ Mazza GJ (2007). "Anthocyanins and heart health" (PDF). Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 43 (4): 369–74. PMID 18209270. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
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